Theoretical Analysis on Deflection and Bearing Capacity of Prestressed Bamboo-Steel Composite Beams

A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shear deformation.Furthermore,the calculation model for flexural capacity is proposed considering the two stages of loading.The theoretical results are verified with 8 specimens considering different prestressed load levels,load schemes,and prestress schemes.The results indicate that the proposed theoretical analysis provides a feasible prediction of the deflection and bearing capacity of bamboo-steel composite beams.For deflection analysis,the method considering the slippage and shear deformation provides better accuracy.The theoretical method for bearing capacity matches well with the test results,and the relative errors in the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state are 4.95%and 5.85%,respectively,which meet the accuracy requirements of the engineered application.

Experimental study on hysteretic behavior of prestressed truss concrete composite beams

This paper describes an experimental study of the hysteretic behavior of prestressed truss concrete composite beams （PTCCBs） under cyclic loading. Five beam models were designed and tested, in which the testing parameters include the global reinforcement index β0, the prestress level 2 and the ratio of stirrup ρsv in the potential plastic hinge zones. Based on the test results, the failure mode and hysteretic behavior of the tested models are obtained. In addition, the P-△ and sectional M-φ hysteretic models for the PTCCBs at the midspan are established. The P-△ hysteretic model shows good agreement with the test results.

Vibration of composite beams with two overlapping delaminations

Delaminations in composite laminates may de-velop from small cracks due to fabrication and impact load-ing,or from places of high stress concentration.The locationsof the delaminations are not determinate.In this research,ananalytical solution for the free vibration of a composite beamwith two overlapping delaminations is presented.The dela-minated beam is analyzed as seven interconnected beamsusing the delaminations as their boundaries.The continuityand equilibrium conditions are satisfied between the adjoin-ing regions of the beams.Classical beam theory is applied toeach of the beams.Complex vibration behaviors emerge fordifferent sizes and locations of the delaminations.Compar-ison with analytical results reported in the literature verifiesthe validity of the present solution.

Flexural behavior of composite beams after the ultimate limit state externally strengthened with CFRP sheets bonded with high-temperature resistant matrix

In this paper the alkali-activated slag cementitious materials(AASCM)which strength at 600 ℃ is larger than that of AASCM at room temperature,were prepared to paste CFRP sheets to strengthen four simply supported unbonded prestressed composite beams encased circular steel tube truss after ultimate limit state.Test on flexural behavior of these four beams was performed.Moreover,normal section load-bearing capacity of these beams and the curve load-deflection at mid-span were obtained.Experimental results show that it is feasible to strengthen concrete members with CFRP sheets bonded with AASCM.Based on the experimental results and theoretical study,computational method of stiffness is proposed for calculating bending rigidity and normal section load-bearing capacity of concrete simply supported beams strengthened with CFRP sheets bonded with AASCM.Formula of bending rigidity calculation was founded which results are in good agreement with testing data.

Mechanical performance of shear studs and application in steel-concrete composite beams

This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) model and analyze the behavior of push-out specimens. The modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on parametrical analysis using the validated FE approaches, the effects of important design parameters, such as the diameter, number, length to diameter ratio, and yield strength of studs, concrete strength and steel transverse reinforcement ratio, on the load-slip relationship at the interface of composite beams are discussed. In addition, a simplified approach to model studs is developed using virtual springs with an equivalent stiffness. This approach is demonstrated to be able to predict the load-displacement response and ultimate bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite beams. The predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results from the literature.

Experimental research on shear carrying capacity of H-steel concrete composite beam with small shear span ratio

In order to investigate shear carrying capacity of H-steel concrete beam with small shear span ratio,shear test on 5 H-steel concrete composite beams with small span ratio (from 0.7 to 1.1) are reported,including test design,test scheme,test method,failure characteristics and test results. Influences of shear span ratio,web of H steel and concrete on shear carrying capacity of this kind of beam are investigated. The main components comprising shear bearing capacity are analyzed. The results show that with the shear span ratio increasing,the contribution of web of H steel and concrete on shear carrying capacity decrease. Based on test data,the calculation formula of shear carrying capacity for this beam is established by curve fitting.

Experimental Research on Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams Under Uniformly Distributed Load

An experimental program was carried out to study the shear behavior of the reinforced concrete composite beam (RCCB) subjected to two-phase uniformly distributed load. A total of 12 reinforced concrete composite beams were tested: 10 of them were the RCCB subjected to two-phase uniformly distributed load, the other 2 were the comparative reinforced concrete beams cast at the same time as the RCCB subjected to one-phase uniformly distributed load. The interface of precast unit and recast concrete was natural and rough. The test range of the main composite factors: the ratio of precast section depth to composite section depth was from 0.35 to 0.65, the ratio of first-phase load moment to precast section ultimate bearing moment was from 0.25 to 0.65. Based on the test results, the stresses of the longitudinal reinforcements and stirrups, the load-bearing properties of the interface, the crack state and the failure characteristics of the RCCB under uniformly distributed load are discussed. The effects of the stirrups, the concrete strength and the composite factors on the shear resistance of the RCCB are analyzed, and the method for evaluating the shear resistance of the RCCB is proposed.

Vibration Serviceability of Large-Span Steel–Concrete Composite Beam with Precast Hollow Core Slabs Under Walking Impact

A large-span steel–concrete composite beam with precast hollow core slabs(CBHCSs)is a relatively new floor structure that can be applied to various long-span structures.However,human-induced vibrations may present serviceability issues in such structures.To alleviate vibrations,both the walking forces excited by humans and the associated floor responses must be elucidated.In this study,150 load–time histories of walking,excited by 25 test participants,are obtained using a force measuring plate.The dynamic loading factors and phase angles in the Fourier series functions for one-step walking are determined.Subsequently,walking tests are performed on seven CBHCS specimens to capture the essential dynamic properties of mode shapes,natural frequencies,damping ratios,and acceleration time histories.The CBHCS floor system generally exhibits a high frequency(>10 Hz)and low damping(damping ratio<2%).Sensitivity studies using the finite element method are conducted to investigate the vibration performance of the CBHCS floor system,where the floor thickness,steel beam type,contact time,and human weight are considered.Finally,analytical expressions derived for the fundamental frequency and peak acceleration agree well with the experimental results and are hence proposed for practical use.

CALCULATION ANALYSIS OF SHEARING SLIP FOR STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAM UNDER CONCENTRATED LOAD

The strain difference of steel and concrete under vertical concentrated load was analyzed on the basis of elastic theory, and was compared with ideal solution of steel and concrete under vertical uniform load. The results indicate that the computing formula concluded from the paper is believable. The practical structure usually bears concentrated load, so it can be used in the practical engineering.

Low Velocity Impact Response Analysis of Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Composite Beam

The low velocity impact responses of shape memory alloy （ SMA ） reinforced composite beams were analyzed by employing the finite element method. The finite element dynamic equntion was solved by the Newmark direct integration method, the impact contact force was determined asing the Hertzian contact law, and the influence of SMA .fibers on stiffiwss matrix is studied. Numerical results show that the SMA fibers can effectively improve the low velocity impact response property of composite beam.

Parametric Study on Composite Beams with Web Openings Fire Protected with Reactive Intumescent Coating

When service ducts and cables are required to pass through the structural beams,it is a common practical solution to use composite beams with rectangular or circular openings.The fire safety standards in many countries have recommended design methods for composite beams without openings,while the design method for composite beams with web openings is not addressed yet.Due to the complicated distribution of temperature and stress around the openings in the web of the steel beam,extra complexity has been introduced in determination of the structural capability of the beam and the failure mode in fire.These failure modes generally occur at lower limiting temperatures than the solid beam with same size.It is recognized that the thickness of a reactive coating required to provide a given fire resistance to a composite beam with web openings is affected by the beam’s web thickness,opening configuration,the degree of the beam asymmetry and the structural utilization factor,as well as the nature of the proprietary fire protection itself.Therefore it is necessary that such beams are structurally evaluated taking into account all possible modes of structural failure under both ambient and fire conditions.It is also necessary for additional thermal data to be measured around the web openings and on the web posts from fire tests.The additional thermal data will be used in conjunction with a structural model to determine limiting temperatures of beams with web openings.Steel Construction Institute(SCI)has produced a structural analysis model referenced as report RT1356,which divides a composite beam with web openings into different stress blocks,and then analyses the global bending,vertical shear,local Vierendeel bending,web-post buckling etc.The Association for Specialist Fire Protection(ASFP)recommended the test protocol in the Yellow Book,to determine the temperature distribution around the openings and web post.This paper will discuss a series of fire tests having been carried out in the laboratory of EXOVA Warringtonfire to establish temperature distribution in composite beams with web openings.Test result shows that the distribution of temperature is product specific and strongly affected by opening configuration and opening distance.EXOVA Warringtonfire has also developed a sophisticated calculator,ThermCalc,for analyzing temperature and structural following the method presented in RT1356.Using ThermCalc,parametric study has been carried out,and the effect of load utilization factor,opening size,opening distance,slab depth,decking configuration etc.was investigated.

Fatigue tests of composite beam by steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete in the hogging bending

Through the experiments of 7 T-section composite beams, steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete （SFRSC） as the composite beam in the composite layer was studied under the hogging bending. The tests simulated composite layer tensile strain under the hogging bending of inverted loading composite beams, giving the relationship under the different fatigue stress ratios between fatigue cycles and steel bar’s stress range, crack width, stiffness loss and damage, etc., in composite layer. This article established fatigue life equation, and analyzed SFRSC reinforced mechanism to crack width and stiffness loss. The results show that SFRSC as the composite beam concrete has excellent properties of crack resistance and tensile, can reinforce the fatigue crack width and stiffness loss of composite beams, and improve the durability and in normal use of composite beams in the hogging bending zone.

Numerical Modeling on Seismic Performance of Castellated Composite Beam⁃Reinforced Concrete Column Connection

The hybrid structure consisting of castellated composite beam and compound spiral hoop reinforced concrete column take full advantages of steel and concrete material.To popularize the structural form in real conditions,a beam⁃through⁃type beam⁃column connection is proposed.Two 1/2⁃scaled connection specimens were tested and three⁃dimensional finite element models of the beam⁃column connection were set up.The longitudinal reinforcements,concrete beam,and column were simulated by link and solid elements,respectively.The influences of the parameters such as expansion ratio,location of web opening,and original height of steel beam were studied.The results show that connections possessed high initial rigidity.The expansion ratio of steel beam showed more important influence on the connection’s ultimate bearing capacity.For the connection models with steel beam expansion ratio of 1.4,the maximum increment of the ultimate bearing capacity of the connection could reach 28%.In order to prevent the local buckling failure of steel beam from occurring near web opening,the expansion ratio of steel beam should not be greater than 1.3.

Flexural and longitudinal shear performance of precast lightweight steel-ultra-high performance concrete composite beam

In this study,the flexural and longitudinal shear performances of two types of precast lightweight steel–ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)composite beams are investigated,where a cluster UHPC slab(CUS)and a normal UHPC slab(NUS)are connected to a steel beam using headed studs through discontinuous shear pockets and full-length shear pockets,respectively.Results show that the longitudinal shear force of the CUS is greater than that of the NUS,whereas the interfacial slip of the former is smaller.Owing to its better integrity,the CUS exhibits greater flexural stiffness and a higher ultimate bearing capacity than the NUS.To further optimize the design parameters of the CUS,a parametric study is conducted to investigate their effects on the flexural and longitudinal shear performances.The square shear pocket is shown to be more applicable for the CUS,as the optimal spacing between two shear pockets is 650 mm.Moreover,a design method for transverse reinforcement is proposed;the transverse reinforcement is used to withstand the splitting force caused by studs in the shear pocket and prevent the UHPC slab from cracking.According to calculation results,the transverse reinforcement can be canceled when the compressive strength of UHPC is 150 MPa and the volume fraction of steel fiber exceeds 2.0%.

Nonlinear analysis on electrical properties in a bended composite piezoelectric semiconductor beam

In this paper,the interactions between the transverse loads and the electrical field quantities are investigated based on the nonlinear constitutive relation.By considering a composite beam consisting of a piezoelectric semiconductor and elastic layers,the nonlinear model is established based on the phenomenological theory and Euler’s beam theory.Furthermore,an iteration procedure based on the differential quadrature method(DQM)is developed to solve the nonlinear governing equations.Before analysis,the convergence and correctness are surveyed.It is found that the convergence of the proposed iteration is fast.Then,the transverse pressure induced electrical field quantities are investigated in detail.From the calculated results,it can be found that the consideration of nonlinear constitutive relation is necessary for a beam undergoing a large load.Compared with the linear results,the consideration of the nonlinear constitutive relation breaks the symmetry for the electric potential,the electric field,and the perturbation carrier density,and has little influence on the electric displacement.Furthermore,the non-uniform pressures are considered.The results show that the distributions of the electric field quantities are sensitively altered.It indicates that the electrical properties can be manipulated with the design of different transverse loads.The conclusions in this paper could be the guidance on designing and manufacturing electronic devices accurately.

Modeling and Free Vibration Behavior of Rotating Composite Thin-walled Closed-section Beams with SMA Fibers

Smart structure with active materials embedded in a rotating composite thin-walled beam is a class of typical structure which is using in study of vibration control of helicopter blades and wind turbine blades. The dynamic behavior investigation of these structures has significance in theory and practice. However, so far dynamic study on the above-mentioned structures is limited only the rotating composite beams with piezoelectric actuation. The free vibration of the rotating composite thin-walled beams with shape memory alloy（SMA） fiber actuation is studied. SMA fiber actuators are embedded into the walls of the composite beam. The equations of motion are derived based on Hamilton＇s principle and the asymptotically correct constitutive relation of single-cell cross-section accounting for SMA fiber actuation. The partial differential equations of motion are reduced to the ordinary differential equations of motion by using the Galerkin＇s method. The formulation for free vibration analysis includes anisotropy, pitch and precone angle, centrifugal force and SMA actuation effect. Numerical results of natural frequency are obtained for two configuration composite beams. It is shown that natural frequencies of the composite thin-walled beam decrease as SMA fiber volume and initial strain increase and the decrease in natural frequency becomes more significant as SMA fiber volume increases. The actuation performance of SMA fibers is found to be closely related to the rotational speeds and ply-angle. In addition, the effect of the pitch angle appears to be more significant for the lower-bending mode ones. Finally, in all cases, the precone angle appears to have marginal effect on free vibration frequencies. The developed model can be capable of describing natural vibration behaviors of rotating composite thin-walled beam with active SMA fiber actuation. The present work extends the previous analysis done for modeling passive rotating composite thin-walled beam.

A new higher-order shear deformation theory and refined beam element of composite laminates

A new higher-order shear deformation theory based on global-local superposition technique is developed. The theory satisfies the free surface conditions and the geometric and stress continuity conditions at interfaces. The global displacement components are of the Reddy theory and local components are of the internal first to third-order terms in each layer. A two-node beam element based on this theory is proposed. The solutions are compared with 3D-elasticity solutions. Numerical results show that present beam element has higher computational efficiency and higher accuracy.

A semi-analytical method for forced vibration analysis of cracked laminated composite beam with general boundary condition

In this paper,a semi-analytical method for the forced vibration analysis of cracked laminated composite beam(CLCB)is investigated.One computational model is formulated by Timoshenko beam theory and its dynamic solution is solved using the Jacobi-Ritz method.The boundary conditions(BCs)at both ends of the CLCB are generalized by the application of artificial elastic springs,the CLCB is separated into two elements along the crack,the flexibility coefficient of fracture theory is used to model the essential continuous condition of the connective interface.All the allowable displacement functions used to analyze dynamic characteristics of CLCB are expressed by classical Jacobi orthogonal polynomials in a more general form.The accuracy of the proposed method is verified through the compare with results of the finite element method(software ABAQUS is used in this paper).On this basis,the parametric study for dynamic analysis characteristics of CLCB is performed to provide reference datum for engineers.

Application of consistent geometric decomposition theorem to dynamic finite element of 3D composite beam based on experimental and numerical analyses

Analyzing static and dynamic problems including composite structures has been of high significance in research efforts and industrial applications.In this article,equivalent single layer approach is utilized for dynamic finite element procedures of 3D composite beam as the building block of numerous composite structures.In this model,both displacement and strain fields are decomposed into cross-sectional and longitudinal components,called consistent geometric decomposition theorem.Then,the model is discretized using finite clement procedures.Two local coordinate systems and a global one are defined to decouple mechanical degrees of freedom.Furthermore,from the viewpoint of consistent geometric decomposition theorem,the transformation and element mass matrices for those systems are introduced here for the first time.The same decomposition idea can be used for developing element stiffiness matrix.Finally,comprehensive validations are conducted for the theory against experimental and numerical results in two case studies and for various conditions.

Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Beams Using Differential Quadrature Method

A higher-order theory for laminated composite beams is used to study the free vibration of laminated composite beams, and the differential quadrature method is employed to obtain the numerical solution of the governing differential equations. Free vibration analysis of beams with rectangular cross-section for various combinations of end conditions is studied. The results show that the differential quadrature method is reliable and accurate compared with other available results.