Study on Environmental and Economic Benefits of Rice and Wheat Rotation with Swine Manure-Straw Returning

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the application effect of swine manure-straw returning and to determine the best mode. [Method] A field experiment under rice and wheat rotation with different swine manure-straw treatments was con- ducted to study the growth characters and output of rice and wheat, calculate the economic benefit and carbon dioxide emission reduction, and analyze the best mode of swine manure applying-straw returning. [Result] The swine manure-straw returning was conducive to the growth of crop, the highest outputs of rice and wheat were on the treatment of ＂30% swine manure and 20% straw and 50% chemical fertiliz- er＂, they were 7 874.57 and 6 427.00 kg/hm^2, and saved cost about 5 146.35 Yuan/hm^2, increased input 5 312.56 and 3 931.93 Yuan/hm^2, the greenhouse gas e- mission reduction was 1.30 t/hm^2 （calculated according to carbon dioxide on a dry basis）. [Conclusion] The treatment of ＂30% swine manure and 20% straw and 50% chemical fertilizer＂ was the best mode of swine manure-straw returning.

Study on Environmental Risk and Economic Benefits of Rotation Systems in Farmland of Erhai Lake Basin

This study was designed to find out an optimised planting system of reducing non-point （source） pollution by analyzing the reasons and the factors of influence non-point pollution in farmland of Erhai Lake basin. The results showed that incomes, residual nitrogen in soil, and the loss of nitrogen in surface water in rice-garlic system were higher than those in rice-fava bean system. There were positive correlations between the nitrogen loss of farmland, nitrogen inputs, residual nitrogen in soil, and incomes of farmland. Economic benefits and environment benefits are both appropriate, if the area of rice-garlic system would be reduced to 53% and the area of rice-fava bean system increased to 36% of total cropping area in the investigated watershed. Adjustment of planting structure and introduction of reasonable rotation systems is considered an effective measure of controlling agricultural non-point pollution in watersheds of Erhai Lake.

Allocation of Inter-Industry Environmental Responsibilities Based on Economic Benefits： Principles and Indicators

Rational inter-industry allocation of environmental responsibilities has great significance to instituting effective policies on industrial environment and transforming the pattern of economic development. From the perspective of economic benefit and industrial linkage, this paper discusses the issue of inter-industry allocation of environmental responsibilities. Based on input-output model and three responsibility principles （producer responsibility, consumer responsibility and shared responsibility）, this paper develops seven industrial environmental responsibility indicators and conducts an empirical analysis on the S02 emission responsibilities at China＇s industry level. Results indicate that all these indicators can avoid the double calculation of environmental responsibilities and results using different indicators have significant differences. Some industries such as power, heat production and supply may have little difference of the relative ranking of environmental responsibility under different indicators, but the magnitude of specific assumed responsibilities may have significant changes. Environmental responsibilities of some other industries （such as construction） may seem not important under certain indicators but can be among the most significant under some other indicators. More importantly, despite close connections between these indicators, they reflect different mechanisms of environmental responsibility allocation and have totally different policy significance.

Evaluating Economic Benefits of Water Diversion Project for Environment Improvement: A Case Study

The research in this paper was based on the project of water diversion from the Yangtze River to the Taihu Lake which significantly improves water environment of the lake and brings obvious economic benefits for surrounding areas. An analytical framework is developed on evaluating benefits of water supply to Huzhou city from project of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake, including: (1) the value-added of water supply on the project are divided into four parts according to the characteristics of Hangzhou- Jiax-ing-Huzhou Plain area. (2) The utilization ratio of water diversion is defined based on the features of water resources. (3) The water supply effects on industries and residents’ living are explored using partition coeffi-cient method in Huzhou city. Grey relation technique is used to examine the relationship between water use and industrial development in Huzhou, which aims to clarify the rationality of partition coefficient method. The results indicate that benefit of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake to tertiary industry of Huzhou city is the highest, while that of industry is the lowest.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Land Development Projects Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model

Ecological and environmental issues have always been the focus of government work. The economic losses caused by air pollution,water pollution,noise pollution and solid waste pollution caused by land use development projects are estimated,and the total population economic losses are incorporated into project costing. Using the analytic hierarchy process,four benefit indicators and five cost indicators are selected for constructing a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the cost-benefit of projects of different scales. The projects of different scales are ranked according to the level of comprehensive scores. The results show that large-scale projects are cost-effective and stable over the long term,and there are differences in the main sources of pollution-caused economic losses for projects of different scales. At last,reasonable policy suggestions are made to relevant planning and management personnel.

Comprehensive Benefit Analysis of Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump System

Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump (DXGSHP) system directly extracts heat or cold energy from ground by consuming electricity to provide for space conditioning. Compared with the currently widely-used secondary loop Ground Couple Heat Pump (GCHP) system, it has higher energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and less environmental impact. A case study is carried out in this paper. The subject is a residential building located in Beijing, China. It is assumed that the building adopts the DXGSHP system and the GCHP system respectively. Annual loads and energy consumption are simulated and computed. Then the initial cost, operating cost and CO2 emission are calculated. The economic benefit is analyzed with the Payback Time method and the Dynamic Annual Cost Value method. The environmental benefit is discussed mainly by comparing the CO2 emission savings. The results show that the DXGSHP system has higher initial costs, but lower operating costs, and less greenhouse gas emissions. The DXGSHP system has better comprehensive benefits than the GCHP system.

Economic Valuation of Environmental Services： Increasing the Effectiveness of PES Schemes in Developing Countries？

Payments for ecosystem service （PES） schemes have spread all over developing countries in the last 20 years or so. PES schemes often have high opportunity costs in terms of foregone uses of goods and services offered by the environment. It is within this scope that economic evaluation of environmental goods and services plays a role. In this paper we surveyed articles and studies that report application of economic environmental valuation procedures in PES schemes. Special attention was paid to data collection and analysis, to theoretical robustness of its procedures and to the aggregation of estimated value. We also scrutinize how these estimates had been incorporated into PES schemes, in particularly in the assessment phase of these schemes. Empirical data from Brazil and other Latin American countries were used, particularly those in the Amazon Basis. Our results reveal a frequent overestimation of the values of ecosystem services calculated through the use of economic valuation methods. Values have been estimated by production function methods （opportunity cost, preventive expenditures, recovering cost or dose-response methods）. As a consequence, estimated values reflect much more willingness to accept compensation by supplier and rarely willingness to pay by consumer of these ecosystem services. Besides this distance between supply and demand, application of valuation methods did not account for problems such as uncertainty, risks, and lack of information. All these limitations have led to wrong decision-making.

Technical, Economic and Environmental Evaluation on Mechanical Rice Straw Gathering Method

Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters. High labor cost and lack of labor makes manual collection unfeasible. Farmers therefore often just burn it, which causes pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of opportunities to value add. An economic and environmental evaluation and technical field testing of a straw baler with 4 ha/day capacity was therefore conducted in Long An province. During the field testing data on the gathering capacity, fuel consumption, labor requirement and other cost items were collected. The test results showed that the baling cost is US$19.0 per ton of rice straw, the pay-back period of 2. 1 years and the internal rate of return of 38%. In addition to the baling cost, the transportation cost varies from US$24 for a distance of 100 km to US$32 for 150 km. The benefits of the machine are not only economical but also include the reduction of field burning.

Economic and Environmental Issues with LCCA Approach of an Offshore Wind Farm

In this paper a new methodological approach, life cycle cost assessment （LCCA）, is applied to evaluate the investment concerning a wind offshore plant location in Sicily East Coast. In particular, we analyze economic quantification of the damage deriving from the construction of the system, divided into environmental impacts deriving from the construction of a single turbine, and environmental impacts as a consequence of the construction of the foundations. The preliminary economic information for the LCCA analysis of the examined wind park offshore regards the management of the monetary capital initially invested, choice of the interest rate and of other necessary financial features, used to compute the net present value of the cash-flows accrued during the project lifetime. In this way, a more precise implementation of the LCCA in whatever type of structural investment is made possible, allowing the examination of all information useful for supporting the decision process.

The significance of resource recycling for coking wastewater treatment:based on environmental and economic life cycle assessment

The sustainability of the coking industry is supported by reasonable production profit and environmental quality requirements.The traditional measures substantially increased the related costs for enterprises to reach standards.This paper aims to develop a comprehensive cost combined environmental impact assessment method that is necessary for the analysis of wastewater treatment systems.Typical three coking wastewater treatment processes in China were evaluated.Results showed that eutrophication dominantly contributed to the overall environmental effect.Improving effluent quality could significantly reduce the total environmental impact.In terms of an economic perspective,the price of raw materials was the main factor that affected the operating cost of comprehensive treatment.Based on subsystem analysis,the pretreatment stage accounted for the majority of environmental and cost burdens,respectively reaching 64%-78%and 64%-86%.Optimizing the pretreatment process by enhancing the efficiency of high concentration raw material recovery and substituting toxic raw materials for extractant could reduce the environmental impact and economic cost by 43.8%and 57%,respectively,which was an effective way to improve the potential performance of coking wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).

Economic Benefits and Environmental Costs of China＇s Exports： A Comparison with the USA Based on Network Analysis

This＇ paper decomposes economic benefits （value-added） and environmental costs （CO2） of exports according to their sources, and maps the global value network （GVN） and the global emissions network （GEN） for China＇s exports during 1995-2009 from national, sectoral and national sectoral perspectives. A comparison is conducted between China and the USA. National GVN and GEN show that shares of value-added and CO2 emissions from China in its GVN and GEN both decreased first then increased after 2006, while shares from the USA in its GVN and GEN generally decreased. Seetoral GVN and GEN show that among China＇s exports, ＂electrical and optical equipment＂ and ＂electricity, gas and water supply＂ were, respectively, the sectors that obtained the most value-added and emitted the most CO2. National-sectoral G VN and GEN for China exhibited reciprocal and disassortative patterns, and in-strengths and out-strengths of GVN and GEN for China ＇s exports were mainly captured by several domestic country-sector pairs.

COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE LOESS PLATEAU AREA

The Loess Plateau is one of China s developing areas where socio-econ-omy is backward,ecological environment deteriorated and people’s life difficult.The purpose of carrying out comprehensive development of the area’s agriculture is,in essence,to open up new fields of agro-production,to intensify the utilization of related resources,to raise productivity and to win bigger output.The decision is important,as by so doing,the physical landscape could be tranformed,the local economy could be flourished,and the people’s standard of living could be improved,and moreover the national development strategy of"depending on the East and shifting to the West"and building Shanxi Province into an energy and chemical industrial base could be realized.Based on field investigations in recent years,the auther proposed the purpose,target,principles,steps,tactics and strategies for the comprehensive development of the are’s agriculture.

An Assessment of Potential Economic Gain from Weather Forecast Based Irrigation Scheduling for Marginal Farmers in Karnataka, Southern State in India

This study is aimed to assess the usefulness of weather forecasts for irrigation scheduling in crops to economize water use. The short-term gains for the farmers come from reducing costs of irrigation with the help of advisory for when not to irrigate because rain is predicted (risk-free because the wrong forecast only delays irrigation within tolerance). Here, a quantitative assessment of saving (indirect income) if irrigation is avoided as rain is imminent (as per forecast), using a five-year archived forecast data over Karnataka state at hobli (a cluster of small villages) level is presented. Estimates showed that the economic benefits to the farmers from such advisories were significant. The potential gain in annual income from such forecast-based irrigation scheduling was of the order of 10% - 15%. Our analysis also indicated that the use of advisory by a small percentage of more than 10 million marginal farmers (landholding < 3 acres) in Karnataka could lead to huge cumulative savings of the order of many crores.

Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis of Different Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Basrah, Iraq

Solid Waste Management (SWM) system in Basrah has deteriorated recently to the point that only limited waste collection is undertaken in certain urban areas and disposal is largely to uncontrolled dump sites. In this study, the technical, economical, and environmental aspects of three SWM scenarios were investigated aiming to compare the scenarios and select the most appropriate one for implementation. Scenario 1 was to consider waste disposal into a sanitary landfill. Scenario 2 added waste transportation to transfer station before disposal to a sanitary landfill. Scenario 3 considered waste sorting, recycling and composting followed by landfill disposal in an integrated treatment disposal facility. The current open dumping practice was considered as the baseline scenario. According to economic analysis, the benefits from the revenues of selling the produced recyclables and compost did not improve the ranking of scenario 3. However, scenario 3 has gained positive recognition due to the environmental benefits of waste recycling. Therefore, final recommendations were in favour of scenario 3, which has been approved by the UNICEF, as well. Currently the recommended scenario is under implementation in Basrah, Iraq.

论美丽中国建设背景下我国环境经济学学科的发展方向

环境经济学是一门研究经济发展与环境保护之间相互关系的经济学分支学科.在全面建设美丽中国的时代背景下,环境经济学学科的发展面临新的机遇与挑战.本文分析了在美丽中国建设背景下中国环境经济学科的主要发展方向.首先,简述了环境经济学学科的诞生背景与发展的历史脉络,梳理了中国环境经济学学科的发展进程;其次,总结了环境经济学学科主要的研究领域,归纳了环境经济政策设计与评估、费用-效益分析、环境价值评估与气候变化经济学四个领域的核心研究内容;然后,阐述了环境经济学学科从哪些角度可以回应美丽中国建设中的重要任务;最后,论述了中国环境经济学学科可以从环境政策与制度、绿色金融、污染与健康、生态产品价值评估与实现、气候应对与国际合作等多个角度做出创新,助力美丽中国建设.

中国出口经济利益与环境成本绩效评价

文章利用多区域投入产出模型并借助“贸易条件”概念,编制相对出口增加值率和出口隐含碳污染条件指数;构建出口经济利益-环境成本增长弹性系数,对中国通过出口获得的经济利益与付出的环境成本进行绩效评价。结果表明:加入世界贸易组织初期,中国总体出口经济利益处于有利地位,但此后呈现持续下滑态势;中国总体出口环境成本相对较大,但呈现相对改善态势;中国对贸易伙伴出口的经济利益与环境成本绩效总体呈现优化态势。

不同施肥方式与新型肥料匹配对巢湖流域水稻品质、经济效益及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明在机插秧同步侧深施肥条件下,不同施肥方式与新型肥料匹配对水稻生产的影响,选用5种不同类型复合(混)肥料,采用大田试验,设置不施肥(CK)、普通复合肥一基两追(T_(1))、水稻配方肥一基两追(T_(2))、增效控失肥一基一追(T_(3))、缓释掺混肥一次性施肥(T_(4))、无机包裹型复合肥一次性施肥(T_(5))6个处理,分析了不同施肥方式与新型肥料匹配对水稻产量、稻米品质、氮肥利用率、经济效益及田面水氮磷流失风险的影响。结果表明:与普通复合肥一基两追处理(T_(1))相比,4种新型肥料处理(T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)、T_(5))均显著提高了稻米蛋白质含量,氮肥利用率均提高至50%以上,各处理氮肥利用率分别增加35%、68%、75%和48%,各新型肥料处理同时显著降低了田面水氮素浓度,减少氮素流失风险。其中水稻配方肥一基两追处理相比普通复合肥可显著降低稻米垩白度与垩白粒率,提升稻米外观品质;缓释掺混肥一次性施肥处理可提高水稻产量,相比普通复合肥一基两追处理增产30%,节约生产成本5 442元.hm^(–2),总收益增加12 437元.hm^(–2)。综合来看,在机插秧同步侧深施肥条件下,一次性施肥方式匹配缓释掺混肥的水稻生产方式有利于节约生产成本,增加水稻产量,是提高水稻效益的最佳种植模式。一次性施肥方式匹配缓释掺混肥的水稻种植模式可适用于巢湖流域水稻生产推广,对水稻高效生产具有重要意义,并为巢湖流域水稻绿色高产提供理论依据。

应用埋式毛细管网换热器的海水源热泵系统适用性研究

海水源热泵系统面临着生物附着、管道腐蚀、严寒天气换热器结冰等问题,影响其性能系数。将材质为PP-R的毛细管网换热器埋置于海床砂土中的海水源热泵系统能够有效避免以上问题。基于能耗模拟数据,对比了海水源热泵系统、空气源热泵系统和冷水机组+燃气锅炉系统的经济性和环保性。结果显示,应用埋式毛细管网换热器的海水源热泵系统的经济效益和环保效益均为最优。系统运行20年,海水源热泵系统的全寿命周期成本为459.5万元,最小年费用为46.8万元,建筑生命周期内其单位面积的碳排放量比空气源热泵系统低10%,比冷水机组+燃气锅炉系统低21%。本研究使消费者对该热泵系统有了更深的了解,为推广此应用提供数据支撑。

考虑环境成本综合效益的泾河流域最佳管理措施评价与筛选

基于土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)评估9种单一最佳管理措施(BMPs)及其不同组合共计103种BMPs情景布设对非点源污染的消减效率,并基于信息熵的多属性决策方法评估泾河流域BMPs实施成本和非点源控制有效性之间的权衡.研究发现,SWAT模型在泾河流域非点源污染模拟中适用性较好,不同的BMPs对非点源污染负荷削减量存在较大差异,组合BMPs比单一BMPs在降低非点源污染负荷方面表现更好.在农业耕作过程中减少化肥50%的施用量、将坡度大于25°的农田退耕还草以及在河道进行植草水道措施建设是泾河流域具有最大环境成本综合效益值的优选组合BMPs.

生物质颗粒燃料取暖的环境健康效益及经济成本分析

清洁取暖是解决区域空气污染,提升居民生活质量的重要举措。充分考虑不同地区资源禀赋和社会经济发展条件差异,实施因地制宜的清洁取暖政策,发挥生物质资源碳中性优势,在适宜的地区开展生物质清洁取暖有望取得减污降碳协同增效,但目前缺乏相关实证研究。针对生物质清洁取暖,开展了实地监测与问卷调查,量化评估了其环境健康效益和经济可行性。研究表明,研究地区农村进行生物质颗粒取暖改造后,取暖能源的利用效率显著上升,冬季室内温度更适宜,而室内PM_(2.5)污染水平中位数为74μg∙m^(−3),相较未改造下降了25%,而由于室内排放的细颗粒物减少,环境污染物浓度也有所降低。尽管生物质颗粒燃料的单位质量热值普遍小于散煤,燃料使用量相较改造前有所上升,但由于生物质颗粒燃料PM_(2.5)的排放因子显著低于散煤,且炉灶改造后燃料利用率上升,改造后取暖燃烧过程中直接排放的PM_(2.5)相较改造前降低了54%。除PM_(2.5)外,二氧化碳与其他污染物排放也下降了3%-37%。根据模拟结果,进行取暖改造后,平均每年每户家庭取暖活动可减少约3 kg的初级PM_(2.5)排放与37 kg的CO_(2)排放,有效支持了清洁取暖政策与减污降碳战略。根据经济可行性分析,改造后农户取暖成本并未增加,相较“煤改电”或“煤改气”路径,研究地区进行生物质颗粒取暖具有更高的可行性,对政府与农村居民的负担较低。综上,根据实地资源禀赋推广生物质清洁取暖可取得显著的环境效益和气候效益,且具有较高的经济可行性。