Flow resistance and its prediction methods in compound channels

A series of experiments was carried out in a large symmetric compound channel composed of a rough main channel and rough floodplains to investigate the resistance characteristics of inbank and overbank flows. The effective Manning, Darcy-Weisbach, Chezy coefficients and the relative Nikuradse roughness height were analyzed. Many different representative methods for predicting the composite roughness were systematically summarized. Besides the measured data, a vast number of laboratory data and field data for compound channels were collected and used to check the validity of these methods for different subsection divisions including the vertical, horizontal, diagonal and bisectional divisions. The computation showed that these methods resulted in big errors in assessing the composite roughness in compound channels, and the reasons were analyzed in detail. The error magnitude is related to the subsection divisions.

Analysis of flow around impermeable groynes on one side of symmetrical compound channel:An experimental study

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influences of floodplain impermeable groynes on flow structure, velocity, and water depth around the groyne（s）. A wooden symmetrical compound channel was used. Groyne models with three different groyne relative lengths, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, were used on one floodplain with single and series arrangements. Analysis of the experimental results using the measured flow velocity and water depth values showed that flow structure, velocity, and water depth mainly depend on groyne relative length and the relative distance between series groynes. The flow velocity at the main channel centerline increased by about 40%, 60%, and 85%, and in other parts on the horizontal plane at the floodplain mid-water, depth by about 75%, 125%, and 175% of its original value in eases of one-side floodplain groyne（s） with relative lengths of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively. The effective distance between two groynes in series arrangement ranges from 3 to 4 times the groyne length. Using an impermeable groyne with a large relative length in river floodplains increases the generation of eddy and roller zones downstream of the groyne, leading to more scouring and deposition. To avoid that, the groyne relative length must be kept below half the floodplain width,

潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的应用研究及展望

基质的选择直接影响着潜流人工湿地全生命周期及污水处理效果,不同类型的基质对脱氮除磷具有差异性效果。综述了不同类型潜流人工湿地基质的研究现状,分析了其脱氮除磷机理,总结了各类基质的应用效果,展望了天然矿石基质、固体废弃物基质和人工合成基质研究方向和研究重点,以期为潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的研发提供参考。

基于抽真空系统的继电器线圈BMC热固性塑料模具结构设计

对于原有BMC继电器线圈模具的外观较差、线圈断线丝、生产效率及合格率较低等问题,设计了一种1模16腔布局的上、下双顶出系统的压注模具,通过抽真空系统结构的设计将注塑压力从原充填压力19~42 MPa降低至22~25 MPa,成型件采用电加热及电阻测温方法,上模镶件的温度控制在148~151℃之间,下模镶件的温度控制在148~151℃之间,通过实际生产验证抽真空系统的效果。该改进方案使不合格品率从0.08%降低至0.015%,生产效率提高了20%。结果表明,该模具通过抽真空系统的应用提高了模具的可靠性及稳定性,满足自动化数字化生产线的要求,并且,提高了生产效率与产品的合格率。

非对称入流复合消力池消能体型研究

为了适应工程地形所需的复合底流消力池以其布置形式简单、工程投资小等优点,在中小型水库工程中得到广泛应用,但其在非对称入流条件下普遍存在水流流态复杂、消能率低等各种问题。基于抚宁抽水蓄能电站下库泄洪消能建筑物,采用水力学模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对复合消力池消能体型及入流方式进行了研究。结果表明:将传统消力池的均匀对称入流方式调整为适宜的非对称方式后,既扩大了消力池水流入水的空间范围,又保留了三元水跃高消能率的优点,同时也解决了因入流不均匀及消力池体型不对称而产生的消力池内水流旋转问题。通过模型试验和数值计算发现,这种底流消能体型布置方式极大提高了入射水体与下游水垫的剪切碰撞作用,降低了消力池临底流速与底板压强,且流态稳定,适于工程不同工况的安全运行,也使消力池总消能率提升了约10%。

负载口独立控制系统非线性滤波振动抑制方法

针对负载口独立控制系统在作业过程中时常因控制信号突变而造成执行器速度振荡及液压缸两腔压力波动,从而导致操作舒适性和机器可靠性降低甚至引发安全事故的问题,首先,分析了负载口独立控制系统压力流量复合控制策略以及传统阻尼补偿方法抑振的局限性,阐明了引发速度振荡与压力波动的原因;然后,基于该控制系统,提出了采用非线性滤波器修改突变控制信号的抑振方法,并给出了非线性滤波器的边界选取原则;最后,设计了负载口独立控制系统的进出口阀控制器,通过修改参考流量信号,降低了不同突变信号对执行器速度带来的影响。基于20 t挖掘机负载口独立控制系统开展数值仿真,结果表明:相较于传统阻尼补偿方法,采用所提方法能够有效降低阶跃、斜坡信号引起的执行器速度振荡与压力波动,且在动臂液压缸全伸、全缩典型工况下压力波动较小,并使速度振荡降低了32.5%~64.7%,从而有效改善了系统的动态特性。

LUDV多路阀复合动作流量分配影响因素分析

以某阀后补偿流量共享型多路换向阀为对象,在不饱和流量状态下分析了复合动作中补偿阀芯的压力补偿功能,探明了补偿阀芯的补偿压力随负载动态变化的特性。通过分析不同过流面积下主阀芯和补偿阀芯对各动作流量的影响,提出了考虑补偿阀芯最小开口与主阀芯过流面积影响下的复合动作流量随负载变化理论计算公式。并通过多路阀复合动作试验进行了验证,通过误差分析确立了其具有一定准确性,为实际应用中多路阀流量分配设计提供了理论依据。

非对称液压缸位移伺服系统的复合控制策略与试验研究

非对称液压缸的位移伺服系统存在两腔作用面积不等、系统模型不确定等特点,给液压缸高精度位移跟踪控制造成了巨大的困难。对此,提出以速度前馈为主与位移反馈为辅的复合控制策略。设计一种新的以控制电流和阀口压差为自变量的伺服阀流量计算模型,并根据该模型设计液压测试回路,通过测试结果辨识模型中的参数。根据伺服阀流量模型与目标位移轨迹计算速度前馈控制量。基于PI控制求出位移误差反馈控制量。最后,将速度前馈和位移反馈控制量相叠加作为伺服阀的驱动电压。通过试验得出在复合控制策略下液压缸位移跟踪的最大误差与目标位移幅值之比为2.1%,相对PID控制跟踪误差明显减小。提出的控制策略为生产实际中非对称液压缸的位移跟踪控制提供了一种简单、有效的方法。

燃气透平叶片前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却的管网耦合方法研究

为方便燃气透平叶片前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却结构的设计与研发,提出了一种管网耦合计算方法。利用Python编制了叶片冷却结构设计的一维管网程序,并采用冲击冷却的实验结果对管网程序进行了验证;结合ANSYS CFX三维数值计算软件,搭建了用于叶片前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却的管网耦合设计计算平台,设计了用于计算内部流场的管网模型,并提出了管网耦合计算中的外部气膜冷却修正方法;通过与经湍流模型验证和网格无关性考核后的三维气热耦合计算结果进行对比分析,验证了管网耦合计算方法的可靠性。结果表明:所设计的管网模型对叶片内部冷却具有较好的模拟精度,可用于管网耦合过程中内部流场的计算;与三维气动计算相比,采用气膜冷却修正方法得到的平均气膜冷却效率的相对误差在2.18%~12.2%之间,验证了气膜冷却修正方法的可靠性;管网耦合计算结果与三维气热耦合计算结果吻合良好,两种方法计算的叶片壁面温度分布一致,但采用管网耦合方法可以大大节约计算时间,耗时为三维气热耦合计算的1/18。管网耦合计算方法可应用于叶片前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却的设计与研究。

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂关键中间体的微通道技术合成

为了优化二氮杂双环辛烷(DBO)类新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的关键中间体(2S,5R)-6-苄氧基-7-氧代-1,6-二氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-2-羧酸(Ⅰ)的合成工艺,采用微通道技术,通过对反应溶剂、温度、停留时间和碱的优化,以加快反应速率,提高反应产率。结果表明:采用连续流微通道技术,以(2S,5R)-6-苄氧基-7-氧代-1,6-二氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-2-羧酸苄酯(Ⅱ)为原料,在氢氧化锂的丙酮水溶液中,温度45℃,反应时间20 min,水解制备得到DBO类新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的关键中间体(Ⅰ),经氢谱、碳谱、高分辨质谱鉴定,产物与目标化合物一致,目标产物的收率可达95%。该微通道合成方法显著加快反应速率的同时提高了反应收率,对DBO类新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的工业化生产具有应用前景。

单侧滩地植被作用下的弯曲主槽二次流特性

为探讨单侧滩地植被对弯曲主槽二次流特性的影响,概化设计了无滩地植被与有单侧滩地植被的弯曲河道模型,利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测得其主槽特征断面的瞬时流速。试验结果显示:在单式弯道中,主涡的形成完全由弯道离心力决定;但在试验复式弯道中,主涡的形成与滩槽水流交换密切相关。当相对水深为0.15时,与无滩地植被工况相比,在滩地植被横向宽度较小的弯顶附近和直线过渡段,二次流强度出现了较大衰减,但在滩地植被横向宽度较大的弯顶附近,二次流强度无明显差别。当相对水深增至0.35时,两种滩地条件下弯曲主槽各断面的二次流强度均有所增强,但单侧滩地植被条件下各断面的二次流强度均小于无滩地植被条件下的对应值。在有单侧滩地植被条件下,对于同一相对水深,上游滩地无植被的直线过渡段,二次流强度明显大于上游滩地覆有植被的直线过渡段的情况。在无滩地植被条件下,雷诺应力R vw等值线的“岛心”位置可以标示二次流主涡的旋转中心,而“岛心”处雷诺应力R vw的正负可以表征二次流主涡的旋转方向。在有单侧滩地植被条件下,断面中部的雷诺应力R vw等值线分布十分凌乱,并无上述规律,且其绝对值明显小于无滩地植被条件的对应值。

复方托吡卡胺对健康人视网膜微循环参数的影响

目的本研究通过对无视网膜疾病的健康人使用复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳前后相干光层析血管成像术(OCTA)定量参数进行对比分析,探讨散瞳药物对健康人视网膜微循环的影响。方法横断面研究。2021年12月至2022年3月在我院收集无视网膜疾病的健康受试者39例。所有受试者使用复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳,分别于散瞳前及瞳孔充分散大后采用OCTA仪进行黄斑区及视盘区Angiography 6 mm×6 mm模式扫描,测量黄斑区浅层毛细血管丛血流密度(SVD)、深层毛细血管丛血流密度(DVD)、黄斑中心凹无血管区(FAZ)面积、FAZ旁300μm内血流密度(FD-300)、FAZ周长(PERIM)、圆度指数(CI)以及视盘旁视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)平均血流密度。使用配对样本t检验比较散瞳前后测得的OCTA参数。结果本研究共纳入受试者共39例,其中男性受试者25例,女性受试者14例,年龄(26.21±1.47)岁(20~35岁)。OCTA检查结果显示复方托吡卡胺散瞳前后黄斑区SVD、DVD、FAZ面积、FD-300、PERIM、CI指数以及视盘旁RNFL平均血流密度差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论复方托吡卡胺对无视网膜疾病的健康人黄斑区SVD、DVD、FAZ面积、FD-300、PERIM、CI指数以及视盘旁RNFL平均血流密度无明显影响。

用于超声散斑跟踪血流测速的多角度平面波局部运动补偿

血流速度剖面用于计算壁面剪切率等血流动力学指标,与动脉粥样硬化病程发展密切相关。超快超声散斑跟踪广泛用于血流速度剖面估计,然而多角度平面波复合成像存在血流散射体的运动伪影,不利于流速估计。提出了一种多角度平面波复合成像的局部运动补偿法,对射频信号时间序列的相邻帧进行局部运动补偿来消除不同径向位置的运动伪影,从而提高流速测量准确性。相比直接相干复合,B-MoCo法将仿真、仿体实验中流速测量结果的归一化均方根误差平均减小了10.37%、37.82%,说明了B-MoCo法的有效性。基于兔骼动脉的实测实验进一步证明了B-MoCo法的临床可行性。综上,B-MoCo法能够有效提高血流速度剖面的测量精度,有助于相关心血管疾病的早期诊断与病程监测。

RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NEW TYPE OF PROPORTIONAL PESSURE AND FLOW CONTROL VALVE

A new closed loop flow controlling principle through correcting the valve'sopening area while load pressure is changing is carried out. Further more a principle using only oneproportional valve to compound control pressure and flow is suggested. By using very simpleproportional throttle valve in structure, the functions that five kinds of proportional valves orany two of them combined possess can be complimented. After analyzing, comparing, and testing thedynamic and static characteristics of valve with different controlling principles and main valvestructure styles, the optimized structure styles and control methods are achieved.

排水采油与气水协同复合挖潜在某井组应用

塔河碳酸盐岩是经过多期构造破裂和古风化壳岩溶共同作用的缝洞型油气藏,储集空间主要有溶洞、裂缝及孔隙三种类型,其特点是不规则形态和非均匀分布,储层非均质性极强,油水关系复杂。文章从排水采油原理出发结合H20井组地质背景、生产特征、连通情况入手对井组连通情况、见水特征进行分析,根据井组水侵规律认识,制定排水采油复合气水协同组合治理对策,实现井组复合挖潜,效益开发。

Predictive model for stage-discharge curve in compound channels with vegetated floodplains

The governing equation of the discharge per unit width, derived from the flow continuity equation and the momentum equation in the vegetated compound chan- nel, is established. The analytical solution to the discharge per unit width is presented, including the effects of bed friction, lateral momentum transfer, drag force, and secondary flows. A simple＇ but available numerical integral method, i.e., the compound trapezoidM formula, is used to calculate the approximate solutions of the sub-area discharge and the total discharge. A comparison with the published experimental data from the U. K. Flood Channel Facility （UK-FCF） demonstrates that this model is capable of predicting not only the stage-discharge curve but also the sub-area discharge in the vegetated com- pound channel. The effects of the two crucial parameters, i.e., the divided number of the integral interval and the secondary flow coefficient, on the total discharge are discussed and analyzed.

Secondary flow coefficient of overbank flow

This paper presents a 2D analytical solution for the transverse velocity distribution in compound open channels based on the Shiono and Knight method （SKM）, in which the secondary flow coefficient （K-value） is introduced to take into account the effect of the secondary flow. The modeling results agree well with the experimental results from the Science and Engineering Research Council-Flood Channel Facility （SERC-FCF）. Based on the SERC-FCF, the effects of geography on the secondary flow coefficient and the reason for such effects are analyzed. The modeling results show that the intensity of the secondary flow is related to the geometry of the section of the compound channel, and the sign of the K-value is related to the rotating direction of the secondary flow cell. This study provides a scientific reference to the selection of theK-value.

Numerical Simulation of Phenolic Sheet Molding Compound in Compression Molding

Based on generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) model, a numerical simulation of phenolic sheet molding compound (P-SMC) in compression molding is realized by finite element step-by-step computing method. Finite elemental computing and post analysis programs have been written. The compression mold filling process, time and pressure requirements of P-SMC in a closed mold are predicted, and a good agreement is shown when compared with experiments. It will be of theoretical significance for the mold design and the optimization of the technological parameters in the compression molding of sheet molding compound.

基于BP神经网络的独立节流口阀流量-压力复合控制方法

相较传统比例阀,独立节流口阀因阀口独立控制,更易实现流量-压力复合控制功能。但由于流量、压力控制过程为多级闭环控制,仅采用传统PID控制算法难以满足流量-压力复合控制的要求。针对某型双阀芯独立节流口阀,提出了基于BP神经网络PID的流量-压力复合控制策略,利用BP神经网络算法可以逼近任意非线性函数的特性,实时调整PID控制器的参数值,并进行了理论分析和实验研究。结果表明:采用BP神经网络PID控制算法在流量-压力复合控制时,流量、压力控制精度分别为1.8%和2.1%,可以满足大多数流量-压力复合控制场合的需求。

Experimental Study of the Effects of Submerged Dikes on the Energy and Momentum Coefficients in Compound Channel

This paper aims to understand the flow structure around submerged dike in the main channel and flood plain of a compound cross section. The study undertaken to develop this understanding was carried out in a laboratory flume using a submerged vane installed at a 90 degree angle to the bank. In order to study the flow structures, the flow velocity was measured using a three-dimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocity meter (micro-ADV) with data collection rate of 50 Hz. These flow velocity measurements were taken at 500 points on a regular grid. As the tests were undertaken with turbulent flow, these conditions were subcritical. Furthermore, all the tests were undertaken using a fixed bed. The results obtained showed that the momentum transfer and the kinetic energy reduced in two directions. Also the energy and momentum coefficients decreased significantly with the installation of the submerged vane inside the main channel. Finally, streamlines were found to deviate from the side walls of channel into the main channel.