Historical biogeography and evolutionary diversification of Lilium(Liliaceae): New insights from plastome phylogenomics

Here, we infer the historical biogeography and evolutionary diversification of the genus Lilium. For this purpose, we used the complete plastomes of 64 currently accepted species in the genus Lilium(14plastomes were newly sequenced) to recover the phylogenetic backbone of the genus and a timecalibrated phylogenetic framework to estimate biogeographical history scenarios and evolutionary diversification rates of Lilium. Our results suggest that ancient climatic changes and geological tectonic activities jointly shaped the distribution range and drove evolutionary radiation of Lilium, including the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum(MMCO), the late Miocene global cooling, as well as the successive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) and the strengthening of the monsoon climate in East Asia during the late Miocene and the Pliocene. This case study suggests that the unique geological and climatic events in the Neogene of East Asia, in particular the uplift of QTP and the enhancement of monsoonal climate, may have played an essential role in formation of uneven distribution of plant diversity in the Northern Hemisphere.

Complex network analysis of climate change in the Tarim River Basin, Northwest China

The complex network theory provides an approach for understanding the complexity of climate change from a new perspective.In this study,we used the coarse graining process to convert the data series of daily mean temperature and daily precipitation from 1961 to 2011 into symbol sequences consisting of five characteristic symbols(i.e.,R,r,e,d and D),and created the temperature fluctuation network(TFN)and precipitation fluctuation network(PFN)to discover the complex network characteristics of climate change in the Tarim River Basin of Northwest China.The results show that TFN and PEN both present characteristics of scale-free network and small-world network with short average path length and high clustering coefficient.The nodes with high degree in TFN are RRR,d RR and Re R while the nodes with high degree in PFN are rre,rrr,eee and err,which indicates that climate change modes represented by these nodes have large probability of occurrence.Symbol R and r are mostly included in the important nodes of TFN and PFN,which indicate that the fluctuating variation in temperature and precipitation in the Tarim River Basin mainly are rising over the past 50 years.The nodes RRR,DDD,Re R,RRd,DDd and Ree are the hub nodes in TFN,which undertake 19.71%betweenness centrality of the network.The nodes rre,rrr,eee and err are the hub nodes in PFN,which undertake 13.64%betweenness centrality of the network.

Local Climate Forcing and Eco-Climatic Complexes in the Wooded Savannah of Western Nigeria

Many climate impact applications are sensitive to local differentials in the climate system. This study investigates how eco-geographic factors influence the local climate and propagate eco-climatic complexes that vary spatio-temporally. Local geography data including elevation, slope, aspect, rainfall, temperature, vegetation, population density, and soil potential for agriculture were integrated and analyzed using geographic information system and principal component analysis. The result was profiled for local climate drivers and associated spatial structures in present and future climate (2046-2065) scenarios. The results suggest a local climate system driven by the coupling between terrain, rainfall and temperature in all seasons. In the present climate, this coupling creates eco-climatic complexes that extend from the southeast to northwest corridor in all seasons except June-July-August (JJA) when it is shifted to the northeast axis. This pattern is projected to continue in the future climate scenario, but its spatial influence and intensity would weaken around the northwest axis and rainfall will become less significant in the system in JJA. The clustering of rural settlements these complexes suggests the climate-positives produced by the system significantly support rural livelihoods. Thus, these eco-climatic complexes represent climate sensitive natural resource systems that should be targeted as a fulcrum for climate change mitigation and adaptation in the wooded savannah.

Extreme Rainfall Events in the Southwest of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Its Association with the Sandization Process

Part of the sandization process in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) originates from daily torrential rains. However, it is believed that climate changes have been provoking more frequent and more intense rains in the region, a phenomenon which can change the dynamic of erosion/transport/sedimentation natural processes. The objective of this work is to identify the behavior of daily rainfall extreme events (in terms of their frequency, return time, tendency and genesis), relating them to both climatic change issue and enhancement of erosive processes. We have used daily rainfall data from meteorology stations of Brazilian National Water Agency (ANA) for the period between 1928 and 2017 and the percentile 99 was used to identify daily rainfall extreme value (71.5 mm). The upper values were categorized and their absolute and relative frequencies as well as their return time were identified. The temporal tendency of these events was evaluated by the Mann-Kendall test, considering the 90 years of the series. The results showed that there was a significant increase in heavy rainfall events in November and December in the last two decades and that the return time for these events decreased throughout the time. Synoptic analyses from GOES 13 satellite infrared imagery and from ECMWF/ERA/Interim reanalysis data allowed concluding that such intense rainfall events originated themselves from the transport of moisture from the Amazon by Low-Level Jets, which promoted the formation of Mesoscale Convective Complex, with large volumes of rain in the study region. Thus, the recurrence of these events in the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul may intensify these sandization processes, since they arise from the association between natural morphoscultural dynamics and agricultural practices, generating environmental problems for the region.

Fine-grained permutation entropy as a measure of natural complexity for time series

In a recent paper [2002 Phys.Rev.Lett.88 174102],Bandt and Pompe propose permutation entropy(PE) as a natural complexity measure for arbitrary time series which may be stationary or nonstationary,deterministic or stochastic.Their method is based on a comparison of neighbouring values.This paper further develops PE,and proposes the concept of fine-grained PE(FGPE) defined by the order pattern and magnitude of the difference between neighbouring values.This measure excludes the case where vectors with a distinct appearance are mistakenly mapped onto the same permutation type,and consequently FGPE becomes more sensitive to the dynamical change of time series than does PE,according to our simulation and experimental results.

A METROD PREDICTING RESPONSE OF SEDIMENT YIELD TO POSSIBIE CHANGE OF PRECIPITATION DUE TO GLOBAL GREENHOUSE WARMING:AN EXAMPIE FROM NORTH FRINGE OF THE LOESS PLATEAU, CHINA

Starting from the supposition of time-space substitution, the Langbein-Schumm’s Law was applied to deal with response of fluvial erosion System to the changes in mean annual Precipitation induced by global green-house warming. As a result, a simple method was put forward to predict change in sediment yield, with Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in the northern fringe of the Loess Plateau of China as an example. Results show that, even the change in mean annual precipitation is the same, the direction and magnitude of the resultant chang in sediment yteld would be quite different in fferent physico-geographical zones. When mean annual precipitation is increased, sediment yield in arid or semi-arid areas with a mean anntal Peripitation of less than 400 mm will be increased, while sediment yield in sub-humid or humid areas with a mean annual precipitation of more than 400 mm will be decreased.Additionally, the complex response of fluvial erosion system in time series due to the lag of change in vegetation behind the changn in precipitation has also been qualitatively discussed in this paper.

An Integrated and Evolutionary Dynamical Systems View of Climate Complexity

The Earth shows a constant display of an organized complexity system, and its intrinsic capacity for sporadic self-organization constitutes its fundamental and profound mysterious property. A graphical method derived from the logistic phase space of precipitation is proposed to identify periods of abundance-scarcity of rain as well as El Nino presence in order to cope with climate change. The most striking result is that the majority of El Nino events on this graph are chaotic, in which the sign of the dominant eigenvalues of precipitation gives trends of scarcity on negative signs and abundance on positive signs, with eleven years periods.

Extract and Simple Explanation on the Principles of Taiji Studies

Taiji studies are a field of study that has its roots in the philosophical thought of the Yi Jing or Book of changes.It integrates the self‑cultivation traditions of Confucianism,Buddhism,and Daoism,and centers its academic system mostly on the perspective of the“states view”(jing jie guan).From the standpoint of its philosophical theory,Taiji studies divide the understanding of Dao into three theoretical states:the state of existence(you jie),the state of existence‑nonexistence(you wu jie),and the state of nonexistence(wu jie).It also establishes a theoretical structure that mainly includes“three states and nine axioms,”“One Dao and Nine theory sections,”and“Three practice levels and Nine secrets.”Based on traditional Chinese culture and philosophy,Taiji studies are continuously integrating the essence of them for better understanding and raising,and finally set up a rational school of Taiji Da Dao。

Detection of NO_2 Based on 4-Carboxyl-4′-hydroxy Azobenzene and Its Cu(II) Complex

An organic ligand and its Cu(II) complex formulated as (C_(13)H_(10)N_2O_3)·5H_2O (H_2L·5H_2O, 1) and Cu(HL)_2(phen)·0.125H_2O (2, H2L = 4-carboxyl-4′-hydroxy azobenzene, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the two compounds, H_2L and HL exhibit a trans-conformation. Complex 2 shows a mononuclear Cu(II) structure with the hydroxyl group of HL uncoordinated. Complex 2 is assembled into a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular architecture by hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions. H_2L and compound 2 can detect NO_2 via reversible and irreversible color changes, respectively. The mechanism for the color changes is investigated.

Effects of Complex Parameters on t→ch^0 in Supersymmetric QCD

We investigate the leading SUSY-QCD contributions to the branch ratio(BR)oft→ch^0 within the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model(MSSM) with coplex parameters,assuming more generally that there is a misalignment between the squark and quark that leads to a flavor non-diagonal squark mass matrix.We introduce complex phases only in μ and At,namelyФμ and ФAq,for simplicity,and study the dependence of the BRoft→ch^0on these phase parameters.Our calculations show that these CP-violation phases and the flavor mixing parameter λinfluence the BR oft→ch^0 considerably,and the effect induced by ФAt is much larger than that byФμ and ФAc1u.For diffrent values of the complex parameters μand At that are set in this paper,the BR oft→ch^0is in the range of 10^-7—10^-6,depending mainly on the value of the trilinear coupling

Implicit Shape Reconstruction of Unorganized Points Using PDE-Based Deformable 3D Manifolds

In this work we consider the problem of shape reconstruction from an unorganized data set which has many important applications in medical imaging, scientific computing, reverse engineering and geometric modelling. The reconstructed surface is obtained by continuously deforming an initial surface following the Partial Differential Equation (PDE)-based diffusion model derived by a minimal volume-like variational formulation. The evolution is driven both by the distance from the data set and by the curvature analytically computed by it. The distance function is computed by implicit local interpolants defined in terms of radial basis functions. Space discretization of the PDE model is obtained by finite co-volume schemes and semi-implicit approach is used in time/scale. The use of a level set method for the numerical computation of the surface reconstruction allows us to handle complex geometry and even changing topology,without the need of user-interaction. Numerical examples demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to produce high quality reconstructions. Moreover, we show the effectiveness of the new approach to solve hole filling problems and Boolean operations between different data sets.

Spatio-Temporal Kinematic Decomposition of Movements

We propose the new experimental method for investigating and approximating the organization and structure of movements with given accuracy. The composition of approximating trajectories illuminating the movement traits discloses the level of movement expertise in dancers and golf players. The method allows estimating the level of movement expertise, drawing the detailed structure of movements, and classifying movements into a given repertoire automatically.

Analysis of New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1

This article will firstly discuss the context overview of English teaching and learning in China. Under thiscircumstance, a problematic element will be examined of the New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 and critical appraisal ofhow this element relates to other elements of curriculum development will be analyzed. The recommended changes and demonstrationmechanisms for evaluating the changes are put forward in the last two parts.

陆游诗涉《易》意象及其形象塑造功能

陆游诗歌善用《周易》关联意象,叠加组合以抒怀达志,如通过“床头《周易》”保持心性平和,通过“病观《周易》”疗疾养生,借《易》占筮砥砺人生等。《周易》由此成为陆游坎坷人生尤其是晚年的“精神伴侣”,在追求道德完善、心性调和等内圣化并形成闲适放达人格的过程中,发挥着重要而积极的作用,成为“放翁”形象塑造的主要动因与内核,是古典经籍厚植人文情怀、涵养恢廓人格功能的具体呈现。

《江右文库》文献编《易》类著作提要七则

介绍著作人的生平仕履情况,各书之卷次结构、各卷内容、学术源流以及版本流传情况等,并交代《江右文库》本次影印各书所依据的版本。

董仲舒正谊明道的思想影响初探

正谊明道,是董仲舒思想体系的重要组成部分。宋代以来,学者以正谊明道解释《周易》《春秋》、诸子等思想,阐释其内容,发掘其意义,追根溯源,古今融通,体现出正谊明道继往开来的地位与影响。以正谊明道与义利观、治学、道德、佛教、报应等思想相联系,提供衡量尺度,解释其思想,衍生出新思想,相得益彰,促进了相互发展,扩大了正谊明道的影响。前贤今哲对正谊明道思想,既有颂扬、弘扬者,又有质疑、批判者,不同的观察视野,相异的看法主张,形成研究正谊明道的合力,推动正谊明道研究的深化,丰富其思想内涵,扩大其传播领域,使正谊明道产生了深远而广泛的思想影响。

浅析《伤寒论》方证的“三易”思想

《伤寒论》的核心思想是辨证,辨相似的脉、证,予微调的方、药。变化之道无过于《周易》,其以八经卦演变出天、地、人的变化,《伤寒论》以桂枝汤、麻黄汤、柴胡汤、四逆汤等基础方治疗六经辖下百病。作者本着医易同源的思想,在类方的基础上以《周易》的“简易、变易、不易”核心变化思想,总结先贤关于《伤寒论》113方方证不同变化维度的论述,将方证的简易思想定为保胃气、扶阳气、存津液,“不易思想”定为表传里、上传下、寒化热、热蕴湿、实致虚、微变剧,方的变易思想定为裁、采、穿、化四类,证的“变易思想”定为兼、夹、变、类四种,以期对《伤寒论》方证有个动态的整体定位,临床上以不变的原则,圆活地使用经方治疗多变的疾病。

南海陆坡海底峡谷地形复杂度分析方法

地形复杂度指数是描述地形变化程度的综合指标,本文基于南海陆坡北港隆起区的水深网格数据,采用均值变点分析法确定地形起伏度的最佳统计单元,建立计算海底地形复杂度的模型,融合研究区坡度、地形起伏度、地表切割深度和高程变异系数4种地形因子,分析研究区的地形特征和地形复杂度。结果表明,研究区地形起伏度最佳分析窗口大小为19×19网格,最佳统计窗口面积为1.7689 km^(2);研究区北部及南部区域地形平坦,地形复杂程度较低,复杂度指数<2.35;中部区域存在规模不同的峡谷,地形复杂程度较高,复杂度指数平均>3.37,其中,中部偏东区域因海底峡谷最为发育,地形复杂度指数可达7.77。研究区地形复杂度的定量分析结果与海蚀作用的强弱程度呈现出较好的正相关性,这对系统开展南海海底峡谷形态特征及演化过程研究、维护海洋工程设施安全等具有重要借鉴意义。