Nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis of aristolochic acids and their derivates

Aristolochic acids （AAs）, a natural mixture of 8-methoxy-6-nitro-phenanthro-（3,4-d）-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid （AAI）and 6-nitro-phenanthro-（3,4-d）-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid （AAII）, derived from aristolochiaceae species, has beenreported to cause AAS-induced nephropathy and upper urothelial cancer. In this review, we summarize the informationon the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis of AAs and their derivatives. AAs nephrotoxicity can lead to apoptosis andoxidative stress of renal tubular cells, and inhibition of the expression of aquaporins. AAs can also reduce the capabilityfor renal tubular epithelial cell repair after acute injury and further produce renal fibrosis by activating TGF-β-Smadsignaling and promoting the migration of macrophages. Moreover, AAs-induced carcinogenesis may be due to theformation of covalent adducts with DNA which can lead to the mutation in certain tumor suppressor genes orproto-oncogenes and the different catalyzing capacity of the microsomal cytochrome P450 of individuals in AAImetabolism.

Chemical profiling of principle active and toxic constituents in herbs containing aristolochic acids

Objective:To clear the amounts of the principal active/toxic components in herbs containing aristolochic acids(HCAAs),which are still used as medicine and/or seasoning in many ethnic minority areas of China.Methods:In this study,six major active and toxic components in HCAAs were extracted with ultrasonic extraction.With 6-O-methyl guanosine as internal standard,the target compounds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)with multiple reaction monitoringinformation dependent acquisition-enhanced production ion scanning mode(MRM-IDA-EPI)combined with dynamic background subtraction(DBS)function.Results:The method showed good linearity in the linear range of the six analytes.The limit range of detection was from 0.01 ng/mL to 0.27 ng/mL.All of the detection repeatability,extraction repeatability and accuracy of the method were good.After extraction,the samples remained stable at 15℃ within 24 h.Six analytes were all found in samples except aristolactam(AL)in sample 2,and the contents varied greatly.The contents of these compounds decreased in fruits,leaves and stems of Aristolochia delavayi successively.Conclusion:This method has the advantages of less sample dosage,simple operation,short analysis cycle,high sensitivity,specificity and accuracy.It laid a good foundation for guiding the safety of HCAAs,the indepth study of pharmacological and toxicological effects and the scientific and standardized processing and compatibility of HCAAs.

Compatibility of rubber stoppers for recombinant antitumor-antivirus protein injection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple, rapid, and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of two fatty acids, methyl hexadecanoate (MH) and methyl stearate (MS), to allow the evaluation of packaging-drug compatibility. The two migrants were quantified in selective ion-monitoring (SIM) mode, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.0030 μg/mL and 0.0121 μg/mL. Linear calibration curves for MH and MS were obtained in the concentration ranges of 0.1011–5.0570 μg/mL and 0.2015–10.0740 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to estimate the safety of the injection of recombinant antitumor-antivirus protein (RAAP). The results showed that the possible maximum daily intake was 3.0 ng and 12.1 ng for MH and MS, respectively. As these values were both below the permitted daily exposure, the migrants can be considered as having low safety risk and do not affect the quality of the injection.

THE COMPATIBILITY OF MIXED ACID DYES ON SILK

The compatibility of mixed acld dyes on silk has been surveyed by means of ascheme for compatibility rating.Experiments on the Influence of different dyeconstltutions,the ratio of dye concentrations,and dyeing processes oncompatibility have been made.The compatibility or some productive reclpesformed mainly by Lanasyn Blue GL(Cl Acid Blue 127:1)and Milling Navy 5R(Cl Acid Blue 113)has also been measured.The paper indicates that the dyeswith the approximate affinities and diffusion coefficients,high ratio of dyeconcentrations,and reasonable dyeing processes make the good compatibillty ofmixed acid dyes on silk.It may be served as a guide to production in reasonablyselecting dyes and dyeing processes.

Human AKR1A1 involves in metabolic activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acidⅠ

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether aldo-keto reductases(AKRs)can act as a nitrore⁃ductase(NR)and bioactivate aristolochic acidⅠ(AA-Ⅰ)to produce AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts.METHODS①Human-induced hepatocytes(hiHeps)and human bladder RT4 cells were used as tool cells and treated with AA-Ⅰ0,0.5,1.0 and 2μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 method,and the half maximal inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was calculated using the CCK-8 method and the level of DNA adduct production was calculated.②hiHeps and RT4 cells were treated with AKR inhibitor luteotin(0,5,10 and 25μmol·L^(-1))+AA-Ⅰ0.2 and 1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h,respectively,and the levels of DNA adducts were detected by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).③hiHeps cells were incubated with 80 nmol·L^(-1)small interfering RNAs(si-AKRs)for 48 h and treated with AA-Ⅰ1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Real-time qualitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the mRNA expression of AKRs gene and LC-MS/MS technology was used to investigate the effect of specific AKR gene knockdown on DNA adduct levels.④500 nmol·L^(-1)human AKR recombinant proteins AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰwere incubated in vitro under anaerobic conditions and the formation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts was detected.RESULTS①The IC_(50)of AA-Ⅰto hiHeps and RT4 cells was 1.9 and 0.42μmol·L^(-1),respec⁃tively.The level of DNA adduct production of the two cell lines was significantly different(P<0.01).②Luteolin≥5μmol·L^(-1)significantly inhibited the production of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts in both cells(P<0.05),and there was a concentration-dependent effect in hiHeps cells(P<0.01,R=0.84).③In the AKR family,the knockdown of AKR1A1 gene up to 80%inhibited the generation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts by 30%-40%.④The AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts were detected in the incubation of recombinant protein AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰunder anaerobic conditions in vitro,approximately 1 adduct per 107 nucleotides.CONCLU⁃SION AKR1A1 is involved in AA-Ⅰbioactivation,providing a reference for elucidation of the carcino⁃genic mechanism of AA-Ⅰ.

Analysis of aristolochic acids, aristololactams and their analogues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

More than 80 aristolochic acids(AAs) and aristololactams(ALs) have been found in plants of the Aristolochiaceae family, but relatively few have been fully studied. The present study aimed at developing and validating a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC/MS^n) for the analysis of these compounds. We characterized the fragmentation behaviors of 31 AAs, ALs, and their analogues via high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We summarized their fragmentation rules and used these rules to identify the constituents contained in Aristolochia contorta, Ar. debilis, Ar. manshurensis, Ar. fangchi, Ar. cinnabarina, and Ar. mollissima. The AAs and ALs showed very different MS behaviors. In MS1 of AAs, the characteristic pseudomolecular ions were [M + NH_4]^+, [M + H]^+, and [M + H - H_2O]^+. However, only [M + H]^+ was found in the MS1 of ALs, which was simpler than that of AAs. Distinct MSn fragmentation patterns were found for AAs and ALs, showing the same skeleton among the different substituent groups. The distribution of the 31 constituents in the 6 species of Aristolochia genus was reported for the first time. 25 Analogues of AAs and ALs were detected in this genus. A hierarchical schemes and a calculating formula of the molecular formula of these nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids and their lactams were proposed. In conclusion, this method could be applied to identification of similar unknown constituents in other plants.

In situ metabolomics in nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Understanding of the nephrotoxicity induced by drug candidates is vital to drug discovery and development.Herein,an in situ metabolomics method based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging(AFADESI-MSI)was established for direct analysis of metabolites in renal tissue sections.This method was subsequently applied to investigate spatially resolved metabolic profile changes in rat kidney after the administration of aristolochic acid I,a known nephrotoxic drug,aimed to discover metabolites associated with nephrotoxicity.As a result,38 metabolites related to the arginine-creatinine metabolic pathway,the urea cycle,the serine synthesis pathway,metabolism of lipids,choline,histamine,lysine,and adenosine triphosphate were significantly changed in the group treated with aristolochic acid I.These metabolites exhibited a unique distribution in rat kidney and a good spatial match with histopathological renal lesions.This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying aristolochic acids nephrotoxicity and demonstrates that AFADESI-MSI-based in situ metabolomics is a promising technique for investigation of the molecular mechanism of drug toxicity.

含马兜铃酸的中药现状及相关问题思考

马兜铃酸的安全性问题引起国际社会的广泛关注。我国是中药资源大国,马兜铃科马兜铃属和细辛属中药材均含有马兜铃酸类成分,这引起了人们对使用含马兜铃酸中药安全性的担忧。研究者从不同角度回答了马兜铃酸的安全风险问题,国家也出台了多项措施控制马兜铃酸的安全风险。从化学、毒性、检测等多方面系统综述了含马兜铃酸中药的现状并提出了合理化建议,可为其进一步研究和科学监管提供参考。

脂肪乳氨基酸(17)葡萄糖(11%)注射液稳定性研究

目的为临床合理使用脂肪乳氨基酸(17)葡萄糖(11%)注射液(商品名卡文)提供依据。方法将卡文3个腔室液体混匀(样品S1);再分别添加电解质(氯化钾和氯化钠,样品S2),维生素(水溶性维生素及脂溶性维生素,样品S3),多种微量元素(样品S4),以及上述所有成分(样品S5)。分别于室温下放置0,4,8,12 h时测定混合液的pH、渗透压、不溶性微粒数,并考察乳剂粒径分布情况。结果样品S1-S5室温下放置12 h内外观无明显变化,pH为5.51~5.59;渗透压,S2为934~972 mOsmol/kg,S3为816~831 mOsmol/kg,S4为810~835 mOsmol/kg,S5为934~957 mOsmol/kg;不溶性微粒变化不明显;乳剂粒径分布集中在1~10 nm。结论在卡文中添加规定限度内的电解质、维生素和多种微量元素,对其pH、不溶性微粒、乳剂粒径等影响较小,但电解质对渗透压影响较大,应予以重视。

硫化脂肪酸酯的合成及其在高温高压钻井液中的应用

大位移井高温储层水基钻井液在高负荷、高盐度、高温条件下,液体润滑剂的润滑性能不足,导致憋钻具、卡钻和钻具磨损等问题,实验室合成了一种硫化脂肪酸酯,将其与润滑剂复配后得到复合硫剂(QT311),添加至HTFlow高温高压水基钻井液中,能够提升钻井液的润滑性能。通过四球试验机测试可知,添加1%QT311后,其COF能够下降64%,磨斑直径降低43%,润滑性能优于几款常用市售钻井液用润滑剂。通过电镜分析摩擦副表面,发现硫剂在摩擦过程中发生摩擦化学反应生成硫-铁极压膜,从而提升钻井液的减摩性能,且该剂在HTFlow钻井液体系中表现出优异的配伍性、抗水解性能、抗盐及抗温性能。试验结果为钻井液用润滑剂的进一步研究提供参考。

超高效液相-质谱法测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量

目的测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量,为其质量控制提供借鉴。方法采用超高效液相-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。色谱柱采用Waters-ACQUI UPLC HSS T3 C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm),采用乙腈为流动相A,0.1%甲酸含1 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子多反应监测模式,以标准曲线法计算含量。结果17批滴通鼻炎水中有9批样品未检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ(检出限0.13 pg),8批样品中检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ,含量在0.41~3.60 ng·mL^(-1)。所有样品中均未检出马兜铃酸Ⅱ(检出限0.41 pg)。结论建立了UPLC-MS/MS同时测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ含量的方法,该方法专属性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可为滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的质量控制提供参考。

马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性研究与思考

目的通过梳理马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性研究,提出风险防控策略。方法简述马兜铃酸致肝癌的研究进展,阐明马兜铃酸与肝癌相关性再研究的科学意义,梳理本课题组关于马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性、真实性、系统性研究内容,提出含马兜铃酸中药的防控策略。结果与结论马兜铃酸与肝癌发生缺乏相关性;提出含马兜铃酸中药及制剂安全用药的风险防控策略:明确风险获益比,综合分析药品研究数据做出监管决策;针对不同风险水平患者采取分级管理措施;建立科学认知和精准评价使用中药的新方法,健全安全性质量控制制度。

UPLC-MS/MS检测伤痛宁片中5个马兜铃酸成分

目的:测定伤痛宁片中马兜铃酸类成分的含量。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定伤痛宁片中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ、马兜铃酸Ⅲa、马兜铃酸AA-Ⅳa、马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ的含量。采用Agilentporoshell C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱;电喷雾正离子模式,多反应监测,进样量为1μL,以基质标准曲线外标法计算伤痛宁片中5个马兜铃酸成分含量。结果:18批样品中检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ质量分数为0.01~0.05 mg·kg^(–1),马兜铃酸Ⅱ和马兜铃酸Ⅲa未检出,马兜铃酸AA-Ⅳa质量分数为0.26~1.00 mg·kg^(–1),马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ质量分数为0.40~2.17 mg·kg^(–1)。结论:建立的含量测定方法,可为伤痛宁片及含马兜铃酸中药制剂的临床应用和安全监管提供参考。

UPLC-MS/MS法检测正天胶囊中马兜铃酸类成分

目的建立测定正天胶囊中马兜铃酸类成分的分析方法。方法采用Dikma Endeavorsil C18(1.8μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)色谱柱,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸-5 mmol甲酸铵溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM),进样量为5μL,测定正天胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ、马兜铃酸Ⅲa、马兜铃酸Ⅳa、马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ的质量分数。结果10批样品中检出2种马兜铃酸类物质,质量分数分别为马兜铃酸Ⅳa 0.15~1.03 mg/kg、马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ0.40~1.51 mg/kg。结论本研究建立的正天胶囊中马兜铃酸质量分数测定方法,可为正天胶囊及含马兜铃酸中药制剂的临床应用和安全监管提供参考。

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定复方胃痛胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量

目的建立UPLC-MS/MS同时测定复方胃痛胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ含量的方法。方法采用Agilent Poroshell SB-C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm);流动相为乙腈和含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃;采用三重四级杆质谱检测器,电喷雾离子源(ESI)正离子模式下多反应监测(MRM)模式进行质谱检测。结果马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ分别在1.05~210 ng/mL(r=0.9996)和1.00~200 ng/mL(r=0.9998)有良好的线性关系。马兜铃酸Ⅰ的回收率为95.90%,RSD为2.11%;马兜铃酸Ⅱ的回收率为93.22%,RSD为1.17%。马兜铃酸Ⅰ的定量限为0.3 pg、检出限为0.1 pg;马兜铃酸Ⅱ的定量限为0.7 pg、检出限为0.2 pg。结论该方法专属性好,灵敏度高,准确可靠,能够用于测定复方胃痛胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。

复配转锈液中各组分对锈转化行为的影响

[目的]针对锈蚀的固定钢铁结构无法进行返厂除锈涂装的现状,绿色转锈液的开发对锈蚀结构件的腐蚀防护及延寿具有重要意义。[方法]通过开路电位、电化学阻抗谱、极化曲线等测试方法研究了带锈Q235钢在质量分数为3%的酸性转锈液中的电化学行为,采用扫描电镜、能谱仪和红外光谱仪考察了不同转锈液对锈层的反应状态和转化膜的组成,根据接触角分析了有机树脂在转锈表面的润湿情况。[结果]在由质量分数均为1%的植酸、单宁酸和没食子酸组成的复配体系中,酸性较强的植酸能够快速溶解锈层,产生大量铁离子,铁离子再与植酸、单宁酸和没食子酸发生螯合,形成致密的锈转化膜。[结论]复配酸转锈液能够获得比单一酸转锈液性能更加良好的转化膜,与有机树脂能够较好地相容。

基于废弃PET的环氧超支化聚酯扩链剂应用性能

以废弃聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)的降解产物为核心,制备了环氧超支化聚酯扩链剂(EHBP),探究了该扩链剂对聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二酯/聚乳酸/碳酸钙(PBAT/PLA/CaCO_(3))三元复合材料微观结构、热性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明,以PET降解产物制备的EHBP对复合材料有明显的增容作用。扩链剂中的高活性环氧基团能够与PBAT和PLA上的端羧基、端羟基发生开环加成反应,形成扩链大分子以增强PBAT和PLA之间的界面相互作用。当EHBP添加量达到0.6份时,可以明显观察到两相间变得模糊、孔洞减少。缺口冲击强度由6.48 kJ/m^(2)增加到43.02 kJ/m^(2),拉伸强度由10.15 MPa增加到24.59 MPa,断裂伸长率由11.8%增加到56.72%。

长期灌服细辛水煎剂及其主要马兜铃酸类成分对小鼠主要脏器的影响

目的研究细辛散剂(AHP)及水煎剂(AHD)单次灌胃给药,以及细辛水煎剂、与其等量的主要马兜铃酸类成分(AAs)连续24周反复灌胃给药对小鼠主要脏器的影响,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法急性毒性实验:以细辛散剂(692倍临床剂量,11.54 g·kg^(-1))、水煎剂(500倍临床剂量,25 g·kg^(-1);1000倍临床剂量,50 g·kg^(-1))灌胃小鼠,观察给药后14 d内动物的毒性反应。长期毒性实验:将小鼠随机分为空白对照组,羧甲基纤维素钠溶剂对照组(CMC-Na,0.02%),马兜铃酸-Ⅰ阳性药组(AA-Ⅰ,27.2μg·kg^(-1))、马兜铃酸-Ⅳa组(AA-Ⅳa,27.2μg·kg^(-1))、马兜铃内酰胺-Ⅰ组(AL-Ⅰ,13.5μg·kg^(-1))、细辛低剂量组(10倍临床剂量,0.5 g·kg^(-1))、细辛中剂量组(31.6倍临床剂量,1.6 g·kg^(-1))和细辛高剂量组(100倍临床剂量,5 g·kg^(-1)),分别在连续给药12、24周及停药恢复8周后取其主要脏器称重并进行病理学检查。结果急性毒性实验中小鼠在给予细辛散剂后5~30 min全部死亡,细辛水煎剂单次给药后14 d观察期内未见小鼠死亡及异常情况。长期毒性实验中细辛及其所含主要马兜铃酸类(AA-Ⅳa,AL-Ⅰ)连续给药24周后,小鼠未见死亡及异常情况,主要脏器(心、肺、脾、肾上腺、脑、睾丸)与对照组相比未见因药物引起的病理学改变,停药8周后未见延迟性毒性反应。结论细辛水煎剂相对安全,高剂量细辛水煎剂中所含等量的AA-Ⅳa、AL-Ⅰ在本研究中对小鼠相对安全。但鉴于本研究数据有限,仍不建议细辛水煎剂过量或长期使用。

Molecular and Mesoscopic Dynamics Simulations on the Compatibility of PLA/Plasticizer Blends

The compatibility of the blend systems for olyactic acid （PLA）/tributyl citrate （TBC） and PLA/glycerol has been studied by molecule and mesoscopic dynamics methods. The results from glass transition temperature simulations showed that the compatibility of PLA/TBC system was better than that of PLA/glycerol, which were consistent with the conclusion obtained from the pair correlation functions. Besides, the behaviors of phase state distribution and evolution process were investigated by mesoscopic dynamics method as well. The results indicated that citrate ester was a better plasticizer than glycerol for PLA.

Effect of salvianolic acid A and C compatibility on inflammatory cytokines in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid A and C component molecules,which are involved in drug compatibility,on inflammatory cytokine expression that affects human chemokine ligand 5(CCL5) and chemokine ligand 10(CXCL10)levels in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO).METHODS:Fifty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal,model,salvianolic acid A,salvianolic acid C and salvianolic acid A and C groups.The normal group was used as the control,and the other groups of rats had a UUO model established.The control group had free access to food and water,and the other groups received the corresponding drugs for 2 weeks.After the last administration,urine β_2-microglobulin(β_2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) levels were analyzed.After 24 h,all rats were sacrificed and the serum was analyzed for creatinine(Cr) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) levels.Rat kidneys were removed,and CCL5 and CXCL10 inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression was measured using real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Kidney fibrosis was observed using hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson trichrome staining.RESULTS:In the salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid C treatment groups,serum Cr and urine NAG levels were significantly lower than in the model group(both P < 0.05).In all treatment groups,urine pYMG levels were significantly lower than in the model group(all P < 0.05).Compared with model group,the pathological changes and collagen deposition improved to varying degrees(both P <0.05).CCL5 and CXCL10 mRNA expression decreased to different degrees compared with the model group(both P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Salvianolic acid A and C are component molecules of drug compatibility,and they may protect renal function and improve tubular function and renal pathology to a certain degree in UUO.This improvement may be related to a reduction in inflammatory cytokines CCL5 and CXCL10 secretion in the UUO rat kidney.