Experimental bio-artificial liver:Importance of the architectural design on ammonia detoxification performance

AIM To determine the influence of the construction design over the biological component's performance in an experimental bio-artificial liver(BAL) device.METHODS Two BAL models for liver microorgans(LMOs) were constructed. First, we constructed a cylindrical BAL and tested it without the biological component to establish its correct functioning. Samples of blood and biological compartment(BC) fluid were taken after 0, 60, and 120 min of perfusion. Osmolality, hematocrit, ammonia and glucose concentrations, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release(as a LMO viability parameter), and oxygen consumption and ammonia metabolizing capacity(as LMO functionality parameters) were determined. CPSI and OTC gene expression and function were measured. The second BAL, a "flat bottom" model, was constructed using a 25 cm2 culture flask while maintaining all other components between the models. The BC of both BALs had the same capacity(approximately 50 cm3) and both were manipulated with the same perfusion system. The performances of the two BALs were compared to show the influence of architecture.RESULTS The cylindrical BAL showed a good exchange of fluids and metabolites between blood and the BC, reflected by the matching of osmolalities, and glucose and ammonia concentration ratios after 120 min of perfusion. No hemoconcentration was detected, the hematocrit levels remained stable during the whole study, and the minimal percentage of hemolysis(0.65% ± 0.10%) observed was due to the action of the peristaltic pump. When LMOs were used as biological component of this BAL they showed similar values to the ones obtained in a Normothermic Reoxygenation System(NRS) for almost all the parameters assayed. After 120 min, the results obtained were: LDH release(%): 14.7 ± 3.1 in the BAL and 15.5 ± 3.2 in the NRS(n = 6); oxygen consumption(μmol/min?g wet tissue): 1.16 ± 0.21 in the BAL and 0.84 ± 0.15 in the NRS(n = 6); relative expression of Cps1 and Otc: 0.63 ± 0.12 and 0.67 ± 0.20, respectively, in the BAL, and 0.86 ± 0.10 and 0.82 ± 0.07, respectively, in the NRS(n = 3); enzymatic activity of CPSI and OTC(U/g wet tissue): 3.03 ± 0.86 and 222.0 ± 23.5, respectively, in the BAL, and 3.12 ± 0.73 and 228.8 ± 32.8, respectively, in the NRS(n = 3). In spite of these similarities, LMOs as a biological component of the cylindrical BAL were not able to detoxify ammonia at a significant level(not detected vs 35.1% ± 7.0% of the initial 1 mM NH4+ dose in NRS, n = 6). Therefore, we built a second BAL with an entirely different design that offers a flat base BC. When LMOs were placed in this "flat bottom"device they were able to detoxify 49.3% ± 8.8% of the initial ammonia overload after 120 min of perfusion(n = 6), with a detoxification capacity of 13.2 ± 2.2 μmol/g wet tissue.CONCLUSION In this work, we demonstrate the importance of adapting the BAL architecture to the biological component characteristics to obtain an adequate BAL performance.

Sarcopenic obesity in patients awaiting liver transplant: Unique challenges for nutritional recommendations

Sarcopenic obesity increases the risk of mortality in patients with liver disease awaiting liver transplantation and in the post-transplant period.Nutrition recommendations for individuals with sarcopenia differ from recommendations for patients with obesity or sarcopenic obesity.While these nutrition guidelines have been established in non-cirrhotic patients,established guidelines for liver transplant candidates with sarcopenic obesity are lacking.In this paper,we review existing literature on sarcopenic obesity in patients with chronic liver disease and address opportunities to improve nutritional counseling in patients awaiting liver transplantation.

血管内皮生长因子与人体成分分析仪指标对脂肪肝患者的检测意义

目的研究血管内皮生长因子与人体成分分析仪对脂肪肝患者的检测意义。方法研究选取2022年1月—2023年1月钦州市第一人民医院健康体检部的100例脂肪肝患者作为研究组,同时抽取入院体检的100例健康体检者作为对照组。对比两组患者血管内皮生长因子以及人体成分分析仪检查结果。结果研究组患者的体脂率、腰围均比对照组明显增加,但骨骼肌含量却比对照组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);研究组血清中血管内皮生长因子(123.09±22.33)ng/L高于对照组(76.28±4.43)ng/L,差异有统计学意义(t=60.640,P<0.05)。结论血管内皮生长因子与人体成分分析仪检测指标,对于脂肪肝患者检测具有重要意义。

肝癌患者术前营养风险评估及营养干预对体成分的影响

目的:分析术前营养风险评估以及针对性营养干预对肝癌患者体成分的影响。方法:选取2021年6月至2023年1月116例行手术治疗的肝癌患者,对入选患者均行营养风险筛查,本次研究通过量表评估,根据评估结果分为营养风险组(评分≥3分)与营养正常组(评分<3分),比较两组营养指标、实验室指标、体成分指标差异;并对观察组展开个性化的营养干预,比较观察组干预前后各指标的变化;最后比较两组并发症差异。结果:①营养风险组体重、体重指数、血清营养指标、脂肪含量低于营养正常组,凝血酶原时间长于营养正常组,浮肿指数高于营养正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②营养风险组干预后各指标优于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③两组术后并发症发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对于肝癌手术患者展开术前营养风险评估,可以及时对营养不良患者展开个性化营养干预,改善患者的体成分状况,有望降低患者术后并发症风险,但仍需大样本多中心研究证实。

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术及肝纤维化细胞模型的肝爽颗粒抗肝纤维化的药效成分筛选研究

目的 通过多技术联用的方法筛选肝爽颗粒抗肝纤维化的药效成分。方法 采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术和UNIFI软件,根据质谱相对分子质量、裂解规律、文献报道等方法对肝爽颗粒70%醇提取物和大鼠灌胃后血清中化学物质质谱碎片信息进行分析,以明确其药效物质基础。使用转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)(10 ng·mL^(-1))诱导肝星状细胞(HSC-T6)构建肝纤维化细胞模型,采用细胞增殖检测(CCK-8)法检测各组细胞增殖情况。结果 在肝爽颗粒提取液中共鉴定出84 个化学成分,在大鼠给药后的血清中共鉴定出21个原形成分,其中党参碱、柴胡皂苷A、柴胡皂苷D、木犀草素、山柰酚、黄芩苷等均可抑制肝星状细胞生长,为肝爽颗粒抗肝纤维化的药效成分。结论 本研究阐明了肝爽颗粒抗肝纤维化的药效物质基础,可为肝爽颗粒保肝作用机制及产品质量控制研究提供参考。

猪肝蛋白复合膜性能及其在肉品保鲜中的应用

目的:开发一种以猪肝为主要原料的新型天然食品保鲜剂。方法:以水溶性猪肝蛋白(WSLP)、盐溶性猪肝蛋白(SSLP)和壳聚糖(CS)制备可食性复合膜,通过测定机械性能、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、微观结构等对可食膜组分之间进行多角度研究,并将其用于猪肉保鲜,通过对比猪肉冷藏过程中理化指标的变化探究复合膜的保鲜性能。结果:随着WSLP和SSLP的加入,可食膜的机械性能呈先升高后降低的趋势,当添加量为40%时膜的性能最佳,其膜厚分别为(0.267±0.00143),(0.264±0.00121)mm,拉伸强度分别为(9.63±0.29),(4.43±0.37)MPa,断裂延伸率分别为(58.37±0.90)%,(28.24±0.63)%,均与CS膜差异显著(P<0.05);40%的WSLP和SSLP能最大程度提升膜基质间的相互交联,其制得的复合膜表面光滑平整,微观结构最佳。猪肉冷藏12 d后,40%SSLP复合膜的保鲜性能最佳,其pH、菌落总数、TVB-N值及TBARS值均为最小。结论:40%WSLP和SSLP制得的复合膜各项性能均最佳。

多囊卵巢综合征患者体成分对肝、肾功能和血脂的影响

目的分析多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)女性患者体成分对肝、肾功能和血脂的影响。方法本研究为横断面、病例对照研究,招募2020年10月至2023年12月于首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院内分泌科就诊的678例20~40岁的育龄期女性作为研究对象。根据2004年国际鹿特丹标准,将研究对象分为PCOS组(n=578)和对照组(n=100)。测量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围,并计算身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、测量体脂百分比(body fat percentage,BFP)、检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、肌酐(creatinine,Cre)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triglycerides,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、脂蛋白(a)[lipoprotein(a),LP(a)]。并分析PCOS体成分对肝功能的影响。结果PCOS组体质量、腰围、BMI均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),PCOS组ALT、AST、UA也高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);PCOS组BUN、Cre、HDL-C与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义。PCOS组BFP高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),64.07%PCOS患者伴有超重或者肥胖。PCOS组转氨酶异常率高达12.8%,超重肥胖的PCOS患者转氨酶异常率高达17.86%,显著高于瘦型PCOS组和对照组(P均<0.05)。关于血脂方面,PCOS患者TC、TG、LDL-C、LP(a)均显著高于对照组。结论PCOS患者尤其是那些超重或肥胖者,面临更高的肝功能受损风险和血脂异常问题。因此,针对PCOS患者的管理应特别关注其体成分对肝、肾功能和血脂的影响,通过控制体质量、改善胰岛素抵抗、调节饮食和增加运动,有助于提高PCOS患者的整体健康状况和远期生命质量。

鸭肝油脂提取工艺优化及其品质分析

探究粗制鸭肝油脂的最佳提取工艺,考察精炼工艺主要参数对鸭肝油脂精炼效果的影响,并分析精炼过程中脂肪酸组成及含量变化。结果表明:最优提取工艺为料液比4∶1(g/mL)、无水乙醇与正己烷体积比1∶1、超声温度50℃、超声时间30 min,在此条件下,鸭肝油脂提取率55.74%;最佳精炼工艺为脱胶水添加量(以粗制鸭肝油脂质量计)10%、脱酸超碱量(以脱胶油质量计)0.6%、活性白土用量(以脱酸油质量计)10%、真空脱臭2.0 h。精炼后油脂的酸价为1.17 mg/g,过氧化值为0.1538 g/100 g;鸭肝油脂中共检测出16种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸5种,单不饱和脂肪酸4种,多不饱和脂肪酸7种。

基于转录组研究饥饿对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)生长和代谢的影响

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)作为我国产量最高、养殖规模最大的海水养殖鱼类,长时间不合理的饥饿易导致养殖效率低下,因此,需要合理控制越冬禁食时间。为了探究饥饿对大黄鱼的影响,在水温9.0~14.3℃条件下进行了饥饿0、8、16周的越冬养殖实验,研究了低温与饥饿双重胁迫下的大黄鱼生长、体成分、抗氧化酶活力以及相关基因的表达。结果显示,随着饥饿时间的延长,大黄鱼的肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、肌肉和全鱼的粗脂肪和粗蛋白以及肝糖原含量显著降低(P<0.05),肌糖原含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。肝脏抗氧化酶丙二醛(MDA)活性先升高后降低;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低(P<0.05),甘油三酯(TG)含量显著上升(P<0.05)。转录组分析结果显示,相比对照组,饥饿后差异基因显著下调,GO分析发现,饥饿后差异基因主要富集在脂质代谢过程、脂肪酸生物合成和补体激活等方面。聚类分析表明,饥饿16周后,脂肪代谢通路中肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1 (CPT1)、线粒体三功能酶β亚基(HADHB)、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶2 (CPT2)基因的相对表达水平升高,而脂肪酸延长酶(HACD)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶(ALAS)基因的相对表达水平下降;免疫代谢通路中丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(SERP)、纤维蛋白原-1 (FGG-1)、纤维蛋白原-3 (FGG-3)、纤维蛋白原β (FGB)基因的相对表达水平也降低,qRT-PCR也证实了以上结果。综上所述,越冬期间,长时间的饥饿将抑制大黄鱼的生长和免疫相关基因的表达,促进其肝脏抗氧化能力和脂质代谢相关基因的表达。

Diversity, Distribution Pattern and Conservation Status of the Plants Used in Liver Diseases/Ailments in Indian Himalayan Region

In the Indian Himalayan Region, th studies focused on diversity of the plants used fo treating liver diseases/ailments have not been carried out so far. Therefore, the present attempt has been made to study the diversity, distribution pattern and conservation status of the plant species used fo treating liver diseases/ailments in that region. A tota of 138 species (35 species of trees, 22 shrubs and 8 herbs) belonging to 98 genera in 60 families hav been recorded. Amongst the families, Euphorbiacea (9 species), and altitudinal zone <1,800 m, (i.e., 11 species) are rich in species. Traditionally, variou plant parts, such as roots/rhizomes/tubers (46 species), leaves (31), whole plants (30), barks (15) fruits (13), seeds and unspecified parts (8 each), and inflorescence (1) are used for the treatment of live diseases/ailments. 34 species are native, 3 ar endemic and 15 near endemic. 7 species ar categorized as Critically Endangered (Betula utilis) Endangered (Podophyllum hexandrum, Ephedra gerardiana, and Nardostachys grandiflora) and Vulnerable (Bergenia ligulata, B. stracheyi, and Hedychium spicatum) using new IUCN criteria Available chemical composition of plant parts used fo the treatment of liver diseases/ailments have beengiven. Assessment of the populations of threatened species, development of an appropriate strategy, action plan for the conservation and sustainable utilization of such components of plant diversity are suggested.

Reduced upper limb lean mass on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry predicts adverse outcomes in male liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND Pre-transplant muscle wasting measured by computed tomography has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes after liver transplantation including increased rates of sepsis and hospitalisation days.Upper limb lean mass(LM)measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA)was recently identified as a novel predictor of sarcopenia-associated mortality in men waitlisted for transplantation.AIM To investigate the use of DEXA LM in predicting gender-stratified early posttransplant outcomes.METHODS Liver transplant recipients who underwent pre-transplant DEXA body composition imaging between 2002 and 2017 were included.Endpoints included posttransplant mortality and graft failure,bacterial infections,acute cellular rejection(ACR)and intensive care and total hospital length of stay.RESULTS Four hundred and sixty-nine patients met inclusion criteria of which 338 were male(72%).Median age was 55.0 years(interquartile range 47.4,59.7)and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score 16.Median time from assessment to transplantation was 7 mo(3.5,12).Upper limb LM was inversely associated with bacterial infections at 180 d post-transplant(hazard ratio=0.42;95%confidence interval:0.20-0.89;P=0.024)in males only.There was a negative correlation between upper limb LM and intensive care(τb=-0.090,P=0.015)and total hospital length of stay(τb=-0.10,P=0.0078)in men.In women,neither MELD nor body composition parameters were associated with post-transplant adverse outcomes or increased length of stay.Body composition parameters,MELD and age were not associated with 90-d mortality or graft failure in either gender.There were no significant predictors of early ACR.CONCLUSION Sarcopenia is an independent and potentially modifiable predictor of increased post-transplant bacterial infections and hospital length of stay in men with cirrhosis.DEXA upper limb LM provides a novel measure of muscle wasting that has prognostic value in this cohort.The lack of association in women requires further investigation.

Phase angle and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease before and after bariatric surgery

BACKGROUND Obesity is a global health problem that is continuing to increase in the young population.In Brazil,the frequency of obesity in 2018 was 19.8%.Several comorbidities are directly associated with obesity,such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),which is considered the most common liver disorder in Western countries and affects up to 46%of adults.Bariatric surgery is effective in treating obesity and can improve NAFLD;however,the effect of bariatric surgery on body composition,phase angle(PA),and improving NAFLD needs to be further studied.AIM To analyze the PA in the postoperative period of bariatric surgery and to correlate it with changes in body composition and liver disease.METHODS This study is a retrospective cohort study of the analysis of the medical records of patients undergoing bariatric surgery in a reference center of a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre over a 2-year period.Patients older than 18 years whose record contained all information relevant to the study were included.The data analyzed were body composition and PA through electrical bioimpedance and NAFLD through liver biopsy in the pre-and postoperative period.The level of significance adopted for the statistical analyses was 5%.RESULTS We evaluated 379 patients with preoperative data.Regarding PA,169 patients were analyzed,and 33 patients had liver biopsy pre-and postoperatively with NAFLD information.In total,79.4%were female,with a mean age of 39.1±10.6 years.The average body mass index(BMI)was 45.9±7.5 kg/m².The PA showed a mean of 5.8±0.62°in the preoperative period and a significant reduction in the postoperative period.A postoperative reduction in body composition data(skeletal muscle mass,fat percentage,fat mass,body cell mass,BMI and visceral fat area)was shown as well.Regarding liver disease,all patients presented a reduction in the degrees and stages of liver disease in the postoperative period,and some had no degree of liver disease at all.CONCLUSION PA decreased after bariatric surgery,with a direct correlation with weight loss and changes in body composition.The decrease in PA was not correlated with the improvement in NAFLD.

饲料脂肪水平对扁吻鱼生长及机体组成的影响

为研究饲料脂肪水平对扁吻鱼生长及机体构造的影响,本研究以4.32%、6.32%、8.32%、10.32%、12.32%、14.32%脂肪含量的等蛋白饲料对初始体重为(90.15±0.28)g的扁吻鱼进行为期76 d的养殖试验。试验结果表明:在饲料脂肪含量为4.32%~14.32%时,在该养殖周期下,扁吻鱼增重率、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比、鱼体水分未受到显著影响(P>0.05);肝脏及肝脏细胞形态正常;鱼体灰分、蛋白质、脂肪含量受到显著影响(P<0.05),F4组鱼体灰分比其他组高8.13%~17.70%,F5组鱼体蛋白质含量比其他组低7.89%~20.74%,F5、F6组鱼体脂肪含量分别比其他组高23.71%~218.72%、5.74%~172.41%;鱼体脂肪含量与饲料粗蛋白质含量呈现显著正相关(P<0.05)、与鱼体蛋白含量呈现极显著负相关(P<0.01)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,扁吻鱼对饵料脂肪含量的耐受度高于14.32%,这将为后续开展相关研究奠定基础。

腹部B型超声脂肪肝声像阳性体检人群人体成分、血脂水平分析

目的 分析腹部B型超声脂肪肝声像阳性(脂肪肝)体检人群人体成分、血脂水平变化,比较不同内脏脂肪面积体检者的脂肪肝检出率,并探讨体检人群人体成分分析与血脂检测的临床意义。方法 将230名自愿进行人体成分测定的体检者(均行腹部B型超声检测)作为研究对象,其中脂肪肝患者83人(脂肪肝组),非脂肪肝患者(腹部B型超声脂肪肝声像阴性)147人(非脂肪肝组)。对比两组研究对象的人体成分、血脂水平,并比较不同内脏脂肪面积研究对象的脂肪肝检出率。结果 脂肪肝组内脏脂肪面积、体重、体质量指数、腰臀比、肌肉量、去脂体重、骨骼肌重量、体脂肪重量、体脂百分比、四肢脂肪重量、躯干脂肪重量、腰围均较非脂肪肝组大或高,总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白B水平均较非脂肪肝组高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白AI水平、载脂蛋白AI/载脂蛋白B均较非脂肪肝组低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。内脏脂肪面积<80 cm^(2)、80~100 cm^(2)和≥100 cm^(2)三组研究对象,其脂肪肝的检出率分别为21.32%(29/136)、58.82%(20/34)、56.67%(34/60),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=31.490,P<0.001)。结论 有脂肪肝的体检人群人体成分和血脂水平与无脂肪肝的体检人群有差异。对人体成分和血脂水平的异常者提出警告,改变其饮食结构和生活习惯,或可预防脂肪肝的发生。

基于UHPLC⁃Q⁃Exactive Orbitrap HRMS技术分析黄芪汤颗粒的化学成分与小鼠口服后的入血成分

目的运用超高效液相串联四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS)技术,分析鉴定黄芪汤颗粒的化学成分及小鼠灌胃黄芪汤颗粒后的主要入血成分。方法色谱分离采用Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱。质谱采用电喷雾电离正离子模式(ESI+)和电喷雾电离负离子模式(ESI-)交替扫描,并自动触发二级质谱扫描功能(Full MS/dd-MS2)采集质谱数据。经Xcalibur 3.0软件获取色谱保留时间以及母离子和碎片离子信息,定性鉴别黄芪汤颗粒的化学成分及小鼠灌胃黄芪汤颗粒后的入血成分及可能的代谢途径。结果综合保留时间、准确分子量、二级碎片信息、对照品比对、文献参考等色谱质谱检测信息,从黄芪汤颗粒中共鉴定出167种化学成分,从小鼠灌胃黄芪汤颗粒后的血清中共检测到甘草素、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素、黄芪甲苷等60种原型成分和43种代谢产物。结论完成了黄芪汤颗粒化学成分及主要入血成分快速鉴定,可为黄芪汤颗粒效应物质解析、质量标准研究及作用机制探讨等提供参考。

Effects of dietary phosphorus level on growth,body composition,liver histology and lipid metabolism of spotted seabass(Lateolabrax maculatus)reared in freshwater

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary phosphorus(P)levels on growth performance,body composition,liver histology and enzymatic activity,and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in spotted seabass(Lateolabrax maculatus).Seven diets were prepared to contain available P levels of 0.48%(the control group),0.69%,0.89%,1.10%,1.28%,1.51%and 1.77%and feed fish(4.26±0.03 g)to satiety twice daily for 10 weeks.Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate were recorded at P levels of 0.69%-1.51%compared to the control group.Feed conversion ratio decreased with increasing P levels up to 0.89%and increased thereafter.The lowest liver lipid content,viscerosomatic index and lipid content of whole-body were obtained in the 0.89%-P group among dietary treatments.P and calcium(Ca)contents in whole body were increased,while liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents were decreased with increasing dietary P levels from 0.48%to 1.77%.The highest activity of hepatic lipase was recorded in the 1.10%-P group among dietary treatments.Compared to the control group,1.10%P enhanced the proportion of HUFA and reduced the proportion of SFA and MUFA.The histological observations showed that P deficiency(0.48%)led to the vacuolization of hepatocytes and increased number of lipid droplets.Meanwhile,overall liver tissue structure was improved when P level increased to 1.28%.Compared to the control group,expression of lipid metabolism-related genes such as FAS,ACC-2 and SREBP-1 was decreased at 0.89%-1.10%P group while an opposite trend was observed in the expression of PPARa2 and CPT-1 genes.The current study showed that 0.89%dietary P levels could promote growth performance of spotted seabass and reduce lipid accumulation in the liver.A broken-line regression analysis based on weight gain showed that the optimum dietary P level(available P)for juvenile spotted seabass reared in freshwater was 0.72%.

星点设计-效应面法优化柴胡和白芍配伍比例和提取工艺

目的基于成分含量变化、解热抗炎活性、体外肝损伤等指标优化柴胡和白芍配伍比例和提取工艺,为临床合理用药提供数据支持。方法以柴胡皂苷a、柴胡皂苷d、柴胡皂苷c、对2,4-二硝基苯酚致热大鼠模型的解热作用、对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀抗炎作用、体外肝损伤情况为评价指标,使用星点设计效应面法进行试验,运用多指标综合评分法,分别以柴胡和白芍剂量为因素,优选其配伍比例;以乙醇浓度、溶剂倍数及提取时间为因素,优化提取工艺。根据星点设计试验结果优选的最佳配伍比例(柴胡10 g,白芍10 g)放大10倍量后进行柴胡和白芍配伍比例模型验证,按照最佳提取工艺,选取8倍量90%的乙醇,提取2次,每次90 min进行柴胡和白芍提取工艺模型验证。结果柴胡配伍白芍后可不同程度改变柴胡中指标成分含量、降低2,4-二硝基苯酚致热大鼠温度、改善二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀炎症、降低对人正常肝L02细胞抑制率、降低细胞上清LDH含量。针对星点设计-配伍比例拟合的二项式方程为:Y=0.100+0.020X 1-0.207X 2+0.116X 12+0.081X 22+0.088X 1X 2,r=0.9765;针对星点设计-提取工艺拟合的二项式方程:Y′=0.636+0.111X′1+0.048X′2+0.055X′3-0.037X′12+0.028 X′22-0.088X′32-0.004X′1X′2-0.022X′1X′3-0.029X′2X′3,r=0.9231。最终确定配伍最佳比例范围为:柴胡10~15 g,白芍10~15 g;提取工艺参数范围为:乙醇浓度85%~95%,溶剂倍数7~9,提取时间80~100 min,提取2次。模型外验证结果显示3份样本偏差绝对值均小于3%,说明模型可靠。结论柴胡配伍白芍后对柴胡中指标成分提出率有一定影响,同时增强柴胡的解热抗炎活性,降低柴胡的体外肝损伤。实验优选的柴胡配伍白芍的配伍比例和提取工艺参数,可最大限度地增加柴胡活性、降低其肝损伤,为临床合理用药提供数据支持。

饲料中添加胆汁酸对欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

文章旨在研究饲料中添加胆汁酸对欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)幼鱼肝脏脂肪代谢的影响。将养殖欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼的9口水泥池[初始规格(141.5±1.9)g/尾;初始鱼重(682±23)kg/池]随机分为3个处理组,每组3口池,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)、基础饲料添加500 mg/kg胆汁酸(BA1组)、基础饲料添加1000 mg/kg胆汁酸(BA2组)的饲料。实验期为15周。实验结果表明,BA组比对照组欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏组织中脂肪空泡数量明显减少,肝脏粗脂肪水平显著降低(P<0.05)。BA组欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏脂肪酸合成酶水平显著降低(P<0.05),仅BA1组乙酰辅酶A羧化酶水平显著降低(P<0.05),BA组肝脂酶、脂蛋白酯酶和总脂酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05);BA组间上述酶活性或水平均无显著差异(P>0.05)。BA1组欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏磷脂酰胆碱和溶血磷脂酰胆碱水平上调,主要是甘油磷脂代谢和甘油酯代谢增强。由此可见,欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料中添加胆汁酸可通过降低脂肪合成有关酶水平及增加脂肪分解有关酶活性,主要增强甘油磷脂代谢和甘油酯代谢,从而可减少肝脏脂肪蓄积。

肝硬化患者营养状况相关指标的评估

肝脏是人体代谢的重要器官,肝硬化患者由于代谢异常、营养摄入不足及消耗增加往往出现不同程度的营养不良。营养不良与肝硬化患者的生活质量、生存预后及结局密切相关,与肝硬化相关并发症的高发生率存在相关性。体质量、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、营养筛查量等指标可在一定程度上评估肝硬化患者营养状态,但其主观性强,受腹水、水肿等影响较大,缺乏精确性。临床工作中常规化验指标,除肝功能、血脂等可以较客观、灵敏地评估患者营养代谢情况外,胆汁酸、游离脂肪酸等指标的变化也与肝硬化严重程度、营养代谢相关。此外,研究证实患者肝硬化患者身体成分也随疾病进展而变化,身体成分分析也是有效评估营养状况的重要工具。