Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

Community-based watershed management is different from the traditional natural resources management. Traditional natural resources management is a way from up to bottom, but the community-based watershed management is from bottom to up. This approach focused on the joining of different stakeholders in integrated watershed management, especially the participation of the community who has been ignored in the past. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the important basic definitions, concepts and operational framework for initiating community-based watershed management projects and programs as well as some successes and practical challenges associated with the approach.

Community-Based Approach in the Prevention and Management of Flood Disasters in Babessi Sub-Division (Ndop Plain, North West Cameroon)

Flood is a recurrent natural disaster that has caused enormous human and material damage in many places and continues to hit local committees at an alarming rate. The need to setup permanent committees to prevent and manage flood disasters by local communities is therefore indispensable. In rural areas, the creation of such a structure is always a welcome relief to flood victims but it is often marred by numerous management problems. This study aimed to analyze the community-based approach in the prevention and management of flood disasters in Babessi Subdivision (North West Cameroon), to identify the causes of flood disasters and the preventive strategies used by this local community. A total number of 300 questionnaires as well as structured interviews were used to collect data in the field and the data were analyzed by simple descriptive statistics. The main results revealed that the main cause of flood disasters is heavy and consistent rainfall. Also, poor refuse disposal and drainage system management contribute to floods. The identification of areas likely to be affected by floods and preventing the riparian population from constructing houses along these areas especially beside the main rivers are the flood preventive measures adopted by the local flood management committee. The flood victims are reluctant to relocate to the settlement site earmarked by the Government, meanwhile, the local flood committee do not have the legal tools to forcefully relocate them. The population of Babessi needs to be sensitized on the impending dangers of flood hazard and be encouraged to participate in implementing the adopted strategies to prevent and manage subsequent flood disasters.

Research on Design and Management of Community-Based Ecotourism Model in Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve of Kazakhstan

This study investigates the community-based ecotourism (CBE) model using a sample of the Aksu-Zhabagly nature reserve (NR). The aim is to propose a suitable CBE model for Aksu-Zhabgly nature-based tourism destinations by employing a combination of field observation, examination, evaluation, and SWOT analysis. The study determines the strategic suggestions for CBE model designing by the results of SWOT analysis. It concludes that convenient transportation and superior location, diversified wild animals and plants, rich in ethnocultural resources, traditional and tranquil life in a typical rural setting, hospitality and positive attitude of locals to tourism and great potential of the region for sustainable development of ecotourism are the strengths. At the same time, the far residential location from the provincial cities, low-quality service, outdated facilities and shortage of skilled employees in tourism management are the main weakness. Another group of constraints to tourism development is lack of tourism marketing and promotion agencies, lack of transparency, poor institution arrangement and corruption, and lack of preferential policies for CBE development. Finally, the paper recommends that economic development, environmental protection, culture and heritage, marketing and image, favorable political environment, and local residents’ empowerment are the main essential to effectively implement the sustainable development of CBE in the Aksu-Zhabagly tourist destination.

Economic Cost of Community-Based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in a Rural District in Ghana

Background: The community based management of severe acute malnutrition (CMAM) was introduced in Ghana in 2008 to manage cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) recorded at the community level. This study estimated the economic cost of the CMAM programme for children under-five in the Agona west municipality of Ghana. Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study that used a cost analysis design was employed to estimate the economic cost of the programme from the societal perspective. Household cost data from caregivers were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. That of programme cost data was obtained from document reviews as well as the use of semi-structured questionnaires and subsequent discussions with key personnel of the Ghana Health Service, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance and UNICEF. One and multi-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to test how sensitive the cost estimates are to certain variations in the cost profiles. Results: The economic household cost of CMAM was estimated as $1905.32 ($47.63 per household) of which 79% was attributed to direct cost while the remaining 21% made up indirect cost. Programme economic cost of CMAM was estimated as $27633.5 (96% recurrent and 4% capital), with refresher training constituting majority of the cost (34%). The constituents of the total economic cost of the programme, estimated as $32214.56 are programme cost (86%), household costs (6%) and community volunteer cost (8%). Therefore, the economic cost of treating one SAM case using the CMAM protocol was estimated as $805.36. Conclusion: Although CMAM has proven to be an effective tool for the management of SAM, its associated costs are quite enormous when coverage levels (geographic) are high yet small number of cases are detected and treated. Therefore, it is prudent to implement several cost saving strategies such as a reduction in the number of days spent on trainings in order to reduce these costs.

Community-based intervention of chronic disease management program in rural areas of Indonesia

Objective:This study evaluates the community-based intervention of chronic disease management(CDM)through the Integrated Non-Communicable Diseases Health Post(Posbindu-NCD)conducted by a community of health workers(CHWs)in Indonesia’s rural areas.Methods:A cohor t retrospective study evaluated 577 par ticipants from Posbindu-NCD in 7 public health centers(PHCs)in 2019.Activities of intervention of CDM for Posbindu-NCD was included,identified risk factors to NCDs,and provided counselling education and other follow-ups based on interviews and measurement results from the five Desk systems that recorded in a medical record as a form of the monthly activity report each the first month,the 6 months,and the 12th month.Results:There were statistically significant differences for alcohol consumed and diabetes mellites(χ^(2)=10.455;P=0.001).There were significant differences on gender(χ^(2)=3.963;P=0.047),on ethnicity(χ^(2)=19.873;P<0.001),and hypertension.In addition,there were also significant differences on ethnicity(χ^(2)=15.307;P<0.001),vegetable consumption(χ^(2)=4.435;P=0.035),physical exercise(χ^(2)=6.328;P=0.012),and the current diseases of hypercholesterolemia of par ticipants.Fur thermore,the survival rate among patients who have overweight,abdominal overweight,hyper tension,diabetes mellitus,and hypercholesterolemia increased among par ticipants who regularly visited Posbindu-NCD compared with the non-regularly one.Conclusions:The CDM program’s community-based intervention through Posbindu-NCD conducted by CHWs improved survival rates in Indonesia’s rural areas.Therefore,this program can be fur ther developed in conducting CDM in the community with the active involvement of CHWs so that the community becomes active regularly in par ticipating in Posbindu-NCD activities in rural areas of Indonesia.

A Creative Wedding Event Management for Sustaining Community-Based Eco-Tourism: A Case Study in Thailand

The research aims to propose a proper model for organizing a creative wedding event to boost Community-Based Eco-Tourism(CBET)in rural areas.It is participatory research.Site observation and in-depth interviews are 10 stakeholders from various organization;local people,the district sheriff,the provincial culture,the national park,the district municipality,the community-based tourism group,the wedding organizers and the educators from a wedding event in themed“Carry Love Covering the Forest”organized in Wiang Sa,Suratthani,the southern part of Thailand were applied.Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data.The results found that the managing model for organizing an event tourism in Community-Based Eco-Tourism composes of three stages being pre-event,during-event,and after-event.The research provides a comprehensive understanding management model of CBET.The research makes contribution to develop and manage a new creative event to enhance positive impacts of community-based tourism to sustain,especially in eco-tourism destination.

How to Effectively Detect and Manage People Living with HIV/AIDS in China:Establishment of a Community-based Model

This study explored a novel systemic community-based model for detecting and manag-ing people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in this study. A quantitative questionnaire investigation was conducted in a sample of 1192 subjects which were randomly selected from two areas with high HIV prevalence, Xiangfan City and Shiyan City of Hubei Province, China. Twenty-two medical and health service staffs were inter-viewed by semi-structured questionnaire focusing on awareness, status, problems, and suggestions about community-based Voluntary Counseling and Testing and Provider Initiated Testing and Coun-seling (VCT/PITC). And they were organized to discuss about the aforementioned issues in Xiangfan City and Shiyan City, respectively. Our results showed that the accessibility and availability of the general VCT/PITC were bad. About 28.3% had known and only 4.9% had made use of VCT/PITC. Developing community-based VCT/PITC had some special advantages that can overcome some ex-isting problems to remedy the aforementioned defects. We are led to conclude that, to maximize the availability and uptake rate of the VCT/PITC, we plan to detect PLWHA by developing the commu-nity-based VCT/PITC through 4 paths. Then we establish the community HIV health care center con-stituted of 8 sectors to provide an overall management. Thus, we can effectively detect and manage the PLWHA with a new systemic community-based model.

Assessment of Fish Farming Practices, Operations, Water Resource Management and Profitability in Katsina State, Nigeria

This study assessed the fish production, culture facilities, operations, water resource management and profitability of fish farming in Katsina State, Nigeria, with a view of understanding the status of aquaculture development in Katsina State. Data were collected using structured questionnaire administered to 35 out of the active 42 farms in Katsina State at the period and the data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression. Among the respondents, 37.1% used concrete tank alone and another 37.2% used concrete tank with other types of culture facilities, 57.1% practised mono-culture techniques and 77.1% used stagnant renewal system as culture system. Management of water quality was done by majority(82.9%) with mere visual evaluation, while 68.6% did not use any forms of water treatment. Most of the farms(80%) depended on imported feed for feeding their fish and gross profits of ■7.29±1.81 and ■157.83±118.08 were obtained on fingerlings and adult fish, respectively. The tested explanatory variables were responsible for 45.4% change in profitability and profitability was found to be dependent on feeding cost(t=–3.38 and p=0.002) and size of fish at harvest(t=2.70 and p=0.011). The research findings established that fish farming in Katsina State was under developed.

Management of Village Common Forests in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: Historical Background and Current Issues in Terms of Sustainability

This study was conducted to investigate the historical management system of village common forests (VCF) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh and observe the current issues related to their sustainability. The study on historical context was based on secondary information to establish the linkages of VCF development and management in the CHT. Field visits to four VCF in the Bandarban Hill Districts were also conducted to cross check the information collected from secondary sources to observe the current status and management pattern of these VCF through semi-structured interviews, group discussion, key-informant interviews and biodiversity assessment. VCF in the CHT undoubtedly play an important role in biodiversity conservation and as well as supporting daily necessities of the community people. We found that VCF still are the source of fuel wood, herbs, roots, bamboo shoots, wild fruits, vines or leaves for cooking or medicinal use necessary to sustain the lives of the indigenous communities in the CHT. Field visits to different VCF show that the VCF are necessarily small in size (57 ha) and around 108 families are dependent on these community managed village forests. A total of 163 plant species from 60 families were also recorded from these VCF including some rare plant and animal species which are not usually found in the reserve forests and the un-classed state forests due to continued deforestation and land degradation. However, population pressure combined with improved marketing facilities, ignorance, over exploitation, personal greed, tenure insecurity, faulty government policies regarding settlement of land and breakdown of the traditional systems exerting pressures on these VCF and the overall condition of these important biodiversity rich areas are degrading or shrinking in size and number gradually. Recognizing the traditional and customary resource rights of the indigenous communities in the CHT, acknowledging resource management system, providing tenure security, encouraging communities through legal and financial incentives in protecting these VCF or any other state owned forest areas solely for the conservation of biodiversity following an intensive management plan, resolving long lasting land related conflicts, and at the same time upholding the spirit of CHT Peace Accord 1997 could be important policy tools for the sustainability of these VCF in the CHT. Lessons learned from this study will be useful in formulating effective policies for community based forest management in Bangladesh and other developing countries.

Treatment and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation and Aquaculture Purposes

The feasibility of sewage treatment via combined chemical-biological techniques has been investigated. Two-stages pilot plant were designed for this purpose. The first stage was direct chemicalcoagulation-sedimentation using ferric chloride in-combination with lime to reduce the organic load and to remove the colloidal and suspended solids. A comparison of two separtion techniques namely chemical coagulation conventional sedimention and chemical coagulation tube settler sedimention were investigated. The second stage was either high rate oxidation pond or biological sand-bed to oxidize ammonia to nitrate. The results obtained showed that the effluent produced from the first stage is amaenable for restricted irrigation purposes. The HIROP proved to be satisfactory second treatment method for removal of pollutant. In addition high algal biomass was obtained. However, the use of sand-bed for nitrification proved to be more efficient, complete removal of ammonia was acheived.Average residual COD and BOD values were 66 and 38 mg O2/L, respectively. Fish toxicity was completely eleminated after the nitrification processes

River-Based Cage Aquaculture of Tilapia in Northern Thailand: Sustainability of Rearing and Business Practices

Cage-based aquaculture in rivers raises issues of natural resource management more familiar to fisheries management than does aquaculture in fish ponds on private land. Hybrid red and black Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus L) are reared for 4 - 5 months in cages in the upper Ping River in northern Thailand. Observed mean stocking density was 49 ± 16 fish·m-3, feed conversion ratio 1.47 ± 0.43 kg feed per kg fish and yield density 26.6 ± 8.1 kg·m-3. Input costs were dominated by feed (70%) and stock (16%). Most farms borrowed money and participated in contracts. Fish farming was usually a component of a portfolio of household activities but for some a core business. To succeed fish farmers must manage a combination of market, climate and environmental-related risks. Cage-based aquaculture in rivers faces many challenges;further research on farm practices and vulnerabilities, river and water management, and the commodity-chain are needed.

The Effect of Training and Community Based Management on Earthquake Impacts on Environmental Resources

Disasters have been defined as ecological disorders or emergencies, which lead to disease incidence, damage or injury and loss of property. Iran is located in a region prone to earthquake hazard and has faced several tragic earthquakes in its history which have led to mortalities and destruction of natural and socio-economic resources. Several researches have shown the positive effect of training in decreasing negative impacts of disasters. In societies where people are properly trained and obtain necessary information about how to react in case of earthquake or other natural disasters, the rate of fatalities would be significantly decreased. Earthquake is not a preventable natural disaster. So the only way to decrease its negative consequences would be effective preparedness. Public training is the main way of enhancing the awareness to the whole society and is the core of disaster planning. In this research, the aim is to evaluate the effect of training on the knowledge and practice of people vulnerable to earthquakes.

Establishment of Community-Based Dissemination Model and Its Effective Function for Sustainable Food Security and Poverty Reduction

Vietnam ranks as one of the largest rice exporters in the world.Two major deltas,the Mekong River Delta and the Red River Delta,contribute around 70%of the country’s rice production and 90%of its rice exports,while people in the mountainous areas of Central Vietnam still suffer from food shortage for three to four months per year.To combat this incongruous situation,the Foundation for International Development/Relief(FIDR),a Japan-based non-governmental organization(NGO),launched a project to introduce system of rice intensification(SRI)methods and developed the community-based dissemination(CBD)model.One of the difficulties that the government and aid agencies generally face is to create an effective and sustainable dissemination model,when the newly-introduced technology is totally unfamiliar to targeted region and residents.Vietnam consists of 54 ethnic groups,and 14%of the population is comprised of 53 ethnic minorities,mainly living in mountainous areas.Almost 50%of them still live below the poverty line and are threatened by food shortage.Within their cultural context,it is hard to adapt to the new concepts of farming,and they are not used to paddy rice cultivation yet.As the result of the project,the model successfully reduced the food shortage of 1.5 months less in average with more than 4,000 households involved.The model is now turned over to the local government as a case of sustainable management practices.This paper aimed to examine what made the model effectively function.

Community Based Flood Risk Management: Local Knowledge and Actor’s Involvement Approach from Lower Karnali River Basin of Nepal

Connecting to the disaster risk reduction (DRR) studies, community-based initiatives are found to be more effective in both developed and developing countries, with a specific focus on the empowerment of local communities to build resilience. Building on social capital theory, the paper investigates on local knowledge (LK) practices experienced by the actors in an emerging economy using the community-based flood risk management (CB-FRM) approach. The qualitative research method was used by collecting data from focused group discussions, and interviews with the key informants including actors from local governments and non-government organizations. Additionally, informal discussions, field visits, and desk studies were undertaken to support the findings. The findings reveal that the local communities carry out various local knowledge experiences to respond during disaster management phases. They own a creative set of approaches based on the LK and that empowers them to live in the flood-prone areas, accepting the paradigm shift from fighting with floods to living with that. The local actor’s involvement is recognized as an essential component for CB-FRM activities. Yet, their program’s implementation is more oriented towards humanitarian assistance in emergency responses. Even, they often overlook the role of LK. Additionally, the results show a high level of presence of local communities during the preparedness and recovery phases, while NGOs and local governments have a medium role in preparedness and low in recovery phase. The lack of local ownership has also emerged as the major challenge. The research provides valuable insights for integrated CB-FRM policies by adopting to LK practices.

Ecosystem-Based and Community-Based Model Integration to Designate Coral Reef No-Take Marine Protected Areas: A Case Study from Puerto Rico

Ecosystem-based management and community-based participation in governance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been identified as key elements to improve management success, local stakeholder support, and compliance with regulations. However, both are often rarely achieved, resulting in poor MPA governance, support and success. A quantitative assessment of the spatio- temporal change (1997-2012) of coral reef fish communities within Arrecifes La Cordillera Natural Reserve in northeastern Puerto Rico was carried out. We also identified community expectations of and support for the designation of a network of small no-take MPAs within the reserve’s boundaries. A holistic approach employing biophysical and socioeconomic methods was used as part of a participatory model to identify priorities for the designation of candidate no-take MPAs. Populations of the most important fishery-targeted species showed a significant temporal decline, particularly in areas subjected to intense recreational activities and spearfishing. Most groupers (Serranidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), barracudas (Sphyraenidae), and some parrotfishes (Scaridae) were nearly absent at most sites. Most individuals belonged to smaller size categories. Herbivores represented the majority of the total fish biomass, suggesting strong fishing impacts on apex predators. Fish declines also occurred after two massive coral bleaching events in 1998 and 2005 that were followed by mass coral mortalities, suggesting combined negative impacts of fishing and climate change. A no-take MPA designation was supported by 80% of the artisanal fishermen, 73% of the concessionaires (i.e., SCUBA diving, charter boats), and 52% of registered vessel operators. Stakeholders agreed that coral reef conditions in the reserve had declined over time, as well as water quality which affected reef health and fisheries. Stakeholders did not recognize climate change and sea surface warming as threats to coral reefs and fisheries. Nonetheless, stakeholder perceptions of candidate no-take MPA sites remarkably matched those identified through fish counts. This study also highlighted the pervasive views held by many stake-holders concerning MPA management and enforcement, and recommended that any no-take MPA designation process considers improving stakeholder participation, understanding of management objectives, actions, and accomplishments, and building stakeholders trust. The integration of ecosystem-based and community-based participatory models may be critical to foster improved support of no-take MPAs and foster a long-term community-based integration to develop and implement mitigation strategies for climate change impacts in novel future scenarios.

Ecosystem Restoration:Enhancing Ecosystem Services with Floating Aquaculture

Restoration ecologists recognize the need for restoring ecosystem services in sustainable ways that meet societal needs.In the UK,Ireland,Australia,and some US states the goal is restoring native oyster reefs.In other states,failures at restoration due to poor water quality and predation have focused restoration activities on techniques that work,restoring intertidal reefs and generating living shorelines that reduce or reverse erosion.In the United States,restoring water quality and reducing or reversing erosion are societally accepted entry points for repairing estuarine ecosystems.This study is an overview of the current status of oyster reef restoration and provide a novel approach called“oyster reef in a bag”.Combining oyster reef restoration efforts with existing floating oyster aquaculture technology generates novel ecosystems that are a combination of biofouling and oyster reef communities.These novel ecosystems could be a practical beginning to improve water quality,mitigate erosion and restore higher trophic level ecosystem services.

养殖池塘水体异味物质土臭素与环境因子关系解析

本研究旨在分析淡水鱼产品消费和加工中的主要障碍之一——土腥味,特别是其关键异味物质土臭素(GSM)的影响因素。通过对江苏省84个养殖池塘的GSM浓度及其水体环境因子(包括盐度、pH、溶氧、温度、总悬浮物、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数)的检测,采用相关性分析和通径分析方法,筛选出影响GSM的关键环境因子。结果显示,全部池塘中GSM检出率高达97.6%,检出的含量均值为(27.83±20.06)ng/L,大范围超过人类感知阈值;盐度和高锰酸盐指数对GSM产生较大的负向影响,且盐度和高锰酸盐指数的直接作用都大于间接作用,2个因子较为独立地对养殖池塘中的GSM起着负调控作用。因此,在水产养殖管理过程中,可以将盐度和高锰酸盐指数作为养殖池塘水体环境监测的重点环境因子,针对性地采取管理措施,进而改善养殖池塘水质,更有效、更方便地解决养殖水体和养殖产品的土腥味问题。

基于遥感和DEB模型的山东半岛长牡蛎秋冬季育肥养殖适宜区域评价

为了优化山东半岛近海长牡蛎秋冬季育肥养殖的空间格局,本研究采用卫星遥感获取的海水表层温度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮颗粒物浓度数据,以及海水表面高度再分析数据,基于动态能量收支(Dynamic Energy Budget,DEB)理论,构建了山东半岛长牡蛎秋冬季育肥养殖适宜性评价模型,通过对山东半岛海域长牡蛎养殖适宜性指数的时空变动分析发现,适宜性呈现南部海域>北部海域>东部海域>西部海域的趋势,其中南部海域非常适宜的区域面积占比最大,为9.1%,主要分布在乳山地区;山东半岛西部黄河口周边海域存在大面积的不适宜养殖区域,占比高达该海域的30.5%。长牡蛎秋冬季育肥养殖的非常适宜区域在2017年和2019年分别占总近海面积的38.2%和57.9%,显著高于其余年份。通过实地验证发现,山东长牡蛎的秋冬季育肥养殖最适宜海区具备水体浑浊度较低、叶绿素浓度较高、温度较暖且风浪较小的特征。本研究结果可以为山东半岛长牡蛎养殖规划提供有效的量化依据和理论基础。

现代化海洋牧场增养殖方式及用海分类体系探讨

海洋牧场是海洋渔业升级转型的主要方向之一,受到国内外广泛关注。随着现代化海洋牧场增养殖方式的日益多样化与复杂化,海洋牧场用海类型与用海方式也呈立体化、多样化的发展趋势,亟需系统梳理海洋牧场用海分类体系,为现代化海洋牧场用海要素保障提供技术依据。在深入剖析现代化海洋牧场概念内涵的基础上,系统梳理了海洋牧场增养殖方式及其用海分类体系。依据增养殖方式,现代化海洋牧场可分为海洋增殖场、海洋养殖场、海洋养护场等二级类型3类和三级类型13类;依据用海开放程度,可分为开放型海洋牧场、半封闭型海洋牧场、封闭型海洋牧场等二级类型3类和三级类型9类。在海域使用分类基础上,根据现代化海洋牧场用海实际情况,提出了养殖用海、增殖用海、养护用海、垂钓用海、采捕用海等用海类型,以及网箱养殖用海、筏式养殖用海、底播养殖用海、漂浮式构筑物用海等用海方式。上述海洋牧场增养殖方式及用海分类体系可为完善现代化海洋牧场用海管理体系提供参考。

我国海洋自然保护区养殖活动的生态环境影响及对策建议

我国海洋自然保护区内普遍存在养殖活动,如何促进海洋自然保护区建设与养殖活动协同发展,一直是保护区管理部门与相关利益群体密切关注的问题。结合我国国家级海洋自然保护区的保护目标及养殖活动现状,从保护对象和养殖方式两个方面分析了养殖活动对海洋自然保护区生态环境的可能影响。通过梳理我国海洋自然保护区的养殖活动管理及用海政策,发现海洋自然保护区的养殖活动管理政策不一致、养殖活动管理和海域使用政策缺乏与海洋自然保护区管控相衔接等问题,进而结合新时期自然保护区相关的管控政策要求,提出了细化海洋自然保护区内养殖活动的管控要求、尽快开展海洋自然保护区养殖活动管理试点、加强海洋自然保护区管理、海域管理和渔业管理间协调、加强对海洋自然保护区管理的能力建设等建议,以期为我国海洋自然保护区内的养殖活动管理提供参考,促进海洋自然保护区建设和周边渔业社区的协同发展。