STUDY ON EFFECTS OF Yb^(3+) AND ITS COMPLEXES ON CELLS IN VITRO

This paper reports the effects of the Yh^(3+) and its four complexes on cultured cells.The results indicate that the 5 mmol YbCl_3 has evident toxicity on cultured cells,and after it is coordinated with ligands,its toxicity is decreased.These.four complexes neither destroy the growth nor inhibit the adliesion of diploid cell to the surface of the flasket,but they inhibit the adhesion of cancer cells,and result in cell death.The complex of Yb~?(3+) with ligand(1) can destroy the cancer cells in division phase.forming aberrant mitotic cells,but the other three complexes of Yb^(3+) with ligands can destroy the cancer cells in interphase.These effects depend on the dose of the complex.

Detection of macular ganglion cell complex loss and correlation with choroidal thickness in chronic and recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy

AIM:To investigate the association of ganglion cell complex thickness(GCCt),global loss volume percentage(GLV%),and focal loss volume percentage(FLV%)with structural and functional findings among patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy(CCSC)and recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy(RCSC)by optical coherence tomography(OCT).METHODS:Among 29 patients with monocular affected central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC),15 had CCSC,and 14 had RCSC.The GCCt,FLV%,GLV%,and subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)and sublesional choroidal thickness(SLCT)values were determined using OCT,and the association of these characteristics with neural structure parameters,choroidal morphology,features and functional alterations were estimated for the CCSC and RCSC patients.RESULTS:In CCSC,the affected eyes had significantly lower GCCt values than the fellow eyes in the macular regions(all P<0.05),with the highest GCCt observed in the inferior area.A significant association was found between the GCCt in different regions and the change in best corrected visual acuity(BCVA;r=-0.696;-0.695;-0.694,P<0.05)in CCSC patients.A statistically significant moderate negative correlation indicated that long-term CCSC was associated with greater differences in the GCCt in different regions between affected and fellow eyes(r=-0.562;r=-0.556;r=0.525,P<0.05).Additionally,observation of thickened SFCT was associated with a worse FLV%(r=0.599;r=0.546,P<0.05)in both groups.Similarly,thickened SLCT was associated with FLV%in RCSC patients(r=0.544,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The distribution and GCCt are associated with the duration and visual outcomes of CCSC,whereas there is no correlation among RCSC patients.FLV%may be instrumental in differentiating the various outer choroidal vessels(pachyvessels)in long-term CSC.These results suggest that neural structure parameters may aid in estimating and predicting the recovery of altered morphology and function in CCSC and RCSC patients.

MP-3 microperimeter in early primary open angle glaucoma with a new pattern

AIM:To investigate macular microperimetry in patients with early primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)using a new custom-made pattern,and analyze the characteristics of macular sensitivity.METHODS:This case-control study included 38 patients with POAG,who were divided into pre-perimetric glaucoma(18 eyes of 18 patients),early-stage(20 eyes of 20 patients),and control(20 eyes of 20 patients)groups.All subjects underwent standard 24-2 humphrey visual field test.An MP-3 microperimeter with a new custom-made pattern(28 testing points distributed in four quadrants,covering the central 10°of the retina)was used to evaluate macular sensitivity.Ganglion cell complex(GCC)thicknesses were examined using an RS-3000 Advance OCT system.The features of structure and function were analysed per quadrant.RESULTS:The pre-perimetric glaucoma group had significantly lower inferior hemifield macular sensitivity compared to controls(P<0.05).The early-stage POAG group had significantly lower average,inferior hemifield,inferonasal,and inferotemporal mean sensitivities compared to the pre-perimetric glaucoma group(P<0.05),and lower macular sensitivity in all sectors compared to controls(P<0.05).Regarding GCC thickness,all sectors in the early-stage POAG group became thinner compared to those in controls(P<0.05);whereas all sectors in the early-stage POAG group,except the superonasal quadrant,became thinner compared to those in the pre-perimetric glaucoma group(P<0.05).Macular sensitivity and GCC thickness were significantly associated in each sector.The inferotemporal quadrant had the highest correlation coefficients(0.840).The structure-function relationship for the inferonasal and inferotemporal sectors was stronger compared to the corresponding superior sectors.CONCLUSION:Microperimetry reveals variations in macular sensitivity in patients with early glaucoma earlier than conventional perimetry,particularly in pre-perimetric glaucoma cases in which it might be undetectable by conventional methods.The new custom-made pattern may improve the accuracy of microperimetry by enhancing point arrangement and reducing fatigue effects.Macular sensitivity measured by MP-3 with this pattern shows statistically significant structural and functional associations with the thicknesses of the GCC.

Diagnostic ability of ganglion cell complex thickness to detect glaucoma in high myopia eyes by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

AIM：To evaluate the ability of macular ganglion cell complex（GCC） thickness using Fourier domain optical coherence tomography（FD-OCT） to detect glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.METHODS：Cross-sectional study.A total of 114 participants,consecutively were enrolled.Macular GCC thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer（RNFL） thickness were obtained with RTVue FD-OCT.Receiver operating characteristics curves were constructed for each measurement parameter,and areas under the curves（AUCs） were compared.RESULTS：Both the average GCC and average RNFL thickness showed negative correlations with axial length（rGCC=-0.404,P=0.001;rRNFL=-0.561,P〈0.001）.The largest AUCs from GCC,and RNFL parameters were 0.968 [global loss volume（GLV）],and 0.855（average RNFL）,respectively.GLV was significantly better for detecting high myopic glaucoma than average RNFL（P〈0.001）.CONCLUSION：Macular GCC thickness has higher diagnostic power than peripapillary RNFL thickness to discriminate glaucoma patients from non-glaucoma subjects in high myopia.

Retinal ganglion cell complex changes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in diabetic patients without retinopathy

AIM：To assess the ganglion cell complex（GCC）thickness in diabetic eyes without retinopathy. METHODS：Two groups included 45 diabetic eyes without retinopathy and 21 non diabetic eyes. All subjects underwent full medical and ophthalmological history,full ophthalmological examination,measuring GCC thickness and central foveal thickness（CFT）using the RTVue~？ spectral domainoptical coherence tomography（SD-OCT）,and HbA1C level.RESULTS：GCC focal loss volume（FLV%）was significantly more in diabetic eyes（22.2% below normal）than normal eyes（P=0.024）. No statistically significant difference was found between the diabetic group and the control group regarding GCC global loss volume（GLV%）（P=0.160）. CFT was positively correlated to the average,superior and inferior GCC（P=0.001,0.000 and 0.001 respectively）and negatively correlated to GLV% and FLV%（P=0.002 and0.031 respectively）in diabetic eyes. C/D ratio in diabetic eyes was negatively correlated to average,superior and inferior GCC（P=0.015,0.007 and 0.017 respectively）. The FLV% was negatively correlated to the refraction and level of Hb A1c（P=0.019 and 0.013 respectively）and positively correlated to the best corrected visual acuity（BCVA）in log MAR in diabetic group（P=0.004）.CONCLUSION：Significant GCC thinning in diabetes predates retinal vasculopathy,which is mainly focal rather than diffuse. It has no preference to either the superior or inferior halves of the macula. Increase of myopic error is significantly accompanied with increased focal GCC loss. GCC loss is accompanied with increased C/D ratio in diabetic eyes.

Macular ganglion cell complex injury in different stages of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

BACKGROUND Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(AION)is a group of ophthalmic diseases in which the optic nerve is injured causing blindness.However,the pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,and clinical treatments of AION are yet elusive.Only a few related experimental or clinical reports are available on the disease.In this study,spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)was used to examine the morphology of thickness swelling and atrophic changes of macular ganglion cell complex(mGCC)in the different stages of AION that were then compared with the visual fields.Thus,the clinical value of mGCC examination was alleged to be similar to that of the visual field.AIM To explore the mGCC injury at different stages in AION and the clinical significance.METHODS Cases with AION were analyzed in a retrospective study.SD-OCT was used to analyze the correlation between mGCC and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses at different stages of AION and the changes in the corresponding stages of visual fields.RESULTS A total of 21 cases(28 eyes)presented AION.The onset time of AION was defined as early stage(within 3 wk of onset),middle stage(from 3 wk to 2 mo),and late stage(disease span>2 mo).In the early stage,the mGCC thickness of SD-OCT was within the normal high limit,and the perioptic nerve fibers thickness was more than the normal.The changes in the visual field in early stage were not consistent with the swelling changes in mGCC and peri-disc nerve fibers.In addition,atrophy and thinning appeared in mGCC,and the perioptic nerve fibers were swollen.However,the thickness was lower in the middle period than that in the early stage.The change in visual field was consistent with that of mGCC in this period.In the late stage,mGCC shrank and thinned,and the thickness of the nerve fibers around the optic disc in the corresponding region shrank and thinned.CONCLUSION The changes in mGCC thickness in patients with AION showed early,middle,and late stages of development by SD-OCT.Although the early stage visual field changes of AION were not consistent with the swelling changes of mGCC,the horizontal delimitation or annular atrophy of mGCC was consistent with that in the middle and late stage of the disease.The atrophy of peripheral nerve fibers was later than that of the mGCC atrophy.

Comparison of peripapillary and macular choroidal thickness and ganglion cell complex thickness in glaucomatous and healthy eyes

AIM: To assess choroidal thickness(CT) and its association with ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness(GCIPLT) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFLT) in open angle glaucoma(OAG) comparing with preperimetric glaucoma(PPG) and normal eyes.METHODS: Totally 55 eyes of OAG, 40 eyes of PPG, and 40 eyes of age-matched normal eyes were studied. Peripapillary CT(PCT), macular CT(MCT), RNFLT, and GCIPLT were evaluated. Relationship between the CT with RNFLT and GCIPLT were studied. The correlation between CT and confounding variables as gender, age, intraocular pressure, and visual field mean deviation were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean PCT were 113.6±39.1 μm in OAG, 116.3±42.7 μm in PPG, and 148.9±41.7 μm in normal eyes. PCT and MCT was thinner in OAG compared to healthy eyes. There was a significant correlation for PCT and mean RNFLT in 1, 2, 6, and 7 clock hours of OAG eyes. The difference in PCT remained after adjusting for axial length, age, and disc area(P=0.003). No significant correlation was shown between MCT and mean GCIPLT in all eyes.CONCLUSION: PCT is thinner in OAG and PPG compared with healthy eyes. The correlation of RNFLT and PCT found in OAG and PPG is not revealed in normal eyes.

Inhibiting Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via Immobilization of Heparin/Fibronectin Complexes on Titanium Surfaces

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of heparin/fibronectin （Hep/Fn） complexes on neointimal hyperplasia following endovascular intervention. Hep/Fn complexes were immobilized onto titanium （Ti） surfaces, with subsequent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, Toluidine Blue 0 （TBO） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to characterize surface properties. Smooth muscle cell （SMC） cultures were used to evaluate the effect of Hep/Fn complexes on SMC proliferation. Results showed that Hep/Fn complexes successfully immobilized onto Ti surfaces and resulted in an inhibition of SMC proliferation. This study suggests that Hep/Fn surface-immobilized biomaterials develop as a new generation of biomaterials to prevent neointimal hyperplasia, particularly for use in cardiovascular implants.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECTS FROM COVALENTLY LINKED PHTHALOCYANINE COMPLEXES IN BOTH BLM AND SnO_2 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Covalently linked phthalocyanine complexes were incorporated in bilayer lipid membranes(BLN) and deposited on SnO_2 transparent electrodes, Their photovoltages were measured and compared. It has been found that a more favorable orientation and closer proximity are attained in the diad compounds between the donor (phthalocyanine)-acceptor(anthraquinone) pair than in the simple compound for efficient light-induced charge separation and transfer. The triad compound is the best among all tested compounds.

Tuberous sclerosis complex associated renal clear cell carcinoma(a case report and literature review)

Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment features of tuberous sclerosis complex associated renal cell carcinoma. Methods A 22-year-old boy with a childhood history of epilepsy and mental retardation pres-

FROM MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO CELL RESPONSE-Approaching the complexity of biological systems

I. THE COMPLEXITY OFBIOLOGICAL RESPONSESFor an organism, to be living or notdepends on its response to foreign matters.Facing the increasing amount and diversi-ty of chemicals, natural and synthetic, tounderstand the principles of the biologicalresponses becomes extremely importantin pursuing the way of rational utiliza-tion and governing the foreign matters.However, most biological responses aretoo complex to explore their nature. Forinstance, the risk to human beings andorganisms related to the application ofrare earths in agriculture, forestation, fish-ery and husbandry has been argued

Evaluation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, macula and ganglion cell thickness in amblyopia using spectral optical coherence tomography

AIM:To investigate peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macula and ganglion cell layer thicknesses (GCC) in amblyopic eyes with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS:Thirty six patients with a history of unilateral amblyopia and thirty two children who had emmetropia without amblyopia were included in this study. In this institutional study, 36 eyes of 36 patients with amblyopia (AE), 36 fellow eyes without amblyopia (FE), and 32 eyes of 32 normal subjects (NE) were included. RNFL, GCC and macular thickness measurements were performed with RS-3000 OCT Retina Scan (Nidek Inc CA. USA). RESULTS:The mean global thicknesses of the RNFL were 113.22 ±21.47, 111.57 ±18.25, 109.96 ±11.31μm in the AE, FE, and NE, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for mean global RNFL thickness among the eyes (P =0.13). The mean thicknesses of the macula were 258.25±18.31, 258.75±19.54, 248.62±10.57μm in the AE, FE and NE, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for thickness of macula among the eyes (P =0.06). The GCC was investigated into two parts:superior and inferior. The mean thicknesses of superior GCC were 102.57 ±13.32, 103.32 ±10.64, 100.52 ± 5.88μm in the AE, FE, and NE, respectively. The mean thicknesses of inferior GCC were 103.82 ±12.60, 107.82 ± 12.33, 105.86±10.79μm in the AE, FE and NE, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for thickness of superior and inferior GCC between the eyes (P =0.63, P =0.46). ·CONCLUSION:The macular thicknesses of AE and FE were greater than the NE, although it was not statistically significant. Amblyopia does not seem to have a profound effect on the RNFL, macula and GCC.

Comparison of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and treatment results in Irvine-Gass syndrome

AIM:To compare the efficacy of bevacizumab,ranibizumab,and aflibercept in pseudophakic cystoid macular edema(CME)patients with Irvine-Gass syndrome(IGS).METHODS:This study is designed as retrospective consecutive case series.Those who developed postoperative pseudophakic CME that refractory to topical treatment and were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)agents included in the study.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)examination including central macular thickness(CMT),total macular volume(TMV),retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL),ganglion cell layer(GCL)and choroidal thickness(ChT)measurements at the baseline,1 st,3 rd and 6 th month controls were performed.RESULTS:Fifty-nine eyes of 59 patients with CME and other healthy eyes of the patients(Control group)were evaluated.There were 22 eyes of 22 patients in the bevacizumab group(group 1),19 eyes of 19 patients in the ranibizumab group(group 2),and 18 eyes of 18 patients in the aflibercept group(group 3).There was no difference in terms of age,gender,axial length,IOP,and spherical equivalent values.The baseline subfoveal and mean ChT were higher in the IGS group.The difference between the baseline and sixth month values of subfoveal and mean ChT were compared in the CME groups,thinning was observed in all three groups.GCL was thinner in the patient group at the 6 th month of treatment.The resolution time of CME was observed faster in group 1.CONCLUSION:All three anti-VEGF agents seem to be effective in CME but bevacizumab appears to be slightly more cost-effective than the other two alternatives.

Negative effects of enlarging internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole surgery

AIM: To observe the effects of the different extents of internal limiting membrane(ILM) peeling on the surgical success and anatomical and functional outcomes of idiopathic macular hole(IMH).METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 36 patients were reviewed and divided into two groups according to the extent of ILM peeling: group A(18 patients), with the peeling area within one-half of the optic disc macular distance as the radius;group B(18 patients), with the peeling area larger than that of group A but did not exceed the optic disc macular distance as the radius. The main outcomes included the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), light-adaptive electroretinography, macular hole(MH) closure rate, central macular thickness(CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) and ganglion cell complex(GCC) thickness [nine regions based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS) ring] before and 1, 3, and 6mo after surgery.RESULTS: The closure rate was 94.4%(17/18) both in groups A and B. The BCVA in both groups improved significantly compared with the preoperative values, but there was no difference between the two groups. The b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram analysis was significantly improved in both groups compared to that of the preoperative period, with a greater increase in group A than in group B at 6mo(P=0.017). The CMT in both groups gradually decreased after surgery, and there was no difference between the two groups. The RNFL thickness of the temporal outer ring region in group B was significantly lower than that in group A at 3 and 6mo after surgery(P=0.010, 0.032). The GCC thickness of the temporal outer ring region in group B was significantly lower than that in group A at 6mo after surgery(P=0.038).CONCLUSION: Enlarging the extent of ILM peeling doesn’t affect the IMH closure rate and visual acuity recovery, but the greater the extent of peeling, the greater the damage to the inner retinal structures.

Efficacy of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Harboring Different Types of EGFR Mutations:A Retrospective Analysis

With the development of molecular pathology, many types of epidermal growth factor receptor（EGFR） mutations have been identified. The efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors（EGFR-TKIs） in non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC） patients with different types of EGFR mutations, especially in patients with single rare mutations or complex mutations（co-occurrence of two or more different mutations）, has not been fully understood. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC patients with different types of EGFR mutations. Clinical data of 809 NSCLC patients who harbored different types of EGFR mutations and treated from January 2012 to October 2016 at Renmin Hospital and Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical characteristics of these patients and the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs were analyzed. Among these patients, 377 patients had only the EGFR del-19 mutation, 362 patients the EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21, 33 patients single rare mutations and 37 patients complex mutations. Among these 809 patients, 239 patients were treated with EGFR-TKIs. In all the 239 patients, the disease control rate（DCR） was 93.7% with two patients（0.2%） achieving complete response（CR）, the median progression free survival（PFS） was 13.0 months（95% confidence interval [CI], 11.6–14.4 months）, and the median overall survival（OS） was 55.0 months（95% CI, 26.3–83.7 months）. Subgroup analysis revealed that the DCR in patients harboring single rare or complex mutations of EGFR was significantly lower than in those with del-19 or L858 R mutation（P〈0.001）. Patients with classic mutations（del-19 and/or L858 R mutations） demonstrated longer PFS（P〈0.001） and OS（P=0.017） than those with uncommon mutations（single rare and/or complex mutations）. Furthermore, the patients with single rare mutations had shorter median OS than in those with other mutations. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that the type of EGFR mutations was an independent risk factor for PFS（hazard ratio [HR]=0.308, 95% CI, 0.191–0.494, P〈0.001） and OS（HR=0.221, 95% CI, 0.101–0.480, P〈0.001）. The results suggest that the single rare or complex EGFR mutations confer inferior efficacy of EGFR-TKIs treatment to the classic mutations. The prognosis of the single rare EGFR mutations is depressing. EGFR-TKIs may be not a good choice for NSCLC patients with single rare mutations of EGFR. Further studies in these patients with uncommon mutations（especially for the patients with single rare mutations） are needed to determine a better precision treatment.

AB026.Ocular rigidity is correlated with glaucomatous structural damage

Background:The rigidity of the corneoscleral shell is an important biomechanical property which could be relevant in the pathophysiology of open-angle glaucoma(OAG).This study aims to evaluate the relationship between ocular rigidity(OR)and glaucomatous damage as represented by structural optical coherence tomography(OCT)-based parameters such as retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)and ganglion cell layer+inner plexiform layer(GCL+IPL)thicknesses.These parameters characterize the retinal layers that contain neuronal structures that form the optic nerve.Methods:Sixty-six subjects(37 with early OAG,11 with moderate to advanced OAG,16 healthy)were recruited in this study.OR measurements were carried out using a non-invasive clinical method developed by our group.As described in Beaton et al.(2015),this method,which is based on Friedenwald’s equation,involves video-rate OCT imaging and automated choroidal segmentation,as well as dynamic contour tonometry to calculate the OR coefficient.RNFL and macular GCL thicknesses were acquired using the Cirrus SD-OCT(Carl-Zeiss Meditec,Dublin,CA,USA).Correlations between OR and structural parameters in all 66 eyes were assessed using SPSS.Results:Significant correlations were found between OR and the average GCL+IPL thickness(r=0.355,P=0.004)as well as the minimum GCL+IPL thickness(r=0.340,P=0.006).Direct correlations were also found between OR and RNFL thickness in the inferior quadrant(r=0.258,P=0.036)and inferior clock hour(r=0.313,P=0.011).Conclusions:In this study,we found a positive correlation between structural OCT-based parameters and OR,perhaps indicating more structural damage in less rigid eyes.These findings could provide insight unto the pathophysiology of OAG.Further investigation is warranted to confirm the role of OR in glaucoma and elucidate whether there is a subgroup of patients for which OR plays a greater role.

T cell receptor signaling and cell immunotherapy

As the major sensor of adaptive immune system,T cell receptor(TCR)can recognize diverse antigens and initiate specific immune responses against invading pathogens and cancer cells.Understanding the mechanisms of TCR signaling has led to the development of engineered T cell therapies,which have extensive applications in the treatment of diseases such as cancer,infection and autoimmunity.Here,we review the current understanding of antigen-induced TCR signaling and discuss its applications in T cell therapies.

Mitochondrial dysfunction,oxidative stress and apoptotic induction in microglial BV-2 cells treated with sodium arsenate

The treatment of microglial BV-2 cells with sodium arsenate（As（V）：0.1-400 μmol/L — 48 hr）induces a dose-dependent response.The neurotoxic effects of high concentrations of As（V）（100,200 and 400 μmol/L） are characterized by increased levels of mitochondrial complexesⅠ,Ⅱ,and Ⅳ followed by increased superoxide anion generation.Moreover,As（V） triggers an apoptotic mode of cell death,demonstrated by an apoptotic SubG1 peak,associated with an alteration of plasma membrane integrity.There is also a decrease in transmembrane mitochondrial potential and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate ATP.It is therefore tempting to speculate that As（V） triggers mitochondrial dysfunction,which may lead to defective oxidative phosphorylation subsequently causing mitochondrial oxidative damage,which in turn induces an apoptotic mode of cell death.

ANAPHASE PROMOTING COMPLEX/CYCLOSOME-mediated cyclin B1 degradation is critical for cell cycle synchronization in syncytial endosperms

Although it is known that in most angiosperms mitosis in early endosperm development is syncytial and synchronized, it is unclear how the synchronization is regulated. We showed previously that APC11, also named ZYGI, in Arabidopsis activates zygote division by interaction and degradation of cyclin B1. Here, we report that the mutation in APC11/ZYG1 led to unsynchronized mitosis and over-accumulation of cyclin B1-GUS in the endosperm. Mutations in two other APC subunits showed similar defects. Transgenic expression of stable cyclin B1 in the endosperm also caused unsynchronized mitosis. Further, downregulation of APC11 generated multi-nucleate somatic cells with unsynchronized mitotic division. Together, our results suggest that APC/C-mediated cyclin B1 degradation is critical for cell cycle synchronization.

Detection of Islet Cell Antibodies by Using Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex Technique

Autoimmunemechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).Multiple autoantibodies have been detected in patients with IDDM.Islet cell antibodies(ICA) complment-fixing islet cell antibodies(CF-ICA) and antibodies to an islet cell protein