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An Empirical Study of Substitution and Complementary Effects of Chinese Government's Public Expenditure on It's GDP's Growth
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作者 Xiaoli Wang Changqing Li Ying Zhang 《Journal of Systems Science and Information》 2007年第4期389-398,共10页
This paper presents the analytical results of substitution and complementary effect of fiscal changes, by applies the variance decomposition technique to totally isolate the growth effect of components in government'... This paper presents the analytical results of substitution and complementary effect of fiscal changes, by applies the variance decomposition technique to totally isolate the growth effect of components in government's public expenditures on GDP. We concluded from the empirical analysis, that the government's purchase expenditure (Gc) has a significant explanatory power on the long-term economic growth. However, extra budget expenditure (YWZ) and the government's fundamental investment (TR) only have substitution effects with limited impact on the long-term economical growth. 展开更多
关键词 government public spending substitution effect and complementary effect DECOMPOSITION GDP growth
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Off-farm employment,agriculture production activities,and household dietary diversity in environmentally and economically vulnerable areas of Asia 被引量:1
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作者 Yunli Bai Xuanye Zeng +1 位作者 Chao Fu Linxiu Zhang 《Journal of Integrative Agriculture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第2期359-373,共15页
Access to off-farm employment has been expected to be a critical approach to ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition,two important targets of achieving Zero Hunger.This study aims to investigate the role of off-fa... Access to off-farm employment has been expected to be a critical approach to ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition,two important targets of achieving Zero Hunger.This study aims to investigate the role of off-farm employment in improving dietary diversity through substitution effect and complementary effect with agricultural production activities and income effect.This study adopts Poisson/Tobit/Probit/OLS regressions and the instrument variable method based on the primary survey data collected among 1,282 households at 12 sites in environmentally and economically vulnerable areas of China,Nepal,Cambodia,Thailand,and Myanmar in 2019.The results show that off-farm employment is positively associated with household dietary diversity and the consumption of flesh meat,fish and other aquatic animals,fruits,and milk and dairy products,which are rich in protein and micronutrients.The results of mechanism analysis show that off-farm employment contributes to household dietary diversity by improving crop diversity,especially for poor households,boosting the probability of livestock raising for households with the middle one-third disposal income,and increasing household income.The positive association between off-farm employment and household dietary diversity is much higher for households with the bottom one-third disposal income,low illiteracy,and from upper-middle income countries.These findings imply that off-farm employment does play a vital role in achieving multiple benefits of poverty alleviation,malnutrition reduction,and agrobiodiversity conservation in environmentally and economically vulnerable areas.However,it may enlarge the gaps in dietary diversity between households with low human capital and from low and lower-middle income countries and those with high human capital and from middle-high countries. 展开更多
关键词 off-farm employment dietary diversity income effect substitution effect complementary effect
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Research methods in complementary and alternative medicine: an integrative review 被引量:1
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作者 Fabiana de Almeida Andrade Caio Fabio Schlechta Portella 《Journal of Integrative Medicine》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第1期6-13,共8页
The scientific literature presents a modest amount ot evidence m the use or complementary ana al[erna- tire medicine (CAM). On the other hand, in practice, relevant results are common. The debates among CAM practiti... The scientific literature presents a modest amount ot evidence m the use or complementary ana al[erna- tire medicine (CAM). On the other hand, in practice, relevant results are common. The debates among CAM practitioners about the quality and execution of scientific research are important, Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather, synthesize and describe the differentiated methodological models that encompass the complexity of therapeutic interventions. The process of bringing evidence-based medicine into clinical practice in CAM is essential for the growth and strengthening of complementary medicines worldwide. 展开更多
关键词 Research methodology complementary medicine Alternative medicine complementary therapies Comparative effectiveness research Outcome assessment Nonlinear dynamics Evaluation studies
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Robot Application and Labor Force Employment:Substitution or Complementation?——An Empirical Analysis Based on the Data from 22 Economies
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作者 Lilin Zheng Dongsheng Liu 《China Finance and Economic Review》 2023年第4期65-85,共21页
The rise of robotics has brought great uncertainty to the labor market.Based on the sectoral data from 22 economies during 2008-2019,this paper explores the impact of robot application on employment.The results show t... The rise of robotics has brought great uncertainty to the labor market.Based on the sectoral data from 22 economies during 2008-2019,this paper explores the impact of robot application on employment.The results show that,on the whole,robot application will have complementary effects on labor force employment,and the grouped regression by economic development level and demographic characteristics supports this conclusion,while the effect of robot application on labor force employment is significantly different by industry.Further research shows that the degree of robot use is the key factor that determines the effect of robots on employment,and the complementary effect is dominant in economies with low degree of robot application,and the subtitution effect is dominant in economies with high degree of robot application.In addition,obvious spillover effects are observed in robotic application.On the one hand,robot application will have a forward crowdingout effect and a reverse siphon effect,which drive the labor force moving from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries.On the other hand,robot application will also have heterogeneous effects on the labor force employment of economies in the upstream and downstream position along the value chain through the transmission effect of the Global Value Chains(GVC).The conclusions of this paper provide some practical implications for the rational formulation of artificial intelligence plans in the context of“stabilizing employment”. 展开更多
关键词 ROBOTS labor force employment substitution effect complementary effect
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