Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues （VR） collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica （PoR）, collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches （as well as their removal） constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion： （a） C/N ratio 〈 15; （b） NH4^＋-N 〈 400 mg/kg; （c） CO2-C 〈 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; （d） dehydrogenase activity 〈 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; （e） germination index （GI） 〉 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N （13.0 g/kg）, P （4.74 g/kg） and MgO （15.80 g/kg）. Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.

Standardizing the Quality of Composts Using Stability and Maturity Indices: The Use of Sawdust and Rice Husks as Compost Feed Stocks

Many organic materials found in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa have not been exploited for the development of feedstock specific quality standards of compost especially for use as soilless media. The objective of this study was to determine feedstock specific quality standard of compost using referenced stability and maturity indices and establish a simple model for predicting compost maturity based on different feedstock. Two sawdust feedstocks from Daniellia oliveri sawdust (single sawdust) and Daniellia oliveri + Chrysophylum albidum sawdust (mixed sawdust) including one rice husk feedstock were composted individually with poultry manure in three volumetric ratios of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1. The 2:1 Daniellia oliveri sawdust compost achieved acceptable values for stability and maturity parameter at 8th week, and had the highest nitrogen (N) level (2.46%) and lowest carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio (15). In terms of associative relationships for single species sawdust compost, total nitrogen (TN) accounted for 93% of the variation in the C:N content of the compost. In the mixed species sawdust compost, TN explained 87% of the variation in the C:N. Total nitrogen only explained 77% of the variation in the C:N content of the rice husk compost. The study established an empirical relationship between TN and compost maturity and concluded that using stability and maturity indices and their relationships established in this study as standard, compost of higher quality could be obtained within the shortest possible time irrespective of the feedstock used.

Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Maturity of Pig Manure Compost at Different C/N Ratios

Aerobic static pile composting (mechanical turning every 3 days) of pig manure was prepared at & m3 windrow heaps. Sawdust was used as the bulking agent to provide additional carbon and to increase the porosity of the substrate. Two treatments at initial C/N ratios of 30 and 15, respectively, were designed in the study. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soluble NH+4-N, C/N ratios in solid and aqueous phases, E4/E6 ratios, and seed germination index (GI) were determined to evaluate the maturity of the co-composts. Seed germination index, a biological parameter, was suggested as one of the most reliable maturity indicators for organic compost. The results showed that the treatment at the initial C/N ratio of 30 reached maturity after 49 days of composting; however, the treatment at the initial C/N ratio of 15 should require composting time of longer than 63 days to obtain maturation. Chemical multi-indicator evaluation was necessary, and the GI measurement was the recommended approach for maturity evaluation in the study.

Is maturity index an efficient tool to assess the effects of the physical disturbance on the marine nematode assemblages?—A critical interpretation of disturbance-induced maturity successions in some study cases in Maldives

Maturity index（MI）, based on nematode life strategies, has been proposed in 1990 to assess the possible variations of the terrestrial and freshwater nematode assemblages induced by anthropogenic activities. It was subsequently applied also to marine ecosystems and, even if comparatively not yet very popular, it offers a good method to assess the ecological quality in relation to a wide range of anthropogenic drivers. However, few data are available on its response to physical stress, a key factor especially in the coastal areas. In this study, marine nematode genera from two study cases carried out in Maldives are used to test both MI and life strategy traits（i.e.,c-p classes） for detecting the effects of physical disturbance. The results confirm that nematodes are well adapted to physical stress showing a general high rate of recovery. C-p scaling and MI did not seem to be appropriate for revealing this disturbance type probably because there are no empirical evidences on the life strategy of several genera, and a possible differential response to various disturbance types may be hypothesized.

E-government maturity model and its evaluation

In order to ensure e-government construction healthily,rapidly and orderly develop,an e-government maturity model（EGMM）is proposed based on a software capability maturity model （CMM）and a project management maturity model（PMMM）. Five levels of maturity in e-government development process are constructed,which include network infrastructure,information serving,information interactive,information sharing and comprehensive integrating.An index system of e-government maturity is put forward,and then an e-government maturity levels evaluation method is presented,which can provide clear,detailed and efficient decision information and investment directions of e-government for decision-makers.The EGMM and its maturity evaluation method are helpful for improving the construction of e-government.

Microbial Community Dynamics During Biogas Slurry and Cow Manure Compost

This study evaluated the microbial community dynamics and maturation time of two compost systems： biogas slurry compost and cow manure compost, with the aim of evaluating the potential utility of a biogas slurry compost system. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, gene clone library, temperature, C/N ratio, and the germination index were employed for the investigation, cow manure compost was used as the control. Results showed that the basic strip and dominant strips of the DGGE bands for biogas slurry compost were similar to those of cow manure compost, but the brightness of the respective strips for each system were different. Shannon-Weaver indices of the two compost systems differed, possessing only 22% similarity in the primary and maturity stages of the compost process. Using bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis, 88 bacterial clones were detected. Further, 18 and 13 operational taxonomic units （OTUs） were present in biogas slurry and cow manure compost, respectively. The 18 OTUs of the biogas slurry compost belonged to nine bacterial genera, of which the dominant strains were Bacillus sp. and Carnobacterium sp.; the 13 OTUs of the cow manure compost belonged to eight bacterial genera, of which the dominant strains were Psychrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Clostridium sp. Results demonstrated that the duration of the thermophilic phase （more than 50°C） for biogas slurry compost was 8 d less than the according duration for cow manure compost, and the maturation times for biogas slurry and cow manure compost were 45 and 60 d, respectively. It is an effective biogas slurry assimilate technology by application of biogas slurry as nitrogen additives in the manufacture of organic fertilizer.

Nitrogen transformations during pig manure composting

Composting is now suggested as one of the environmentally and friendly alternative method for disposal of solid organic wastes, as it leads to minimization, stabilization, and utilization of organic waste. Transformations of nitrogen were investigated in co-composting of pig manure with different amendments, such as sawdust and leaves. Samples were analyzed for pH, total-N, soluble NH4-N, soluble NO3-N and soluble organic-N. The total-N increased after 63 days of composting, as well as the soluble NO3-N and soluble organic-N. Soluble NH4,-N increased significantly and showed peak values at day 7, thereafter decreased sharply and gradually to lower levels. Seed germination index (GI) showed that co-composting of pig manure with sawdust reached maturity after 49 days of composting, while co-composting of pig manure with sawdust and leases required shorter time for 35 days. Soluble NH4-N was significantly negatively ( P < 0.05) , while soluble NO3-N and soluble organic-N were significantly positively ( P < 0.05), correlated with seed germination index (GI). Addition of leaves in co-composting of pig manure with sawdust had no significant impacts on nitrogen transformations, but it was beneficial for maturity of pig manure compost.

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation:Using matured compost as bulking conditioner

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.

Composting Efficiency of Urban Forest Litter and River Sediment at Different Proportions

In order to explore a technology for producing organic fertilizer by composting urban forest litter and river sediment passivated by fly ash, an experiment was conducted to study dynamic changes of several parameters including temperature, pH, organic matter, C/N and germination index （GI） during high-temperature composting of urban forest litter and river sediment at five different proportions （1：1 （Ⅰ）, 1：2 （Ⅱ）, 1：3 （Ⅲ）, 2：1 （Ⅳ） and 3：1 （Ⅴ））. Results showed that the temperature and pH increased first and then decreased; at the proportion of 3：1, the temperature increased rapidly and the high-temperature duration was longest （5 d）; at the end of the composting, all the treatments reached the decomposed status, the pH ranged from 7.47 to 8.87, and the organic matter content was reduced by 36%, 38%, 42%, 33% and 29%, respectively, indicating that increasing the proportion of urban forest litter was conducive to reducing the loss of organic matter. Due to low C/N ratio of river sediment, increasing the proportion of urban forest litter was helpful to improve the efficiency of composting. The GI of treatments I, IV and V reached 80% on day 26, 18 and 19 respectively, but the GI of treatments II and III did not reach this level until the end of composting. Considering the quality of fertilizer and efficiency of composting for large-scale production, the proportion between urban forest litter and river sediment is suitable to be set as 3：1 for production of organic fertilizer.

Application of Highly Efficient Microbial Agent in Pig Manure Compost

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to develop a cheap and localized microbial agent so as to solve high cost of microbial agent for pig manure composting in Jiaxing City. [ Method] Pig manure in the experimental group and control group was inoculated with the self-developed micro- bial agent and commercial microbial agent, respectively. The manure was decomposed for 38 d, during which the indicators of compost including physical properties, temperature, pH value, water content, organic matter, dissolved nitrogen, carbon nitrogen ratio and germination rate were studied. [ Result] The water content in the experimental group declined to 26.10% after 33 d of compost, meeting the standard upper limitation of 30% for maturity. By comparison, the water content in the control group was slightly higher than 30% even after 38 d. The germination rate of seeds fertilized with the experimental manure compost met the standard for maturity on Day 28, while that in the control group met the standard for maturity on Day 35. When the composting was finished, the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen in the pig manure was 14.64 and 16.43 respective- ly in the experimental and control group, and the organic matter content was about 45% for both. All these indexes could meet the standards for or- ganic fertilizer products. [ Conclusion] The self-developed microbial agent can moot the requirements for pig manure composting, and it can shorten the composting time by 5 -8 d compared with the commercial agent. In addition, the fertilizer product composted by the self-developed microbial a qent has lower water content and thereby is much more beneficial for preservation.

不同热解温度稻壳生物炭对羊粪堆肥腐熟度及温室气体排放的影响

为优化羊粪堆肥腐熟度与温室气体减排协同的技术工艺参数,以2种不同热解温度制备的稻壳生物炭为堆肥辅料,与羊粪、食用菌渣混合,进行了43 d的堆肥试验。设置了3个处理,羊粪与食用菌渣质量比9∶1混合体作为预备物料,在预备物料上分别添加450、650℃热解的稻壳生物炭(占预备物料质量百分比15%)为BC450、BC650处理,在预备物料上添加未热解炭化的稻壳(与稻壳生物炭同等体积)为CK处理。监测了堆肥温度、腐熟度指标(NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N、EC值、种子发芽指数)、温室气体(CH_(4)、CO_(2)、N_(2)O)排放的变化动态,分析了不同热解温度稻壳生物炭对堆肥腐熟度与温室气体减排的协同效果。结果表明:添加450、650℃热解的稻壳生物炭,缩短了堆肥体NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N、T值、EC值及种子发芽指数达到腐熟度推荐值的所需时间,与CK处理相比,BC450、BC650处理的腐熟周期分别缩短了15.0%、32.5%;羊粪堆置43 d后,BC450、BC650处理的综合温室效应较CK处理分别显著降低了6.56%、24.36%,且BC650处理综合温室效应比BC450处理显著降低了19.05%(P<0.05);添加稻壳生物炭对羊粪堆肥腐熟度及温室气体减排具有协同促进作用,建议优选650℃制备的稻壳生物炭。

Developing Innovative Concepts for Measuring and Assessing Transit System Maturity

In this research three new innovative concepts are introduced and developed: the first defined as Transit System Maturity Components (TSMC), the second referred to as Transit System Maturity Scale (TSMS) and the third labeled as Transit System Maturity Index (TSMI). The TSMC is meant to conceptualise the main strategic generic components characterising the maturity of transit systems. The TSMS is an S shaped scaling system for measuring maturity of transit system components. The TSMI presents an innovative index meant to assess the overall level of maturity of a city transit system. Such framework is envisaged to be used to determine and compare the overall maturity levels of transit systems in cities of the world as well as to act as a basis to identify strengths & gaps that need to be addressed/completed. Furthermore, it can also act as an ingredient in shaping and developing future road maps for transit system in cities across the world. The research concludes by demonstrating the applicability of TSMC, TSMS, and TSMI in conducting an initial assessment of the Transit System Maturity for the fast growing city of Dubai.

Study on Compost Utilization of Horticultural Waste

This study aimed to explore the optimal material ratio for composting of horticultural waste,which was expected to improve the utilization rate of this waste.To be specific,horticultural waste and edible fungus residue were mixed with pig manure,rapeseed cake,or compound fertilizer and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the pile was adjusted to 30∶1 for composting.The raw materials at different ratios were prepared to determine the temperature variation,maturity,germination index,and total contents of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium of the compost.The results showed that the high-temperature period,germination index,and total nutrient content of the compost in the three treatments all met standard of organic fertilizer.T1 presented the longest high-temperature period and highest germination index and contents of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium after 42 d of composting.To sum up,the three treatments all yielded composts with no toxin and standard maturity and nutrients as commercial organic fertilizer,particularly T1.In areas short of livestock manure,the rapeseed cake or compound fertilizer can also be used as a nitrogen source for the composting of horticultural waste.

不同原料配比对芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵效果的影响

为促进芦笋秸秆资源化利用,通过加入不同比例的鸭粪和稻壳于芦笋秸秆中,进行资源化堆肥效果的试验研究。以发酵温度、pH、发芽指数、有机质、氮、磷、钾等为评价指标,研究鸭粪和稻壳添加对堆肥发酵过程的影响。结果表明:单一芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵过程,无高温阶段,未能达到发酵堆肥要求。添加不同比例的鸭粪和稻壳均能促进芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵,高温维持时间12~13 d,高温阶段平均温度为56.3~60.4℃,发酵周期21~29 d,发酵30 d结束时,发芽指数达到了92%~118%,pH>8.0,有机质含量50.70%~57.02%,氮磷钾总养分含量4.64%~5.20%。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,70%芦笋秸秆+10%鸭粪+20%稻壳粉的配比发酵效果优于其他配比,更适合芦笋秸秆发酵。

规模化养鸡场鸡粪“两段式”好氧堆肥工艺研究

好氧堆肥是鸡粪资源化利用的重要途径,它不仅能够解决鸡粪污染问题,还能够产生有机肥用于土壤改良,增强土壤肥力。但在工程应用上,传统的槽式堆肥发酵周期长,而罐式堆肥又常因物料含水率过高而难以启动,发酵效果不甚理想。本研究设计了一种“两段式”好氧堆肥工艺,通过初级发酵槽(第一阶段)发酵降低了物料含水率,从而实现了物料在立式发酵罐(第二阶段)内的快速腐熟。应用该工艺的示范工程已完成建设并稳定运行,对发酵完成后的物料进行腐熟度评价,发现物料的pH、含水率、有机质、蛔虫卵死亡率、种子发芽指数等评价指标均已满足要求,可作为肥料使用。

不同粉碎程度下废弃萝卜堆肥养分及腐熟特征

以废弃萝卜为主料,研究粉碎程度(不粉碎、粗粉碎、细粉碎)对萝卜堆肥养分及腐熟的影响。结果表明,粉碎程度越高,堆肥启动越快且温度累积越高;堆肥结束时,3个处理的有机质和总养分含量均能达到《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)的要求,且粗粉碎处理的有机质含量显著高于其他2个处理(P<0.05);堆肥结束时,粗粉碎和细粉碎处理种子发芽指数分别为88.14%和88.07%,达到腐熟要求。因此,废弃萝卜在粗粉碎和细粉碎情况下均能堆肥成功,考虑到处理成本,建议萝卜堆肥时粗粉碎即可。

面向五金行业智能制造成熟度评价研究——以浙江永康五金行业为例

如何科学评价具体行业智能制造发展水平已成为实体经济数字化改造提升亟须解决的问题.通过对近年来有关智能制造成熟度评价理论研究成果的梳理,分析评价了模型的要素、优缺点,结合智能制造能力成熟度模型和五金行业特性,构建了五金行业智能制造能力成熟度评价指标,在此基础上以永康五金行业为例,采用AHP、熵权法与TOPSIS法组合进行模型的验证与分析,结果表明研究提出的评价体系具有一定的可靠性和指导价值。

微生物复合菌剂添加对白酒酒糟堆肥腐熟速度的影响

为提高白酒酒糟堆肥的腐熟速度,以酱香型白酒酒糟为主要原料,添加曲草和钙镁磷肥调节通气性和pH值,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺进行36 d的堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、电导率值、氮含量和种子发芽指数,探究由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)组成的复合菌剂的添加对堆肥过程及腐熟速度的影响。结果表明,未接种菌剂的对照组和复合菌剂组各自经历30 d的高温期后进入降温期,达到了高温堆肥的无害化要求。与对照组相比,添加复合菌剂使堆肥1~19 d的堆体升温速度增加0.16℃/d,1~9 d的pH值增速提高0.04/d,18~24、30~36 d的电导率值降低0.15~0.30 mS/cm,同时12~36 d铵态氮的积累减少20.81%~33.23%。添加复合菌剂后,种子发芽指数于第30天升高至70.85%,达到有机肥腐熟标准,而对照组仅为47.21%。综上,复合菌剂通过加快有机物降解、快速改善酸性环境、降低盐含量和铵态氮含量,促进种子发芽指数快速提高,加快了白酒酒糟堆肥进程,提高了堆肥腐熟速度。

2023年河南冬小麦成熟期连阴雨强度综合评估

为构建适合河南小麦成熟期连阴雨灾害强度指数,并明确河南小麦受连阴雨影响的敏感时段,利用河南省111个测站1961—2023年气象资料及有关农业气象观测站数据,分析了2023年河南小麦连阴雨受灾及相关发育期情况,以及主要气象因子和连阴雨灾害调查数据的相关性,并根据前人研究成果,结合河南实际,构建了3种小麦成熟期连阴雨灾害强度指数。结果表明:(1)小麦开花后35天以上,是小麦籽粒品质受连阴雨天气影响最敏感的时段。(2)成熟期连阴雨灾害强度指数L2和L3均能够很好地吻合2023年河南小麦因连阴雨灾害的受灾情况,特别是L3兼具实用性和准确性,能够满足业务服务需要。(3)2023年河南省小麦成熟期连阴雨灾害强度指数L2、L3空间分布都表现为南高北低,全省平均L2为0.81,L3为0.32,均为1961年以来的最高值。

不同通风策略下大规模鸭粪堆肥的腐熟和光谱特征

[目的]鉴于鸭粪处理的固有挑战,有效的通风措施是鸭粪工业堆肥过程成功的关键。这项开创性的研究旨在评估来自鸭粪和蘑菇废弃物堆肥的腐熟度和稳定性。本研究进一步探讨了各种通风策略在促进堆肥过程中有机物分解和转化方面的有效性和效率。[方法]将鸭肥和蘑菇废弃物按干重比为2∶1(C/N约为21.15)混合进行堆肥试验。堆肥采用梯形桩,每桩体积5.6 m^(3),采用管道通风。堆肥试验包括4个通气时间处理,分别为10、20、30、60 min/d(分别记作C1、C2、C3和C4处理)。主要研究了堆肥过程中物理化学特性、紫外-可见光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(IR)的变化特征。[结果]在堆肥第5天和第6天,堆肥进入嗜热期,持续17天,第15天达到50℃。在堆肥前5天,堆肥pH从8.5迅速上升到12.3,可能是由于鸭粪蛋白质的分解,然后在接下来的20天里逐渐下降,在28~30天急剧下降,之后逐渐下降。在高温期(第17天)后,堆肥C1、C2、C3和C4处理的含水量较堆肥初期分别减少了45.9%、46%、44.7%和43%。C3和C4处理的TC值远低于C1和C2。所有堆肥处理的紫外吸收均随波长的增加而降低。在X射线衍射图中存在部分纤维素特征峰(2θ=26.56°)。这些样品含有更多的结晶和“无定形”纤维素、木聚糖和其他多糖。在200~220 nm光谱范围内,硝酸盐和羧基类化学物质的吸收速度比芳香族或不饱和分子快。堆肥的吸收率随初始碳氮比和堆肥过程的持续时间而变化。相反,在460~480 nm处的吸光度表明有机材料的腐殖质化。Q2/6或Q4/6值越低,表明有机物腐殖化程度越高和越多的有机物缩合成芳香族化合物。在红外光谱中,整个堆肥过程中与有机或无机官能团相关的所有条带的强度都有明显的变化。红外光谱显示出一个宽峰,中心波数为3400 cm^(-1),表明存在与羟基(OH)基团和水分子相关的拉伸振动。在3000~2800 cm^(-1)的光谱范围内,可以观察到一个与有机化合物所表现出的疏水特性相关的现象。在2900~2850 cm^(-1)处存在的条带可以归因于C-H脂肪族基团和醛基基团(CHO)的伸缩振动。初始堆肥样品和C1、C2、C3、C4的红外光谱在堆肥过程中发生了显著变化。由于这些变化,红外光谱吸收带发生了显著的变化,表明相关的物质结构发生了变化。因此,C3和C4在堆肥过程中表现出较高程度的稳定性。[结论]65天的堆肥试验显示,在整个堆肥过程中,温度发生变化,通风60 min/d的堆肥最高温度高于通风10 min/d的堆肥。在堆肥过程中,随着通气量的增加,pH呈下降趋势,因此,日通风30~60 min的堆肥pH较低。堆肥过程中,堆料C/N逐渐降低,表明纤维素活性增加。XRD光谱显示峰值强度降低,反映了纤维素的分解。日通风30~60 min堆肥表现出较高的成熟度,突出了通风对成功堆肥的重要性。