The Effects of Different Ratios of Feldspathic Sandstone and Sand Compound Soil on Water-stable Aggregates in 4 Years Crop Planting

To study the formation process of feldspathic sandstone and sand compound soil in the Mu Us Desert,1∶ 1,1∶ 2 and 1∶ 5 ratios of feldspathic sandstone and sand were mixed to obtain compound soil to plant crops,and analyze the rules of changes in water-stable aggregates of the compound soil among the 4 years crops growing process. The results showed,before crop planting,the order of mass percent of> 0. 25 mm and 0. 25-2. 00 mm water-stable aggregates in three kinds of compound soil was 1∶ 1 > 1∶ 2 > 1∶ 5,showing that the overall content was low; the mass percent of > 0. 25 mm water-stable aggregates remained at 18. 38%-28. 22%; the mass percent of 0. 25-0. 50 mm,0. 50-2. 00 mm,2. 00-5. 00 mm,and > 5. 00 mm water-stable aggregates was close with each other in each kind of compound soil. After4 years of planting,the mass percent of > 0. 25 mm water-stable aggregates in 1∶ 2 compound soil increased significantly and exceeded other2 kinds of compound soil,reached 32. 34%; the main components of > 0. 25 mm water stable aggregates in 1∶ 1,1∶ 2,and 1∶ 5 compound soil were 0. 25-0. 50 mm( 53. 54%),0. 25-0. 50 mm( 59. 43%),0. 05-2. 00 mm( 52. 16%),aggregates; 0. 25-2. 00 mm aggregates increased significantly in all three kinds of compound soil,with the highest increase in 1∶ 2 compound soil; the organic matters of 1∶ 2 compound soil were significantly correlated with 0. 25-0. 50 mm and 0. 25-2. 00 mm water-stable aggregates. The results showed that the ratio of 0. 25-2. 00 mm aggregates in the three kinds of compound soil was increased after 4 years of crop planting and 1∶ 2 compound soil was most favorable for the formation of aggregates.

Review and prospect of soil compound erosion

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues constraining the sustainable development of human society and economies.Soil compound erosion is the result of the alternation or interaction between two or more erosion forces.In recent years,fluctuations and extreme changes in climatic factors(air temperature,precipitation,wind speed,etc.)have led to an increase in the intensity and extent of compound erosion,which is increasingly considered in soil erosion research.First,depending on the involvement of gravity,compound erosion process can be divided into compound erosion with and without gravity.We systematically summarized the research on the mechanisms and processes of alternating or interacting soil erosion forces(wind,water,and freeze-thaw)considering different combinations,combed the characteristics of compound erosion in three typical regions,namely,high-elevation areas,high-latitude areas,and dry and wet transition regions,and reviewed soil compound erosion research methods,such as station observations,simulation experiments,prediction models,and artificial neural networks.The soil erosion model of wind,water,and freeze-thaw interaction is the most significant method for quantifying and predicting compound erosion.Furthermore,it is proposed that there are several issues such as unclear internal mechanisms,lack of comprehensive prediction models,and insufficient scale conversion methods in soil compound erosion research.It is also suggested that future soil compound erosion mechanism research should prioritize the coupling of compound erosion forces and climate change.

Assessment of the Level of Metal(loid)s Pollution and Bioactive Compounds Screening of Anthill Soil

The anthill soil is used by hypertensive elderly and teenagers from Oshikoto region (Namibia) and many of them testified stabilization of their blood pressure to normal after consuming the anthill soil-derived aqueous extracts. This study therefore investigated and/or assessed the physicochemical parameters, the contents of some metal(loid)s (and their associated potential health risks) and the qualitative composition of bioactive compounds of this anthill soil. The homogenous soil sample collected from various anthill soils in the Oshikoto region was used to obtain the measurements of physiochemical parameters. The elemental contents were determined (using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer) after acid digestion in accordance with the EPA method 350B and their potential health risk assessments were performed. Methanol, aqueous methanol, and aqueous-based extracts were generated via maceration extraction process prior to the screening of bioactive compounds using standard diagnostic assays. The oxidation reduction potential (164.4 ± 16.6 mV) was the only physicochemical parameter whose value was within the World Health Organization limits for drinking water whereas, total dissolved solids (23 ± 5.5 mg/L), electrical conductivity (44 ± 10.1 uS/cm) and pH (5.35 ± 0.33) were out of specifications. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were present in anthill soil (with respect to the extractants used) to which its antihypertensive properties can be attributed in addition to some of the studied mineral components. With respect to the pH, TDS and EC, and the contents of most metal(loid)s in relation to their health risk assessment values, the results suggest that aqueous extracts derived from this anthill soil can be deemed unsuitable for human consumption.

Enhanced photodegradation of phenolic compounds by adding TiO_2 to soil in a rotary reactor

Photodegradation ofpentachlorophenol （PCP） and p-nitrophenol （PNP） in soil was carried out in a designed rotary reactor, which can provide the soil particles with continually uniform irradiation, and on a series of thin soil layers. TiO2, as a kind of environmental friendly photocatalyst, was introduced to the soil to enhance the processes. Compared with that on the soil layers, photodegradation of PCP at initial concentration of 60 mg/kg was improved dramatically in the rotary reactor no matter whether TiO2 was added, with an increase of 3.0 times in the apparent first-order rate constants. The addition of 1 wt% TiO2 furthered the improvement by 1.4 times. Without addition of TiO2, PNP （initial concentration of 60 mg/kg） photodegradation rate in the rotary reactor was similar to that on the soil layers. When 1 wt% additional TiO2 was added, PNP photodegradation was enhanced obviously, and the enhancement in the rotary reactor was 2 times of that on the soil layers, which may be attributed to the higher frequency of the contact between PNP on soil particles and the photocatalyst. The effect of soil pH and initial concentrations of the target compounds on the photodegradation in the rotary reactor was investigated. The order of the degradation rate at different soil pH was relative to the aggregation of soil particles during mixing in the rotary reactor. Photodegradation of PCP and PNP at different initial concentrations showed that addition of TiO2 to enhance the photodegradation was more suitable for contaminated soil with higher concentration of PCP, while was effective for contaminated soil at each PNP concentration tested in our study.

Compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,As in plant-soil system and its prevention

By means of both pot and field tests,this paper studied the contents of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn and As and their ecological effects on plant-soil system.in tissues of crops and soil microorganisms.It was found that there exist synergistic effect among these five elements,especially for Cd in combination.The reclaniation of soil polluted by these elements in combination is rather difficult to be carried out.The distinctive ecological and chemical behaviors between Cd and As make various reclamation measures less applicable,and thus,further research measures are necessary.

Compound contamination and secondary ecological effects of Cd and As in soil－alfalfa ecosystems

d and As both have harmful effects on the growth,development and seed germination of alfalfa, especially in such a condition as the coexistence of Cd and As in soil environment The research using the pot-culture imitative method first found that if soil was simultaneously polluted by Cd and As,function of alfalfa absorbing Cd from soil may be promoted because of the existence of As,in conversely,Cd may inhibit alfalfa plant from absorbing As It was also found that secon- dary ecological effects were most likely to be brought out due to the coexistence of Cd and As. For example,alfalfa is passive to excessively absorb Cu and Pb .The harmful effects undoubtedly intensi- fy the contamination of alfalfa, The results showed that the mechanism of the interaction among Cd,As,Pb and Cu in soil-alfalfa ecosystems is very complicated.

Aromatic compound degradation by iron reducing bacteria isolated from irrigated tropical paddy soils

Forty-six candidate phenol/benzoate degrading-iron reducing bacteria were isolated from long term irrigated tropical paddy soils by enrichment procedures.Pure cultures and some prepared mixed cultures were examined for ferric oxide reduction and phenol/benzoate degradation.All the isolates were iron reducers,but only 56.5%could couple iron reduction to phenol and/or benzoate degradation,as evidenced by depletion of phenol and benzoate after one week incubation.Analysis of degradative capability using Biolog...

Evaluation of Pesticide Toxicity and Chemical Compounds Revealed in Soils of Sikasso and Segou (Mali)

The contaminants of the ground are potentially harmful agents and when they are released in this medium, their persistence becomes an important concern. Because of the expressed interest, a certain number of pesticides and important chemicals and their toxicity are described in this article. The studies went on the determination of the concentration, the lethal amount of the organochlorinated compounds, chemical organophosphates, carbamates and compounds. One summer recorded 3 pesticides in 5 samples of the grounds of Sikasso and Segou (Mali). Their concentration varies from 20 (atrazine) with 45 g/kg of ground. The lethal amounts of the revealed poisons variable from 338 for phtalates to 28.710 mg/kg for hexane (alkane) thus evaluate their impact on the food chain. Organophosphates and the carbamates (insecticidal) involve a reduction of 34.2% of the number of Cyprinus carpio of fresh water. The atrazine contaminates drinking water, but the diuron modifies the behavior and the reproduction of fish by deteriorating their system of olfactive perception of natural substances. Important mortalities of birds are noted around the corn fields of Bougouni treated by the carbofuran. The pesticides involve at the man a reduction in fruitfulness, an increase in the risk of miscarriage of premature birth, congenital malformations and cancers.

Effects of Magnesium Compound with Fertilizer on Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) Growth and Soil Nutrients

Effects of two kinds of magnesium compound with fertilizer on Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） growth, yield, and soil nutrients in red soil were studied. The results indicated that significant effects of magnesium applied to soils were observed in increasing Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield, improving its growth, and strengthening its antivirus property as well as increasing the amount of exchangeable Mg, N, P, and K in red soil. In particular, the effects of magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅱ （MCF2） with higher Mg content were better than that of the others, which increased Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield by 57.4, 32.8, and 14.5% compared to that of control treatment （CK）, chemical fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium treatment （CF）, and magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅰ treatment （MCF1） with lower Mg content. It increased soil Alkali N, available P, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Mg by 94.9, 46.5, 31.1, and 35.3%, respectively, compared with that of CK treatment. Therefore, the application of magnesium compound with fertilizer is an optimum method for improving red soil quality.

Heat balance of solar-soil source heat pump compound system

Based on the state-of-the-art studies of solar-soil source heat pump compound system,operation patterns of solar-soil compound system were analyzed,particularly the advantages of parallel operation pattern.It is found that parallel operation pattern is better for solar-soil compound system.Furthermore,the heat balance issue of solar-soil compound system was emphatically analyzed from four aspects,which were annual analysis of heating and cooling load,the heat exchange of ground heat exchanger,capacity determination of solar-assisted heat source and heat balance calculation of solar-soil compound system.Moreover,annual rate of heat balance in a solar-soil source heat pump compound system was calculated with a case study.It is shown that the annual heat unbalance ratio is 19%,which is less than 20%.As a result,the practical solar-soil compound system can basically maintain the heat balance of soil.

Sorption of Organic Compounds in Soil Organic Matter

Soil organic matter(SOM)is the predominant component for sorption of hydrophobic organic compouds in soil and sorption by SOM ultimately affects chemical fate and availability in soil,and the degree of remedia- tion success of contaminated soils. This paper summarizes the latest development on sorption of organic com- pounds in soil (natural) organic matter,addresses four sorption mechanisms: surface adsorption,solid - phase Partitioning,dual-mode sorption,and fixed-pore sorption model,and presents future research directions as well.

上海城市土壤理化性质空间分布及其对土壤污染物风险控制值的影响

为考察土壤理化性质的差异对土壤中污染物的风险控制值计算结果的影响,以上海为研究区采集296个土样进行土壤理化性质参数分析,参考《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2019)中的方法计算不同污染物的土壤风险控制值,并与《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600—2018)中的风险筛选值进行比较。结果表明,研究区土壤为典型的黏性土壤特性,其土壤理化性质参数与HJ 25.3—2019推荐值有明显差异;土壤理化参数的取值主要影响挥发性有机污染物的风险计算结果;以研究区实测的土壤理化参数背景值来计算25种挥发性有机污染物在第一、二类用地的土壤风险控制值,结果与GB 36600—2018的风险筛选值相比存在不同程度的差异。采用Crystal Ball模型计算土壤容重(ρ_(b))、包气带土层孔隙水体积比(θ_(ws))、包气带土层孔隙空气体积比(θ_(as))和土壤有机碳质量分数(f_(oc))对土壤风险控制值的敏感性,4个参数敏感性排序为ρ_(b)>f_(oc)>θ_(ws)>θ_(as);污染物物理性质会影响土壤理化性质对土壤风险控制值计算的敏感性;研究区域土壤θ_(as)、θ_(ws)与HJ 25.3—2019推荐值差异较大,是造成土壤风险控制值计算结果与GB 36600—2018的风险筛选值存在差异的主要因素。

氧化钙活化过硫酸盐修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤

采用氧化钙活化过硫酸盐氧化法修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤,考察了过硫酸钠投加量、过硫酸钠与氧化钙投加比、水土比等对修复效果的影响,探讨了机理。结果表明,在过硫酸钠投加量2.5 mmol/g,氧化钙与过硫酸钠投加比2∶5,水土比3∶1的条件下,汞、砷的钝化率分别为81%和83%,存在形态由弱酸提取态转化为更为稳定的残渣态,氯仿、苯、总石油烃和1,2,3-三氯丙烷的去除率分别为99%,98%,82%,80%。氧化钙一方面,催化过硫酸盐,产生硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基氧化重金属、降解有机污染物。另一方面,通过物理固封和吸附、络合、沉淀作用钝化汞、砷。研究为重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复技术的实际应用奠定基础。

复合木霉制剂防治黄连根腐病及其机理研究

为评价复合木霉制剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果,并揭示其防病机理,为黄连根腐病专用微生物农药的研发奠定基础,本试验将深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、长枝木霉T.longibrachiatum、钩状木霉T.hamatum、拟康宁木霉T.koningiopsis等4种木霉配制的复合制剂和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum以不同的方式分别施用于黄连,统计根腐病发生情况,检测黄连根部防御酶活性,用高通量测序分析根际土壤真菌群落结构。结果表明,复合木霉制剂对尖镰孢导致的根腐病具有明显预防效果;复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢分别接种黄连可提高SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO等防御性酶活性,产生诱导抗性;而它们先后接种黄连可产生强化效应,从另一个途径提高植株抗病性。复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢都会降低真菌的数量、多样性,和某些真菌的相对丰度,而复合木霉制剂的抑菌作用更强烈,尤其能明显抑制尖镰孢、Ilyonectria sp.等病原真菌的生长,且能改善土壤真菌群落结构。木霉和尖镰孢都能在土壤中较长期定殖。可见,复合木霉制剂可以预防尖镰孢导致的黄连根腐病,防病机理包括诱导黄连植株产生抗性,接种后再遭受病原菌侵染产生的强化效应,优化土壤真菌群落结构,抑制土壤中病原菌等,且有效期较长。因此复合木霉制剂具有开发为微生物农药防治黄连根腐病的潜力。

菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)对镉、铅、锌复合污染土壤的修复潜力

菊芋是一种生物量大、生长旺盛、易于栽培的能源作物。为探究菊芋对镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)复合污染土壤的修复潜力,利用土培盆栽和原位大田试验,研究菊芋对Cd、Pb、Zn复合胁迫的生长特性、富集特征、去除率及修复潜力。结果表明:随着盆栽土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn含量的增加,菊芋的株高、生物量先降低再升高再降低,SOD酶活性先升高再降低再升高,CAT酶活性先升高再降低,POD酶活性总体表现为逐渐升高。菊芋对Cd的富集系数范围为1.08~1.79,转运系数范围为2.05~6.27,地上部Cd最大积累量达到98.25 mg/kg;Pb富集系数范围为0.77~1.31,转运系数范围为3.41~5.67,地上部Pb最大累积量为585.81 mg/kg;Zn富集系数范围为0.44~0.79,转运系数范围为1.69~3.33,地上部Zn最大累积量为2668.04 mg/kg。原位大田试验中,菊芋地上部Cd、Pb、Zn含量范围分别为125.79~201.08 mg/kg、1075.99~1525.46 mg/kg、6896.21~7443.66 mg/kg,每亩受污染土壤种植2茬菊芋对Cd、Pb、Zn的年去除率分别为5.16%~9.04%、10.84%~16.90%、4.60%~5.46%。菊芋具有较好的Cd、Pb、Zn复合胁迫耐受性和修复潜力,可作为Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤修复的潜在超富集植物种质资源,具有较好的应用前景。

复合调理剂对陕北地区盐碱土调理及高羊茅生长的影响

为资源化利用陕北地区煤基固废,改善当地盐碱土生态环境,本试验采用粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、木醋液、生化黄腐酸和羊粪材料复配不同调理剂对陕北地区盐碱土进行综合改良,通过温室盆栽试验,分析不同调理材料复配后对土壤酸碱度、化学性质以及高羊茅生长的影响。结果表明:(1)不同调理材料复配处理后土壤pH显著下降,降低幅度为0.52~0.64个单位,土壤总碱度较对照显著下降,降低了20%~52.5%;(2)不同调理材料复配处理后土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量分别增加了1.07~5.09、1.32~4.44、3.43~19.13、2.67~27.42倍。(3)不同调理材料复配处理后高羊茅株高增加了17.54%~38.86%,茎粗增加了10.71%~27.27%,叶长增加了12.17%~43.10%,叶宽增加了21.16%~43.11%,地上部干重增加了176.02%~280.12%,地下部干重增加了53.01%~171.08%。通过主成分分析综合评价,本试验中固废调理剂综合评价均高于对照,调理剂施用量为20%时既可以生态化利用固废,又对陕北地区盐碱土改良效果、促进高羊茅生长最显著。

土壤湿度-地表气温耦合对长江中下游地区2022年8月复合型热浪事件的影响

2022年8月长江中下游地区的复合型热浪给社会经济、人类健康、农业生产和自然环境等方面均造成了严重影响.本文利用国家信息中心提供的1979—2022年6—8月逐日最高、最低气温和欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据集的土壤湿度等资料,定义了复合型热浪事件强度指数及其相应的土壤湿度-地表气温耦合指数,采用分段线性拟合等方法,探讨此次复合型热浪特征及土壤湿度-地表气温耦合的影响.结果表明:(1)2022年8月长江中下游地区的复合型热浪事件强度为1979年以来最强,伴随最强的土壤湿度-地表气温耦合.空间分布显示,强的热浪发生在四川东部、重庆西部、湖南等地,这些区域的土壤湿度严重偏干,蒸发受限,获得的净辐射主要用于地表向上的感热通量,使土壤湿度-地表气温出现强的正反馈过程,对热浪的维持起重要作用.(2)复合型热浪中土壤湿度-地表气温耦合影响日间和夜间热浪的物理强迫及过程不同:日间,地表净太阳短波向下辐射增强的强迫作用,促使发生强的土壤湿度-地表气温耦合,引起日间热浪.夜间,白天积累在土壤的热量,通过减小大气热量通量辐散,使夜间地表气温下降减慢,形成夜间热浪,这与以往研究单独夜间热浪的过程不同,后者认为夜间热浪主要与大气柱水汽增加引起的大气逆辐射增强有关.

基于黏土沙障的复配土壤对土壤水分特征影响对比分析

[目的]研究基于黏土沙障的复配土壤在不同复配质量比下对土壤水分特征的影响,旨在揭示其土壤改良效益,为今后黏土沙障的设计提供最佳复配比。[方法]通过试验设计将各样品划分为空白组、对照组与试验组,并分别对三组样品的土壤容重、水分常数及土壤水分特征曲线进行对比分析。[结果](1)试验组样品土壤容重随复配土壤质量比(即复配比)的增加而减小,相较于空白组,当复配比为5∶1时降低至1.45 g/cm^(3),对照组则降低至1.32 g/cm^(3)。(2)试验组样品的土壤饱和含水率在其复配比超过一定阈值时明显增加,当复配比为2∶1时相较于空白组升高了0.97%,同时,其田间持水率与凋萎系数也相较于空白组整体分别升高1.518%,1.543%,对照组两者上升则均超过10%。(3) Gardner模型对三组样品模拟良好,三者土壤含水率均随土壤水势增加而减小,当土壤水势一定时,试验组复配比的增加有效提高了复配土壤的含水率,在土壤水势为0.01~1.5 MPa间不同质量比复配土壤平均增加了1.32%~1.72%。[结论]基于黏土沙障的复配土壤其复配比的增加能有效提升土壤的持水力与保水性,其有效含水量也明显上升,对土壤改良明显。

超声萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中三种硝基酚类化合物

硝基酚类化合物作为一类有机化工原料,具有高毒性和致癌性,可通过空气、水传播进入土壤造成污染,危害人类健康。以往采用气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱法直接测定硝基酚类化合物,存在色谱灵敏度低、峰形差等问题。为提高灵敏度,通常需要对硝基酚类化合物进行衍生化处理,但衍生化方法步骤繁琐耗时。为实现土壤中硝基酚类化合物的快速准确分析,本文建立了超声萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤中三种硝基酚类化合物的方法。用二氯甲烷-正己烷(2∶1,V/V)混合溶剂超声萃取土壤中硝基酚类化合物,在超声萃取液中加入强碱性水溶液(pH>12),将下层有机相除去。将水溶液调至酸性(pH<2)后,用二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯(4∶1,V/V)混合溶剂萃取三种硝基酚类化合物。萃取液浓缩后用10%乙腈-水溶液定容至10.0mL,高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定,外标法定量。性能评价的结果表明方法精密度(RSD<10%,n=6)和准确度都可以满足测定要求,三种硝基酚类化合物的方法检出限为0.1~0.2μg/kg,加标回收率为61.7%~90.8%。本方法具有前处理简单、检出限低等优点,可应用于土壤中硝基酚类化合物的测定和评估。

减氮配施有机粪肥对土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响

为提高畜禽粪便等农业废弃物在农业生产过程中循环利用效率,改善土壤肥力,促进作物增产增收,于2022年春季在宝泉岭农场开展有机粪肥还田减施氮肥试验,设置生育期不施化肥(CK)、当地常规施肥(FFP)、优化施肥(OPT)、有机粪肥替代15%N(OPT-1)、有机粪肥替代30%N(OPT-2)5个处理,研究有机粪肥和减施氮肥对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,与常规施肥(FFP)相比,有机粪肥替代30%氮肥处理(OPT-2)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高14.28%和6.71%,有机粪肥替代15%氮肥处理(OPT-1)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.20%和11.32%;与优化施肥处理(OPT)相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质含量显著提高7.63%,OPT-1处理土壤速效钾含量显著提高7.01%。在成熟期,与FFP处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别提高15.60%、9.64%和6.83%,玉米产量显著提高8.46%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.33%、5.26%和10.62%,玉米产量显著提高5.14%;与OPT处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮含量分别显著提高11.09%和8.93%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高6.03%、4.57%和5.80%。综合分析,施用有机粪肥可以改善土壤理化性质,提高玉米产量,改善籽粒品质,其中,30%有机粪肥替代氮肥(OPT-2)施用效果最优。