A Critical Review of Community Resilience Building Framework: Contexts of Climate Change and Disasters in Bangladesh

The concept of community resilience in the contexts of climate change and disasters draws increasing attention and interest from practitioners and researchers in recent development discourse. This paper provides a critical review of six selected frameworks of community resilience building operationalized in Bangladesh over the span of years. In other words, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of resilience through a systematic analysis of the dimensions and indicators of community resilience frameworks. The analysis shows that comprehensive and effective community resilience frameworks should incorporate the missing components linked to fundamental elements of good governance, economic growth, environmental sustainability, social transformation, and capacity development. The paper concludes by highlighting a few other areas of grave concern that need more appropriate attention, considering the severe threats posed by climate change and natural disasters in line with sustainable development goals. Finally, this study recommends further research regarding the effectiveness of these frameworks in different climatic and disaster contexts that can lead the concept into a new dimension of community resilience and sustainability.

Community Renewal Strategy for Improving Community Resilience:A Case Study of River Ring Area of Caoyang New Village in Shanghai

In a new round of urban renewal,China’s urban space expansion is shifting from incremental development to inventory mining.Residents’ demands for improvement of community material environment and community cultural identity are increasing.Meantime,affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019,community resilience has become an urgent problem to be solved in urban communities.Based on resilience theory,TOD theory and other planning concepts,the paper analyzes the vulnerability of Shanghai Caoyang river ring area,and puts forward a multi-level community resilience improvement strategy,including increasing diversified public service facilities,building public pedestrian network,and reshaping public open space to improve the stability,adaptability and resilience of the community,in order to build the development path of resilient communities.The study will provide inspiration for future micro-renewal of communities and promote the sustainable development of urban communities.

An indicator model for assessing community resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic and its validation: A case study in Hong Kong

The COVID-19 outbreak had a significant negative impact on the world,and the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Hong Kong brought a considerable shock to Chinese society.There is a growing call for more resilient cities.However,empirical evidence and validation of modeling studies of resilience indicators for urban community responses to the COVID-19 pandemic still need to be provided.In this study,a resilience assessment indicator model comprising 4 subsystems,7 indicators,and 12 variables was developed to assess the resilience of Hong Kong communities in response to COVID-19(i.e.,Resilience Index).Furthermore,this study utilized regression models such as geographically weighted regression(GWR)and multiscale GWR(MGWR)to validate the resilience model proposed in this study at the model and variable levels.In the regression model,the Resilience Index and the individual variables in the resilience model are explanatory variables,and the outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic(confirmed cases,confirmation rate,discharged cases,discharge rate)are dependent variables.The results showed that:(i)the resilience of Hong Kong communities to the COvID-19 pandemic was not strong in general and showed some clustered spatial distribution characteristics;(i)the validation results at the model level showed that the Resilience Index did not explain the consequences of the COvID-19 pandemic to a high degree;(ii)the validation results at the variable level showed that the MGWR model was the best at identifying the relationships between explanatory variables and the dependent variable;and(iv)compared with the model-level assessment results,the variable-level assessment explained the consequences of the COvID-19 pandemic better than the model level assessment results.The above analysis and the spatial distribution maps of the resilience variables can provide empirically based and targeted insights for policymakers.

Community resilience:A multidisciplinary exploration for inclusive strategies and scalable solutions

This paper evaluates literature across multiple disciplines and stakeholder types to identify commonalities and contradictions in definitions for community resilience.It aims to support cross-disciplinary discourse to build an interdisciplinary understanding of community resilience.This work identifies the differences between mono-,multi-,inter-,and cross-disciplinary approaches to inform community resilience strategies in academic and practice-based contexts.Four themes for community resilience were identified through a review of cross-disciplinary literature.These include(1)diverse yet convergent definitions of community resilience and the evolution from equilibrium to adaptation to transformation;(2)equitable and inclusive strategies for the development of community resilience initiatives;(3)when and at what scale strategies should be implemented;and(4)community resilience as a process or an outcome.This work is valuable to those seeking to familiarise themselves with the concept of community resilience,including educators who deliver courses on community resilience and policy-makers.It is novel in that it presents an interdisciplinary framework for navigating the community resilience discourse beyond individual professional boundaries.

Quantifying the effect of improved school and residential building codes for tornadoes in community resilience

Tornadoes can destroy or severely damage physical infrastructure including buildings in a community.This can result in direct losses but also indirect losses such as the closure of key social institutions reverberating further through the community(e.g.,schools).Despite significant losses in past events,building codes and standards have not previously included tornado hazards because of the relatively low probability of a direct strike.The recent release of the ASCE 7-22 standard considers tornadoes for Risk Category 3 and 4 buildings,i.e.ranging from schools to critical facilities.This study proposes a series of design combinations of a reinforced masonry school building with different performance targets intended to enable schools to reopen sooner.Tornado fragilities were developed for a school building having improved designs using tornado loads determined based on the new tornado chapter in ASCE 7-22,and then integrated into a community level model with school attendance zones to examine the effect.The ultimate goal in this study is to investigate the effect of improving school building designs would have on maintaining school continuity(and more rapid return)for school children.

Virtual testbeds for community resilience analysis:step-by-step development procedure and future orientation

Virtual community resilience testbeds enable community-level inferences,convergence research,and serve as decision-making aids.Testbeds are critical for the verification and validation of emerging computational models and quantitative assessment frameworks of community-level disaster impacts,disruption,and recovery processes.This paper illuminates the significance of establishing a standardized approach for developing virtual community resilience testbeds and proposes a systematic schema for this purpose.The workflow facilitates testbed develop-ment by defining a series of steps,starting with specifying the testbed simulation scope.Arguing hazard and community modules are the principal components of a testbed,we present a generic structure for testbeds and introduce minimum requirements for initiating each module.The workflow dissects the testbed’s architecture and different attributes of the components beneath these modules.The proposed steps outline existing relevant tools and resources for creating the building,infrastructure,population,organization,and governance inventories.The paper discusses challenges testbed developers may encounter in procuring,cleaning,and merging required data and offers the initiatives and potential remedies,developed either by the authors or other researchers,to address these issues.The workflow concludes by describing how the testbed will be verified,visualized,published,and reused.The paper demonstrates the application of the proposed workflow by developing a testbed based on On-slow County,North Carolina using publicly available data.To foster sharing and reusing of developed testbeds by other researchers,all supporting documents,metadata,template algorithms,computer codes,and inventories of the Onslow Testbed are available at the DesignSafe-CI.The procedure proposed here can be used by other researchers to guide and standardize testbed development processes,and open access to virtual testbeds to the broader research community.

Investigation of effects of hazard geometry and mitigation strategies on community resilience under tornado hazards using an Agent-based modeling approach

A large number of communities are impacted annually by the increasing frequency of tornado hazards resulting in damage to the infrastructure as well as disruption of community functions.The effect of the hazard geometry(center and angle of tornado path as well as the tornado width)is studied herein on how it influences the recovery of physical and social systems within the community.Given that pre-disaster preparedness including mitigation strategies(e.g.,retrofits)and policies(e.g.,insurance)is crucial for increasing the resilience of the community and facilitating a faster recovery process,in this study,the impact of various mitigation strategies and policies on the recovery trajectory and resilience of a typical US community subjected to a tornado is investigated considering different sources of uncertainties.The virtual testbed of Centerville is selected in this paper and is modeled by adopting the Agent-based modeling(ABM)approach which is a powerful tool for conducting community resilience analysis that simulates the behavior of different types of agents and their interactions to capture their interdependencies.The results are presented in the form of recovery time series as well as calculated resilience indices for various community systems(lifeline networks,schools,healthcare,businesses,and households).The results of this study can help deepen our understanding of how to efficiently expedite the recovery process of a community.

Big Earth Data for quantitative measurement of community resilience:current challenges,progresses and future directions

Quantitative assessment of community resilience can provide support for hazard mitigation,disaster risk reduction,disaster relief,and long-term sustainable development.Traditional resilience assessment tools are mostly theory-driven and lack empirical validation,which impedes scientific understanding of community resilience and practical decision-making of resilience improvement.In the advent of the Big Data Era,the increasing data availability and advances in computing and modeling techniques offer new opportunities to understand,measure,and promote community resilience.This article provides a comprehensive review of the definitions of community resilience,along with the traditional and emerging data and methods of quantitative resilience measurement.The theoretical bases,modeling principles,advantages,and disadvantages of the methods are discussed.Finally,we point out research avenues to overcome the existing challenges and develop robust methods to measure and promote community resilience.This article establishes guidance for scientists to further advance disaster research and for planners and policymakers to design actionable tools to develop sustainable and resilient communities.

Attributes,challenges and future directions of community resilience

With the continuous development of human society, the damage to the natural environment is becoming increasingly large, causing crisis events to occur frequently. In recent years, the study of community resilience is becoming popular among scholars because of its perspective on disaster prevention and mitigation. In this study, we apply database retrieval to untangle community resilience-related papers from multiple directions. We analyze the connotation, attribute, and composition of community, resilience, and community resilience comprehensively by summarizing important issues and research progress in community resilience. Challenges and shortcomings faced by community resilience development are also determined. Moreover, we put forward the research directions that future research can focus on. Through literature review, current research on community resilience focuses on the following aspects: "infrastructure construction," "crowd in the community," "economic resilience,""social capital," and "measurement of community resilience." Such research is not yet systematic and relatively decentralized. The attention to collective resilience in the community is relatively weak, which makes achieving the goal of "people-oriented and systematic control" difficult.Therefore, this study states that the development of future community resilience should stand from the perspective of"system of system" and build on knowledge and tools of various relevant domains. Therefore, public needs and participation are highlighted as breakthrough points. The research should integrate infrastructure and economic resilience, social resource allocation, network connection,and other aspects to build a holistic and functional resilient community.

Geographical Analysis of Community Resilience to Seismic Hazard in Southwest China

This article presents an explorative analysis of community resilience to seismic hazard in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake area of Southwest China. We used a regression model to analyze the impact of 13 key socioeconomic and demographic variables on community resilience in 105 counties, based on data derived from population census and provincial statistical yearbooks of China. In this research, we argue that community resilience should be measured by the change of population growth rate(Ddp) instead of population growth rate(dp) when using socioeconomic data from a fast-growing country such as China. Using Ddp as the dependent variable resulted in a better regression model. To avoid the common multicollinearity problems among the independent variables, a principal component-based factor analysis was used to consolidate the socioeconomic variables into four comprehensive factors. The geographically weighted regression coefficient maps revealed the spatial pattern of the association of the variables with resilience. We also used the K-means cluster method to segment the study area into four subregions that exhibit localized characteristics defined by the regression coefficients. In this way, we could infer location-sensitive disaster management policies that help to enhance social resilience to seismic hazards.

Measuring Community Resilience During the COVID-19 Based on Community Wellbeing and Resource Distribution

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely harmed every aspect of our daily lives,resulting in a slew of social problems.Therefore,it is critical to accurately assess the current state of community functionality and resilience under this pandemic for successful recovery.To this end,various types of social sensing tools,such as tweeting and publicly released news,have been employed to understand individuals’and communities’thoughts,behaviors,and attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic.However,some portions of the released news are fake and can easily mislead the community to respond improperly to disasters like COVID-19.This paper aims to assess the correlation between various news and tweets collected during the COVID-19 pandemic on community functionality and resilience.We use fact-checking organizations to classify news as real,mixed,or fake,and machine learning algorithms to classify tweets as real or fake to measure and compare community resilience(CR).Based on the news articles and tweets collected,we quantify CR based on two key factors,community wellbeing and resource distribution,where resource distribution is assessed by the level of economic resilience and community capital.Based on the estimates of these two factors,we quantify CR from both news articles and tweets and analyze the extent to which CR measured from the news articles can reflect the actual state of CR measured from tweets.To improve the operationalization and sociological significance of this work,we use dimension reduction techniques to integrate the dimensions.

A Proposed Methodological Approach for Considering Community Resilience in Technology Development and Disaster Management Pilot Testing

Nowadays,resilience has become an indispensable term in several aspects and areas of research and life.Reaching consensus on what actually constitutes"resilience,""community,"and"community resilience"is still a task that guarantees a vivid exchange of opinions,sometimes escalating into debates,both in the scientific community and among practitioners.Figuring out how to practically apply resilience principles goes even a step further.This study attempts to circumvent the need for a universal agreement on the definition of"community resilience,"which may still be immature,if not impossible,at this time.We accomplish this by proposing a practical methodological approach with concrete methods on how to agree and implement commonly accepted community resilience principles in the context of technology development and pilot testing for disaster management.The proposed approach was developed,tested,and validated in the context of the Horizon 2020 EU-funded project Search and Rescue.Major aspects of the approach,along with considerations for further improvement and adaptation in different contexts,are addressed in the article.

Multi-Agent Based Stochastic Dynamical Model to Measure Community Resilience

Emergency services and utilities need appropriate planning tools to analyze and improve infrastructure and community resilience to disasters.Recognized as a key metric of community resilience is the social well-being of a community during a disaster,which is made up of mental and physical social health.Other factors influencing community resilience directly or indirectly are emotional health,emergency services,and the availability of critical infrastructures services,such as food,agriculture,water,transportation,electric power,and communications system.It turns out that in computational social science literature dealing with community resilience,the role of these critical infrastructures along with some important social characteristics is not considered.To address these weaknesses,we develop a new multi-agent based stochastic dynamical model,standardized by overview,design concepts,details,and decision(ODD+D)protocol and derived from neuro-science,psychological and social sciences,to measure community resilience in terms of mental and physical well-being.Using this model,we analyze the micro-macro level dependence between the emergency services and power systems and social characteristics such as fear,risk perception,informationseeking behaviour,cooperation,flexibility,empathy,and experience,in an artificial society.Furthermore,we simulate this model in two case studies and show that a high level of flexibility,experience,and cooperation enhances community resilience.Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.

Resilience Evaluation of Housing Estates from the Perspective of Epidemic Prevention:A Case Study of A District in Handan City

The outbreak of COVID-19 at the beginning of 2020 has a great impact on public health security at home and abroad.Community is the basic unit of urban epidemic prevention,and improving community resilience is of great significance for reducing the spread of the epidemic and maintaining the normal life of residents during the epidemic.Based on the concept of resilience,10 indicators were selected from four dimensions of urban space,including facilities,space,nature and society,to construct a community resilience evaluation indicator system for epidemic prevention,and 56 housing estates in Congtai District,Handan City,were selected for scientific evaluation.The results showed that the overall resilience of this region was relatively low and the resilience index decreased from southwest to northeast with the degree of urban development.The accessibility of urban open space,the proportion of redundant space area and the area of public space per capita had the lowest resilience index.Finally,policy suggestions were put forward to improve the resilience of housing estates in the region,so as to promote the steady progress of the city towards the agenda for sustainable development.

Geospatial Analysis of Flood Vulnerability Levels Based on Physical Characteristics and Resilience Capacity of Peri-Urban Settlements in Nigeria

Flooding is becoming a yearly reoccurring event in many communities and cities in Nigeria, leading to the destruction of properties and deaths;hence, we must take measures to either prepare for the impact or curb the occurrence. The study identified flood vulnerability levels of communities in Isoko North LGA based on physical environmental domains such as land use, elevation, and proximity to river channel (drainage) using geospatial techniques. Also, attributes that could contribute to the resilience capacity building of the communities were assessed. From the study, 73.93% of the entire area is moderately and highly vulnerable to flood, while among the communities, seventeen (17) are categorized as moderately vulnerable, and four (4) are lowly vulnerable. The overall resilience capacity of the communities indicated can build a substantial capacity towards community resilience (3.02, 0.06). However, there is a need to encourage collaboration with stakeholders to improve mitigation action and enhance various shortcomings toward resilience capacity building.

Community-Level resilience analysis using earthquake-tsunami fragility surfaces

This study introduces an advanced community-level resilience analysis methodology integrating 3D fragility sur-faces for combined successive earthquake-tsunami hazard and analysis.The methodology facilitates comprehen-sive evaluations of spatial damage,economic loss,and risk under multi-hazard conditions.This study compares earthquake-only analysis results to the successive earthquake-tsunami analysis at the community level to reveal-and quantify-significant disparities in damage and loss estimations between the analyses,emphasizing the need to consider both hazards in community planning even at lower seismic intensities.Critical assessment of the FEMA combinational rule demonstrates its limitations in accurately predicting losses and damage patterns at higher hazard intensities,highlighting the necessity for refined models that accurately account for hazard inter-actions.This research advances multi-hazard community-level resilience analysis by offering a robust framework for earthquake and tsunami assessment,underscoring the need for integration of detailed multi-hazard analy-ses into resilience planning.Finally,it suggests future directions for enhancing framework applicability across diverse community settings and structural types,aiming to improve community resilience.

Evaluating the role of transportation system in community seismic resilience

The swift recuperation of communities following natural hazards heavily relies on the efficiency of transporta-tion systems,facilitating the timely delivery of vital resources and manpower to reconstruction sites.This paper delves into the pivotal role of transportation systems in aiding the recovery of built environments,proposing an evaluative metric that correlates transportation capacity with the speed of post-earthquake recovery.Focusing on optimizing urban population capacity in the aftermath of earthquakes,the study comprehensively examines the impact of pre-earthquake measures such as enhancing building or bridge seismic performance on post-earthquake urban population capacity.The methodology is demonstrated through an analysis of Beijing’s transportation sys-tem,elucidating how enhancements to transportation infrastructure fortify the resilience of built environments.Additionally,the concept of a resource supply rate is introduced to gauge the level of logistical support available after an earthquake.This rate tends to decrease when transportation damage is significant or when the demands for repairs overwhelm available resources,indicating a need for retrofitting.Through sensitivity analysis,this study explores how investments in the built environment or logistical systems can increase the resource supply rate,thereby contributing to more resilient urban areas in the face of seismic challenges.

Restimate:Recovery Estimation Tool for Resilience Planning

The U.S.National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)published the Community Resilience Planning Guide in 2016.The NIST Guide advocates for a participatory process for developing a performance measurement framework for the jurisdiction’s resilience against a scenario hazard.The framework centers around tables of expected and desired recovery times for selected community assets,such as electricity,water,and natural gas infrastructures.The NIST Guide does not provide a method for estimating the expected recovery times.However,building high-fidelity computer models for such estimations requires substantial resources that even larger ju-risdictions cannot cost-justify.The most promising approach to recovery time estimation is to systematically use data elicited from people to tap into the wisdom of the(knowledgeable)crowd.This paper describes a novel research-through-design project to enable the computer-supported elicitation of recovery time series data.This work is the first in the literature to examine people’s ability to estimate recovery curves and how design in-fluences such estimations.Its main contribution to resilience planning is three-fold:development of a new elicitation tool called Restimate,understanding its potential user base,and providing insights into how it can facilitate resilience planning.Restimate is the first tool to enable evidence-based expert elicitation in any community with limited resources for resilience planning.Beyond resilience planning,those who facilitate high-stakes planning activities under large uncertainties(e.g.,mission-critical system design and planning)will benefit from a similar research-through-design process.

Spatial dynamics and Palestinian resilience:The lifestyle of Al-Kurshan Bedouins in Bethlehem District

This study explores the role of Bedouins in preserving Palestinian land through their own means of community resilience through the concept of“Art of being”and its entailed“Arts of presence and persistence”.This is examined through the correlation between Bedouin lifestyle and the spatial distribution of structures within“Al-Kurshan”Bedouin clan in Area C in the West Bank.Based on a mixed qualitative and spatial methodologies,information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with Al-Kurshan Bedouins and employees of organizations supporting Bedouins,on-site observation,and analyses of maps and photos,in addition to drawings and illustrations.The spatial distribution of Bedouin built structures is analyzed in relation to landscape and climate,social aspects within the families,and available service and sectorial infrastructures.These analyses give insight on how Bedouins struggle against adopting other lifestyles.The study shows that the Bedouins are slowly forced to negotiate their semi-nomadic lifestyle,but resist giving up their right to exist against the threat of forced displacement.They maintain their“Art of being”which partly represents their own way of safeguarding Palestinian lands from confiscation.The study contributes to the wider discussion of spatial dynamics of Bedouins and their community resilience within the Palestinian geopolitical context.

Multi-disciplinary seismic resilience modeling for developing mitigation policies and recovery planning

The multi-disciplinary data and information available at a community level comprise the foundation of natural hazard resilience modeling.These data enable and inform mitigation and recovery planning decisions prior to and following damaging events such as earthquakes.This paper presents a multi-disciplinary seismic resilience mod-eling methodology to assess the vulnerability of the built environment and economic systems.This methodology can assist decision-makers with developing effective mitigation policies to improve the seismic resilience of com-munities.Two complementary modeling strategies are designed to examine the impacts of scenario earthquakes from a combined engineering and economic perspective.The engineering model is developed using a probabilis-tic fragility-based modeling approach and is analyzed using Monte Carlo(MC)simulations subject to seismic multi-hazard,including simulated ground shaking and resulting liquefaction of the soil,to quantify the physical damage to buildings and electric power substations(EPS).The outcome of the analysis is subsequently used as input to repair and recovery models to quantify repair cost and recovery time metrics for buildings and as input to functionality models to estimate the functionality of individual buildings and substations by accounting for their interdependency.The economic model consists of a spatial computable general equilibrium(SCGE)model that aggregates commercial buildings into sectors for retail,manufacturing,services,etc.,and aggregates residential buildings into a wide range of household groups.The SCGE model employs building functionality estimates to quantify the economic losses.The outcomes of this integrated modeling consist of engineering and economic impact metrics,which are used to investigate mitigation actions to help inform a community on approaches to achieve its resilience goals.An illustrative case study of Salt Lake County(SLC),Utah,developed through an extensive collaborative partnership and engagement with SLC officials,is presented.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in quantifying the loss and functional recovery of infrastructure systems,the impacts on capital stock,employment,and household income and the effect of various mitigation strategies in reducing the losses and functional recovery time subject to earthquakes with varying intensities.