Background Humoral immunity is an important factor for long-term survival of renal allograft. Here we performed a four-year follow-up to explore the clinical significance of monitoring anti-human leukocyte antigens （...Background Humoral immunity is an important factor for long-term survival of renal allograft. Here we performed a four-year follow-up to explore the clinical significance of monitoring anti-human leukocyte antigens （HLA） and anti-major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） antibody expression after kidney transplantation. Methods We obtained serial serum samples from 84 kidney transplant patients over a four-year period. All patients were followed up at least 6 months after transplantation and had at least two follow-up points. Anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody titres and serum creatinine （SCr） levels were evaluated at each follow-up. Patients were divided into 4 groups： HLA（＋） MICA（-）, HLA（-）MICA（＋）, HLA（＋）MICA（＋） and HLA（-）MICA（-）. The impact of post-transplant antibody level on kidney allograft function was evaluated. Results Antibodies were detected in 38.1% （32/84） of the renal allograft recipients. HLA, MICA and HLA＋MICA expression was observed in 18.89%, 14.44% and 5.93% of the recipients respectively. The most frequent anti-HLA and anti-MICA specific antibodies identified were All, A24, A29, A32, A33, A80; B7, B13, B37; DR17, DR12, DR18, DR52, DR53, DR1, DR4, DR9, DR51; DQ7, DQ4, DQ8, DQ2, DQ9, DQ5, DQ6 and MICA02, MICA18, MICA19, MICA07, MICA27. As the time after transplantation elapsed, more recipients developed de novo antibody expression. Total 11.91% （10/84） of the recipients had de novo antibody expression during the follow up. The average level of SCr and the percentage of recipients with abnormal allograft function were significantly higher in recipients with anti-HLA and/or anti- MICA antibody expression than those without. The appearance of anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody expression always preceded the increase in SCr value. Conclusions Anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody expression has predictive value for early and late allograft dysfunction. The presence of donor specific antibody is detrimental to graft function and graft survival.展开更多
Background Sensitized recipients have a high risk of immunological graft loss due to hyperacute rejection and/or accelerated acute rejection. The presence of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （...Background Sensitized recipients have a high risk of immunological graft loss due to hyperacute rejection and/or accelerated acute rejection. The presence of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） antibodies has also been described associated with an increased rate of kidney-allograft rejection. The aim of this study was to describe the expression of MICA antibodies in sensitized recipients of renal transplantation and evaluate its influence on the kidney transplantation recipients.Methods A total of 29 sensitized recipients were included in this study. All patients received the MICA antibodies detection before and after protein A immunoadsorption. Panel reactive antibody （PRA）, HLA-matches, acute rejection and postoperative one to four-week serum creatinine level were also collected and analyzed, respectively. No prisoners were used in this study.Results Eight patients （27.6%） in all 29 sensitized recipients expressed the MICA antibodies but did not show higher acute rejection rate than the non-expressed patients （3/8, 37.5% vs. 8/21, 38.1%; P=1.000）. Recipients with PRA 〉40% showed higher expression levels of MICA antibodies than the recipients with PRA 〈40% （7/16, 43.8% vs. 1/13, 8.3%; P=0.044）. HLA mismatch did not have any effect on the expression of MICA antibodies （P=1.000）. MICA antibodies positive group had higher serum creatinine level than the control in postoperative one week （（135.4±21.4） μmol/L vs. （108.6±31.6） μmol/L, P=0.036）, but no significant difference in postoperative four weeks （（89.0±17.1） μmol/L vs. （77.1±15.9） μmol/L, P=0.089）. MICA antibodies decreased significantly after protein A immunoadsorption.Conclusions MICA antibodies increase in the sensitized recipients, which have significant effects on the function of aliograft in early postoperative period. Protein A immunoadsorption can decrease MICA antibodies effectively in sensitized recipients.展开更多
Objective To review the role of polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） gene and antibodies against MICA antigens in transplant immunology. Data sources The data used in this ...Objective To review the role of polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） gene and antibodies against MICA antigens in transplant immunology. Data sources The data used in this review were mainly from our own results and from the relevant English language literatures published from 1999 to 2010. Some data presented in this review are in press.Study selection Articles regarding MICA gene discovery and pioneering finding of antibodies against MICA antigen and allograft rejection were selected. This review chronicles the development of our understanding of the role that MICA antigens and antibodies may play in organ transplantation.Results Polymorphic glycoprotein MICA antigens were detected on freshly isolated human umbilical cord endothelial cells, but not on peripheral lymphocytes. Antibodies were found and typing of recipients and donors by sequencing the MICA alleles has established that de novo antibodies produced in kidney transplant recipients are directed at mismatched MICA epitopes and are associated with acute rejection and chronic transplant failure. The specificity of antibodies against the epitopes of MICA antigens were well characterized by donor MICA typing, single antigen array testing with antibody absorption and elution. Acute graft-versus-host disease was observed in stem-cell recipients who were mismatched for MICA.Conclusions Immunization against mismatched MICA epitopes encountered in donor organs after transplantation may result in antibodies against MICA alleles. Testing for MICA donor-specific antibodies （DSA） which are associated with early failure of kidney transplants may be helpful for identifying some of the targets of antibodies against antigens other than the human leukocyte antigen （HLA） and for improving transplantation outcome.展开更多
Background In addition to the well-known antibodies against human leukocyte antigens （HLA）-induced kidney-graft rejection, polymorphic major-histocompatibility-complex （MHC） class Ⅰ-related chain A （MICA） antig...Background In addition to the well-known antibodies against human leukocyte antigens （HLA）-induced kidney-graft rejection, polymorphic major-histocompatibility-complex （MHC） class Ⅰ-related chain A （MICA） antigens can elicit antibodies and have been suggested to play a role in the antibody-mediated allograft rejection （AMR）. We carded out a prospective study of MICA antibodies in post-renal transplant patients to determine the association between MICA antibodies, C4d staining, histological features, and graft outcome.Methods We tested 52 patients who had biopsy results due to graft dysfunction. The MICA antibodies in concurrent sera were determined by Luminex. All patients were followed up for one year after renal biopsy. The influence of antibody production on the function of graft was analyzed.Results Antibodies against MICA were positive in 15 out of the 52 patients （28.9%）. The presence of MICA antibodies was associated with renal-allograft deterioration. During one-year follow-up, the estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） decreased （24.0±3.4）% among recipients with anti-MICA antibodies. However, among recipients without anti-MICA antibodies, the eGFR has declined only （8.4＋3.0）% （P=0.017）. The association between C4d staining,histological features and MICA antibody production was found no significant difference.Conclusion Besides anti-HLA antibodies, the presence of post-transplant MICA antibody is associated with poor graft outcome and increases the risk of graft failure.展开更多
This paper deals with the parallel information-based complexity of numerical integration on Sobolev class. We obtain tight bounds on the complexity, considered as a function of two variables simultaneously:the number ...This paper deals with the parallel information-based complexity of numerical integration on Sobolev class. We obtain tight bounds on the complexity, considered as a function of two variables simultaneously:the number of processors, the rquired precision. This result seems to be new even in serial case.展开更多
Olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system,including retinal ganglion cell axonal growth through the injured optic nerve.Still,it is unknown whether olfactory enshea...Olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system,including retinal ganglion cell axonal growth through the injured optic nerve.Still,it is unknown whether olfactory ensheathing glia also have neuroprotective properties.Olfactory ensheathing glia express brain-derived neurotrophic factor,one of the best neuroprotectants for axotomized retinal ganglion cells.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective capacity of olfactory ensheating glia after optic nerve crush.Olfactory ensheathing glia cells from an established rat immortalized clonal cell line,TEG3,were intravitreally injected in intact and axotomized retinas in syngeneic and allogeneic mode with or without microglial inhibition or immunosuppressive treatments.Anatomical and gene expression analyses were performed.Olfactory bulb-derived primary olfactory ensheathing glia and TEG3 express major histocompatibility complex classⅡmolecules.Allogeneically and syngenically transplanted TEG3 cells survived in the vitreous for up to 21 days,forming an epimembrane.In axotomized retinas,only the allogeneic TEG3 transplant rescued retinal ganglion cells at 7 days but not at 21 days.In these retinas,microglial anatomical activation was higher than after optic nerve crush alone.In intact retinas,both transplants activated microglial cells and caused retinal ganglion cell death at 21 days,a loss that was higher after allotransplantation,triggered by pyroptosis and partially rescued by microglial inhibition or immunosuppression.However,neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells did not improve with these treatments.The different neuroprotective properties,different toxic effects,and different responses to microglial inhibitory treatments of olfactory ensheathing glia in the retina depending on the type of transplant highlight the importance of thorough preclinical studies to explore these variables.展开更多
A fragment spanning over exon 2 and intron 2 of major histocompatibility complex B-LB Ⅱ genes was amplified using PCR, cloned and sequenced in 13 individuals from eight Chinese indigenous chicken breeds and one intro...A fragment spanning over exon 2 and intron 2 of major histocompatibility complex B-LB Ⅱ genes was amplified using PCR, cloned and sequenced in 13 individuals from eight Chinese indigenous chicken breeds and one introduced breed. Another 41 sequences of MHC class Ⅱ β from ten vertebrate species were cited from the NCBI GenBank. Thirteen new B-LB Ⅱ alleles were found in the chicken breeds sampled. Alignment of the exon 2 sequences revealed 91.1-97.8% similarity to each other within the chickens sampled, and the chickens shared 84.1-87.0% homology to Phasianus colchicus, 78.5-81.5% similarity to Coturnix japonica. The sequences in poultry showed 62.6-68.1% identity to HLA-DRB1, 50-61.5% similarity to DQB (HLA-, SLA- and H2-BB), 53.7-60% to HLA-DPB and 53.3-57.8% similarity to HLA-DOB. The frequency of nonsynonymous substitutions of nucleotide was higher than that of synonymous substitutions, and the frequencies of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in poultry B-LB Ⅱ genes were lower than those observed in mammalian DRB1 and DQB1 genes. The deduced amino acid sequences of MHC class Ⅱ β1 domain exhibited extreme difference in conversed region and variable region patterns among the various species, but the two conserved cysteines forming disulfide-bond were shown consistent in poultry with that in mammalian species; and the carbohydrate attachment site was found more conserved in chicken, Homo sapiens, Bos taurus, Ovis aries and Capra hircus than in Sus scrofa and rodent animals. Compared with exon 2 of DQB1 genes of Homo sapiens, ruminant species and Sus scrofa, the differentia that the deletion of six nucleotides at position195 to 200 of exon 2 of DQB1 genes, and insertion of three nucleotides at position 247 to 249 of the exon 2 existed in rodent species were found, which led to the absence of three AA residues at position 65, 66, and 67 within β1 domain of DQB1 chain, and the insertion of one AA residue at position 85. The difference of the deletion of six nucleotides at position 72 to 77 of exon 2 of DPB1 genes was observed with Homo sapiens DQB1, which caused absence of three AA residues at position 24, 25, and 26 of β1 domain of DPB1 chain. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the B-LB Ⅱ sequences from poultry are not orthologous to the class Ⅱ MHC β-chain genes of mammalian species. The tree indicated that genetic evolutionary relationship of chickens with Phasianus colchicus was much closer than with Coturnix japonica, and the DQB and DPB clusters are more tightly related to each other than to the remaining clusters.展开更多
Let W be a self-orthogonal class of R-modules. We prove that W-Gorenstein resolution dimension of a complex X is equivalent to the supremum of W-Gorenstein resolution dimension of modules X_i for all i ∈ Z.
The main purpose of this article is to define the super characteristic classes on a super vector bundle over a superspace. As an application, we propose the examples of Riemann-Roch type formula. We also introduce the...The main purpose of this article is to define the super characteristic classes on a super vector bundle over a superspace. As an application, we propose the examples of Riemann-Roch type formula. We also introduce the helicity group and cohomology with respect to coefficient of the helicity group. As an application, we propose the examples of Gauss-Bonnet type formula.展开更多
目的探讨循环可溶性MHC-I类链相关蛋白A[soluble major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A,sMICA)、可溶性MHC-I类链相关蛋白B(soluble major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain B,sMICB]与系统性红...目的探讨循环可溶性MHC-I类链相关蛋白A[soluble major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A,sMICA)、可溶性MHC-I类链相关蛋白B(soluble major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain B,sMICB]与系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)疾病活动性、自身抗体的关系。方法选择2020年1月~2023年1月重庆大学附属黔江医院收治的156例SLE患者(SLE组)和门诊体检中心体检的103例健康志愿者(对照组)。根据SLE疾病活动度评分(SLE disease activity index,SLEDAI)将SLE患者分为轻度活动组(n=43)、中度活动组(n=69)和重度活动组(n=44)。检测血清sMICA,sMICB水平以及自身抗体、外周血NK细胞占比,Spearman或Pearson分析sMICA,sMICB与评分、自身抗体、外周血NK细胞占比的相关性,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线用来分析sMICA和sMICB诊断SLE活动度的价值。结果SLE组血清sMICA(173.65±23.92 pg/ml),sMICB(96.35±15.74 pg/ml)水平高于对照组(32.51±6.27 pg/ml,12.03±2.47 pg/ml),外周血CD3^(-)CD56^(+)NK细胞(12.02%±2.65%)占比低于对照组(18.35%±3.71%),差异具有统计学意义(t=58.498,53.897,-16.010,均P<0.05)。重度活动组血清sMICA,sMICB水平高于中度活动组和轻度活动组(t=8.192,12.352;19.652,23.742,均P<0.05),外周血CD3^(-)CD56^(+)NK细胞占比低于中度活动组和轻度活动组(t=8.154,10.658,均P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义。不同疾病活动SLE患者抗‐dsDNA抗体、抗核抗体、抗核小体抗体和抗组蛋白抗体阳性率比较,差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=8.795,7.216,7.539,8.946,均P<0.05)。SLE患者血清sMICA,sMICB水平与SLEDAI评分、抗‐dsDNA抗体、抗核抗体、抗核小体抗体、抗组蛋白抗体呈正相关(r=0.206~0.402,均P<0.05),与外周血CD3^(-)CD56^(+)NK细胞占比呈负相关(r=-0.563,-0.427,均P<0.05)。sMICA和sMICB诊断SLE重度活动的曲线下面积为0.652,0.704,联合sMICA,sMICB诊断SLE重度活动的曲线下面积为0.812,高于单独诊断(Z=3.050,2.346,均P<0.05)。结论SLE患者血清sMICA和sMICB水平增高,且与SLE自身抗体阳性率增加、外周血NK细胞占比降低、疾病活动性增强有关,可作为SLE的潜在标志物。展开更多
基金the grants from the the National Science Foundation of China，the Key Discipline of Medicine of Jiangsu Province，the Outstanding Medical Academic Leader Program of Jiangsu Province，the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province，the Key Laboratory Foundation of Suzhou
文摘Background Humoral immunity is an important factor for long-term survival of renal allograft. Here we performed a four-year follow-up to explore the clinical significance of monitoring anti-human leukocyte antigens （HLA） and anti-major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） antibody expression after kidney transplantation. Methods We obtained serial serum samples from 84 kidney transplant patients over a four-year period. All patients were followed up at least 6 months after transplantation and had at least two follow-up points. Anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody titres and serum creatinine （SCr） levels were evaluated at each follow-up. Patients were divided into 4 groups： HLA（＋） MICA（-）, HLA（-）MICA（＋）, HLA（＋）MICA（＋） and HLA（-）MICA（-）. The impact of post-transplant antibody level on kidney allograft function was evaluated. Results Antibodies were detected in 38.1% （32/84） of the renal allograft recipients. HLA, MICA and HLA＋MICA expression was observed in 18.89%, 14.44% and 5.93% of the recipients respectively. The most frequent anti-HLA and anti-MICA specific antibodies identified were All, A24, A29, A32, A33, A80; B7, B13, B37; DR17, DR12, DR18, DR52, DR53, DR1, DR4, DR9, DR51; DQ7, DQ4, DQ8, DQ2, DQ9, DQ5, DQ6 and MICA02, MICA18, MICA19, MICA07, MICA27. As the time after transplantation elapsed, more recipients developed de novo antibody expression. Total 11.91% （10/84） of the recipients had de novo antibody expression during the follow up. The average level of SCr and the percentage of recipients with abnormal allograft function were significantly higher in recipients with anti-HLA and/or anti- MICA antibody expression than those without. The appearance of anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody expression always preceded the increase in SCr value. Conclusions Anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody expression has predictive value for early and late allograft dysfunction. The presence of donor specific antibody is detrimental to graft function and graft survival.
文摘Background Sensitized recipients have a high risk of immunological graft loss due to hyperacute rejection and/or accelerated acute rejection. The presence of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） antibodies has also been described associated with an increased rate of kidney-allograft rejection. The aim of this study was to describe the expression of MICA antibodies in sensitized recipients of renal transplantation and evaluate its influence on the kidney transplantation recipients.Methods A total of 29 sensitized recipients were included in this study. All patients received the MICA antibodies detection before and after protein A immunoadsorption. Panel reactive antibody （PRA）, HLA-matches, acute rejection and postoperative one to four-week serum creatinine level were also collected and analyzed, respectively. No prisoners were used in this study.Results Eight patients （27.6%） in all 29 sensitized recipients expressed the MICA antibodies but did not show higher acute rejection rate than the non-expressed patients （3/8, 37.5% vs. 8/21, 38.1%; P=1.000）. Recipients with PRA 〉40% showed higher expression levels of MICA antibodies than the recipients with PRA 〈40% （7/16, 43.8% vs. 1/13, 8.3%; P=0.044）. HLA mismatch did not have any effect on the expression of MICA antibodies （P=1.000）. MICA antibodies positive group had higher serum creatinine level than the control in postoperative one week （（135.4±21.4） μmol/L vs. （108.6±31.6） μmol/L, P=0.036）, but no significant difference in postoperative four weeks （（89.0±17.1） μmol/L vs. （77.1±15.9） μmol/L, P=0.089）. MICA antibodies decreased significantly after protein A immunoadsorption.Conclusions MICA antibodies increase in the sensitized recipients, which have significant effects on the function of aliograft in early postoperative period. Protein A immunoadsorption can decrease MICA antibodies effectively in sensitized recipients.
文摘Objective To review the role of polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） gene and antibodies against MICA antigens in transplant immunology. Data sources The data used in this review were mainly from our own results and from the relevant English language literatures published from 1999 to 2010. Some data presented in this review are in press.Study selection Articles regarding MICA gene discovery and pioneering finding of antibodies against MICA antigen and allograft rejection were selected. This review chronicles the development of our understanding of the role that MICA antigens and antibodies may play in organ transplantation.Results Polymorphic glycoprotein MICA antigens were detected on freshly isolated human umbilical cord endothelial cells, but not on peripheral lymphocytes. Antibodies were found and typing of recipients and donors by sequencing the MICA alleles has established that de novo antibodies produced in kidney transplant recipients are directed at mismatched MICA epitopes and are associated with acute rejection and chronic transplant failure. The specificity of antibodies against the epitopes of MICA antigens were well characterized by donor MICA typing, single antigen array testing with antibody absorption and elution. Acute graft-versus-host disease was observed in stem-cell recipients who were mismatched for MICA.Conclusions Immunization against mismatched MICA epitopes encountered in donor organs after transplantation may result in antibodies against MICA alleles. Testing for MICA donor-specific antibodies （DSA） which are associated with early failure of kidney transplants may be helpful for identifying some of the targets of antibodies against antigens other than the human leukocyte antigen （HLA） and for improving transplantation outcome.
文摘Background In addition to the well-known antibodies against human leukocyte antigens （HLA）-induced kidney-graft rejection, polymorphic major-histocompatibility-complex （MHC） class Ⅰ-related chain A （MICA） antigens can elicit antibodies and have been suggested to play a role in the antibody-mediated allograft rejection （AMR）. We carded out a prospective study of MICA antibodies in post-renal transplant patients to determine the association between MICA antibodies, C4d staining, histological features, and graft outcome.Methods We tested 52 patients who had biopsy results due to graft dysfunction. The MICA antibodies in concurrent sera were determined by Luminex. All patients were followed up for one year after renal biopsy. The influence of antibody production on the function of graft was analyzed.Results Antibodies against MICA were positive in 15 out of the 52 patients （28.9%）. The presence of MICA antibodies was associated with renal-allograft deterioration. During one-year follow-up, the estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） decreased （24.0±3.4）% among recipients with anti-MICA antibodies. However, among recipients without anti-MICA antibodies, the eGFR has declined only （8.4＋3.0）% （P=0.017）. The association between C4d staining,histological features and MICA antibody production was found no significant difference.Conclusion Besides anti-HLA antibodies, the presence of post-transplant MICA antibody is associated with poor graft outcome and increases the risk of graft failure.
基金this work was supported by china State Major Key Project for Basic Researchers
文摘This paper deals with the parallel information-based complexity of numerical integration on Sobolev class. We obtain tight bounds on the complexity, considered as a function of two variables simultaneously:the number of processors, the rquired precision. This result seems to be new even in serial case.
基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness,No.PID2019-106498GB-I00(to MVS)the Instituto de Salud CarlosⅢ,Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional“Una manera de hacer Europa”,No.PI19/00071(to MAB)+1 种基金Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Project,No.SAF2017-82736-C2-1-R(to MTMF)in Universidad Autónoma de MadridFundación Universidad Francisco de Vitoria(to JS)。
文摘Olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system,including retinal ganglion cell axonal growth through the injured optic nerve.Still,it is unknown whether olfactory ensheathing glia also have neuroprotective properties.Olfactory ensheathing glia express brain-derived neurotrophic factor,one of the best neuroprotectants for axotomized retinal ganglion cells.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective capacity of olfactory ensheating glia after optic nerve crush.Olfactory ensheathing glia cells from an established rat immortalized clonal cell line,TEG3,were intravitreally injected in intact and axotomized retinas in syngeneic and allogeneic mode with or without microglial inhibition or immunosuppressive treatments.Anatomical and gene expression analyses were performed.Olfactory bulb-derived primary olfactory ensheathing glia and TEG3 express major histocompatibility complex classⅡmolecules.Allogeneically and syngenically transplanted TEG3 cells survived in the vitreous for up to 21 days,forming an epimembrane.In axotomized retinas,only the allogeneic TEG3 transplant rescued retinal ganglion cells at 7 days but not at 21 days.In these retinas,microglial anatomical activation was higher than after optic nerve crush alone.In intact retinas,both transplants activated microglial cells and caused retinal ganglion cell death at 21 days,a loss that was higher after allotransplantation,triggered by pyroptosis and partially rescued by microglial inhibition or immunosuppression.However,neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells did not improve with these treatments.The different neuroprotective properties,different toxic effects,and different responses to microglial inhibitory treatments of olfactory ensheathing glia in the retina depending on the type of transplant highlight the importance of thorough preclinical studies to explore these variables.
基金This study was supported by"948"Project of China(2001-361)Key Project of National Basic Research and De-velopmental Plan(G2000016103)of China.
文摘A fragment spanning over exon 2 and intron 2 of major histocompatibility complex B-LB Ⅱ genes was amplified using PCR, cloned and sequenced in 13 individuals from eight Chinese indigenous chicken breeds and one introduced breed. Another 41 sequences of MHC class Ⅱ β from ten vertebrate species were cited from the NCBI GenBank. Thirteen new B-LB Ⅱ alleles were found in the chicken breeds sampled. Alignment of the exon 2 sequences revealed 91.1-97.8% similarity to each other within the chickens sampled, and the chickens shared 84.1-87.0% homology to Phasianus colchicus, 78.5-81.5% similarity to Coturnix japonica. The sequences in poultry showed 62.6-68.1% identity to HLA-DRB1, 50-61.5% similarity to DQB (HLA-, SLA- and H2-BB), 53.7-60% to HLA-DPB and 53.3-57.8% similarity to HLA-DOB. The frequency of nonsynonymous substitutions of nucleotide was higher than that of synonymous substitutions, and the frequencies of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in poultry B-LB Ⅱ genes were lower than those observed in mammalian DRB1 and DQB1 genes. The deduced amino acid sequences of MHC class Ⅱ β1 domain exhibited extreme difference in conversed region and variable region patterns among the various species, but the two conserved cysteines forming disulfide-bond were shown consistent in poultry with that in mammalian species; and the carbohydrate attachment site was found more conserved in chicken, Homo sapiens, Bos taurus, Ovis aries and Capra hircus than in Sus scrofa and rodent animals. Compared with exon 2 of DQB1 genes of Homo sapiens, ruminant species and Sus scrofa, the differentia that the deletion of six nucleotides at position195 to 200 of exon 2 of DQB1 genes, and insertion of three nucleotides at position 247 to 249 of the exon 2 existed in rodent species were found, which led to the absence of three AA residues at position 65, 66, and 67 within β1 domain of DQB1 chain, and the insertion of one AA residue at position 85. The difference of the deletion of six nucleotides at position 72 to 77 of exon 2 of DPB1 genes was observed with Homo sapiens DQB1, which caused absence of three AA residues at position 24, 25, and 26 of β1 domain of DPB1 chain. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the B-LB Ⅱ sequences from poultry are not orthologous to the class Ⅱ MHC β-chain genes of mammalian species. The tree indicated that genetic evolutionary relationship of chickens with Phasianus colchicus was much closer than with Coturnix japonica, and the DQB and DPB clusters are more tightly related to each other than to the remaining clusters.
基金Supported by the 2015 Scientific Research Projects in Universities of Gansu Province(2015A-181)
文摘Let W be a self-orthogonal class of R-modules. We prove that W-Gorenstein resolution dimension of a complex X is equivalent to the supremum of W-Gorenstein resolution dimension of modules X_i for all i ∈ Z.
文摘The main purpose of this article is to define the super characteristic classes on a super vector bundle over a superspace. As an application, we propose the examples of Riemann-Roch type formula. We also introduce the helicity group and cohomology with respect to coefficient of the helicity group. As an application, we propose the examples of Gauss-Bonnet type formula.
