Comparative Analysis of Equal and Unequal Grounding Grid Configurations by Compression Ratio and Least Square Curve Fitting Techniques

The primary aim of the power system grounding is to safeguard the person and satisfying the performance of the power systemtomaintain reliable operation.With equal conductor spacing grounding grid design,the distribution of the current in the grid is not uniform.Hence,unequal grid conductor span in which grid conductors are concentrated more at the periphery is safer to practice than equal spacing.This paper presents the comparative analysis of two novel techniques that create unequal spacing among the grid conductors:the least-square curve fitting technique and the compression ratio techniquewith equal grid configuration for both square and rectangular grids.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)is adopted for finding out one optimal feasible solution among many feasible solutions of equal grid configuration for both square and rectangular grids.Comparative analysis is also carried out between square and rectangular grids using the least square curve fitting technique as it results in only one unequal grid configuration.Simulation results are obtained by theMATLAB software developed.Percentage of improvement in ground potential rise,step voltage,touch voltage,and grid resistancewith variation in compression ratios are plotted.

A SPARSITY AND COMPRESSION RATIO JOINT ADJUSTMENT METHOD FOR COLLABORATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING

Spectrum sensing is the fundamental task for Cognitive Radio (CR). To overcome the challenge of high sampling rate in traditional spectral estimation methods, Compressed Sensing (CS) theory is developed. A sparsity and compression ratio joint adjustment algorithm for compressed spectrum sensing in CR network is investigated, with the hypothesis that the sparsity level is unknown as priori knowledge at CR terminals. As perfect spectrum reconstruction is not necessarily required during spectrum detection process, the proposed algorithm only performs a rough estimate of sparsity level. Meanwhile, in order to further reduce the sensing measurement, different compression ratios for CR terminals with varying Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) are considered. The proposed algorithm, which optimizes the compression ratio as well as the estimated sparsity level, can greatly reduce the sensing measurement without degrading the detection performance. It also requires less steps of iteration for convergence. Corroborating simulation results are presented to testify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for collaborative spectrum sensing.

Improvement of engine performance with high compression ratio based on knock suppression using Miller cycle with boost pressure and split injection

In theory,high compression ratio has the potential to improve the thermal efficiency and promote the power output of the SI engine.However,the application of high compression ratio is substantially limited by the knock in practical working process.The objective of this work is to comprehensively investigate the application of high compression ratio on a gasoline engine based on the Miller cycle with boost pressure and split injection.In this work,the specific optimum strategies for CR10 and CR12 were experimentally investigated respectively on a single cylinder DISI engine.It was found that a high level of Miller cycle with a higher boost pressure could be used in CR12 to achieve an effective compression ratio similar to CR10,which could eliminate the knock limits at a high compression ratio and high load.To verify the advantages of the high compression ratio,the fuel economy and power performance of CR10 and CR12 were compared at full and partial loads.The result revealed that,compared with CR10,a similar power performance and a reduced fuel consumption of CR12 at foil load could be achieved by using the strong Miller cycle and split injection.At partial load,the conditions of CR12 had very superior fuel economy and power performance compared to those of CR10.

Transmission ratio (T_n) in the radian direction normal to joints in 2-D compressional wave propagation in rock masses

The transmission ratio along the radian direction normal to the joints was studied in the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength was generalized into a general curve, which was determined by two critical points. The relationship between the two critical points and the affecting factors, quantity of joints and the normalized normal stiffness of joints, were obtained. A prediction model of the transmission ratio in the radian direction normal to the joints was proposed. The proposed model was applied to a field explosion test. The estimated values of the peak particle velocity from the prediction model were compared with the field records. The comparisons showed that the prediction model of the transmission ratio in the direction normal to the joints in the process of 2-D compressional wave propagation through multiple parallel joints is reli- able.

Time Synchronized Velocity Error for Trajectory Compression

Nowadays,distance is usually used to evaluate the error of trajectory compression.These methods can effectively indicate the level of geometric similarity between the compressed and the raw trajectory,but it ignores the velocity error in the compression.To fill the gap of these methods,assuming the velocity changes linearly,a mathematical model called SVE(Time Synchronized Velocity Error)for evaluating compression error is designed,which can evaluate the velocity error effectively,conveniently and accurately.Based on this model,an innovative algorithm called SW-MSVE(Minimum Time Synchronized Velocity Error Based on Sliding Window)is proposed,which can minimize the velocity error in trajectory compression under the premise of local optimization.Two elaborate experiments are designed to demonstrate the advancements of the SVE and the SW-MSVE respectively.In the first experiment,we use the PED,the SED and the SVE to evaluate the error under four compression algorithms,one of which is the SW-MSVE algorithm.The results show that the SVE is less influenced by noise with stronger performance and more applicability.In the second experiment,by marking the raw trajectory,we compare the SW-MSVE algorithm with three others algorithms at information retention.The results show that the SW-MSVE algorithm can take into account both velocity and geometric structure constraints and retains more information of the raw trajectory at the same compression ratio.

Efficient Data Compression of ECG Signal Based on Modified Discrete Cosine Transform

This paper introduced an efficient compression technique that uses the compressive sensing(CS)method to obtain and recover sparse electrocardiography(ECG)signals.The recovery of the signal can be achieved by using sampling rates lower than the Nyquist frequency.A novel analysis was proposed in this paper.To apply CS on ECG signal,the first step is to generate a sparse signal,which can be obtained using Modified Discrete Cosine Transform(MDCT)on the given ECGsignal.This transformation is a promising key for other transformations used in this search domain and can be considered as the main contribution of this paper.A small number of wavelet components can describe the ECG signal as related work to obtain a sparse ECGsignal.Asensing technique for ECGsignal compression,which is a novel area of research,is proposed.ECG signals are introduced randomly between any successive beats of the heart.MIT-BIH database can be represented as the experimental database in this domain of research.TheMIT-BIH database consists of various ECG signals involving a patient and standard ECG signals.MATLAB can be considered as the simulation tool used in this work.The proposed method’s uniqueness was inspired by the compression ratio(CR)and achieved by MDCT.The performance measurement of the recovered signal was done by calculating the percentage root mean difference(PRD),mean square error(MSE),and peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR)besides the calculation of CR.Finally,the simulation results indicated that this work is one of the most important works in ECG signal compression.

Medical Image Compression Using Wrapping Based Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform and Arithmetic Coding

Due to the development of CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), EBCT (Electron Beam Computed Tomography), SMRI (Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging), etc. has enhanced the distinguishing rate and scanning rate of the imaging equipments. The diagnosis and the process of getting useful information from the image are got by processing the medical images using the wavelet technique. Wavelet transform has increased the compression rate. Increasing the compression performance by minimizing the amount of image data in the medical images is a critical task. Crucial medical information like diagnosing diseases and their treatments is obtained by modern radiology techniques. Medical Imaging (MI) process is used to acquire that information. For lossy and lossless image compression, several techniques were developed. Image edges have limitations in capturing them if we make use of the extension of 1-D wavelet transform. This is because wavelet transform cannot effectively transform straight line discontinuities, as well geographic lines in natural images cannot be reconstructed in a proper manner if 1-D transform is used. Differently oriented image textures are coded well using Curvelet Transform. The Curvelet Transform is suitable for compressing medical images, which has more curvy portions. This paper describes a method for compression of various medical images using Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform based on wrapping technique. After transformation, the coefficients are quantized using vector quantization and coded using arithmetic encoding technique. The proposed method is tested on various medical images and the result demonstrates significant improvement in performance parameters like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Compression Ratio (CR).

Numerical study on maximum rebound ratio in blasting wave propagation along radian direction normal to joints

In the process of 2-D compressional wave propagation in a rock mass with multiple parallel joints along the radian direction normal to the joints, the maximum possible wave amplitude corresponding to the points between the two adjacent joints in the joint set is controlled by superposition of the multiple transmitted and the reflected waves, measured by the maximum rebound ratio. Parametric studies on the maximum rebound ratio along the radian direction normal to the joints were performed in universal distinct element code. The results show that the maximum rebound ratio is influenced by three factors, i.e., the normalized normal stiffness of joints, the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength and the joint from which the wave rebounds. The relationship between the maximum rebound ratio and the influence factors is generalized into five charts. Those charts can be used as the prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio.

长庆气田榆林区山2段砂岩气藏的AVO分析

AVO分析方法是利用地震反射波振幅与炮检距的关系来识别岩性、检测油气的一种地震技术。它充分利用地震采集中的多种信息 ,进行资料处理与分析 ,对于岩性勘探有很好的帮助。鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界下二叠统山西组含气砂岩主要属湖相三角洲平原分流河道沉积 ,是一种具低孔低渗和高阻抗特征的岩性气藏。在岩性处理解释上 ,很难区分含气砂岩和致密砂岩。引入AVO处理分析方法 ,利用不同岩性泊松比差异所形成的AVO特征响应 ,可以有效区分地震高阻抗层的岩性及含气性 ,部分避免了地震岩性解释上的陷阱。在长庆气田榆林区山西组山 2段高阻抗砂岩气藏的勘探开发中 ,应用高保真的CDP道集资料进行AVO处理分析 ,提高了天然气钻井的成功率 ,取得了较好的应用效果。

应用声波全波列测井计算裂缝性含气储层参数

裂缝性气层的解释目前仍存在许多困难 ,主要原因是测井特征微弱 ,不易识别。在文献总结的基础上 ,采用纵波首波幅度比值法、合成横波时差重叠法、纵横波速度比法、等效弹性模量差比法和三孔隙度重叠法等方法定性识别气层 ,其目的在于通过突出气层的测井特征来识别气层。引入弹性模量差比计算含气饱和度 ,并用一口井的核磁测井差谱结果进行了对比验证。没有横波资料的井 ,通过引入纵、横波地区经验关系来获得横波。应用提取的斯通利波也可以计算渗透率。某油田 7口井的处理结果与地质实际吻合 ,表明这种方法切实可行 ,可以全面评价裂缝性气层。

文安地震前后首都圈分区波速比时变特征

2006年7月4日在首都圈数字地震台网的中南部发生了河北文安MS5.1地震.此次地震为该数字地震台网2002年投入运行以来发生的最强地震事件.本文利用多台和达法,分析处理了首都圈107个数字地震台站2002—2007年判读的大量震相数据.为提高波速比计算的精度和稳定性,对波速比计算环境和条件进行了多方面限定.例如,地震发生位置相对集中,台站选取范围有限,参与计算到时数据在5个以上,以及线性拟合精度高、误差低等.经这些限定条件后的研究发现,文安地震前,在文安和唐山附近地区地震波速比出现正常—降低—恢复—发震的异常演变过程.震前1年,出现波速比较明显降低过程,异常持续时间1年左右;同期邢台、京西北、京西南、京津和北京地区波速比的变化则基本平稳.文安地震发生后,文安和唐山地区的波速比恢复正常的平稳变化状态.通过波速比计算结果的误差和稳定性分析认为,文安地震前在文安和唐山附近地区地震波速比异常是可信的.

多极子声波测井的裂缝识别与评价

多极子声波测井在油田应用广泛,对地层裂缝进行评估和分析是其一个重要应用。简要介绍了多极子声波测井在裂缝识别中的国内外研究现状,并简述了多种现有的利用多极子声波测井资料评价裂缝的新方法。以鄂尔多斯盆地X井区实际的多极子声波测井资料处理为例,利用纵横波时差比判断裂缝倾角、井孔模式波声衰减判断裂缝倾角和有效性、斯通利波反射系数确定裂缝位置。利用横波时差各向异性和快慢横波频谱差异估计裂缝发育程度、快横波面方位确定裂缝走向。结合实际电成像测井资料进行了进一步的对比和验证,并对上述方法在裂缝评价中的作用与干扰因素进行了归纳总结。综合应用多种方法进行裂缝识别,可以获取更多的裂缝参数,克服单一方法的部分多解性,从而使基于多极子声波资料的裂缝评价更加准确合理。

砂岩泊松比垂向变化差异分析

从均匀各向同性完全弹性介质中泊松比与纵横波的关系出发，根据Ｄ地区全波列测井资料建立了该区泊松比随深度变化的关系：浅层泊松比随深度增加而增加，到达一定深度，泊松比随深度增加而逐渐减小，然后达到－稳定值。在此基础上进一步对该区含不同流体砂岩的沮松比特征及其随深度变化规律进行探讨．在浅层，含气、含油、含水砂岩的泊松比差别较大，其中含气砂岩泊松比最小，含水砂岩泊松比最大；在深层，三者之间的差别较小。

YC地区转换波数据处理及裂隙预测

裂隙介质的横波响应能提供对裂隙走向与密度一种直接测量.为了探测YC地区裂隙型储层特征,在该区进行了纵波源三分量数据采集.经过精细地处理,YC地区转换波成像质量得到了改善.以此为基础,对该区的裂隙特征进行了预测.预测结果与本区的应力场分析和钻井揭示的裂隙特征比较吻合.本文所介绍的一些关键转换波资料处理技术、解释方法和分析结论对今后陆地转换波勘探有一定借鉴作用.

岩石泊松比的测井计算方法研究

岩石泊松比不仅是计算其它岩石力学参数的基础 ,也是计算地层应力及 3个地层压力的重要参数之一。该参数计算的准确与否直接影响到井壁力学稳定性评价的准确性。由于常常缺乏横波时差测井资料 ,以致不能准确地计算岩石的泊松比。针对这一不足 ,充分利用川东地区罗家寨构造LJ9井纵波时差、地层密度等常规测井资料 ,在对横波时差进行构建的基础上来建立岩石泊松比的计算模型。将该方法应用于同一构造LJ2井的泊松比的计算中 ,结果表明 ,与利用实测横波时差计算的泊松比相比 ,误差较小 ,完全能满足石油工程的需要。

利用横纵波时差比值评价致密性储层裂缝的方法

通过对声波在岩石中传播特性的分析发现,致密性储层的横波和纵波时差都随着储层孔隙度的增大而增大,在一定孔隙度区间内横纵波时差比值基本不变;但当致密性储层中发育裂缝时,其横波时差有明显增大,而纵波时差变化不明显。横纵波时差比值越大,说明致密性储层裂缝发育程度越高。应用发现,利用横纵波时差比值评价储层裂缝的方法受到地层岩性变化、声波传播路径与裂缝发育方向的关系和地层所含流体性质等多种因素的影响,应用中应结合其他识别和评价裂缝的方法综合评价。在大庆油田深层致密天然气储层中,利用横纵波时差比值评价储层裂缝取得了较好效果。

川东北地区碳酸盐岩气层识别方法研究

川东北地区碳酸盐岩地层岩性复杂、储集空间多样、气层识别存在很大困难。根据电阻率、中子、密度、多极子阵列声波等测井曲线特征,探讨了双侧向电阻率分析、孔隙度比值、孔隙度-含水饱和度交会图、纵横波速度比值等多种气层识别方法,并针对不同识别方法分别研究了其适用性,由此对川东北地区碳酸盐岩地层不同孔隙结构的储层提出了相应的识别方法。对复杂岩性地层与孔隙结构类型多样的储层,最好综合多种判断方法进行分析判断。灵活运用这些方法,可在实际生产应用中见到良好效果。

致密砂岩储层的非线性AVO分析方法

现有AVO分析方法基于纵波、横波速度比近似为2这一假设条件,且不能反映界面的密度变化。结合苏里格气田致密碎屑岩储层特点,提出不完全依赖速度比假设的,基于纵波速度变化率、横波速度变化率和密度变化率的三参量非线性AVO分析方法。数值模拟结果表明,提出的近似方法所得的反射系数介于Zoeppritz精确表达式和Aki&Richard近似之间,苏五试验区流体预测结果与实钻井吻合较好,证实了方法的有效性。

识别凝析气层的测井新方法研究

塔里木盆地地质情况复杂，油气类型多种多样，目前已在多套层系发现了凝析油气藏；利用常规测井资料解释评价油气层，能够有效地识别并确定油气层和水层的界限，但却无法区分气层还是油层，以及如何准确划分油、气界面。电缆重复地层测试测井通过测量地层压力，建立压力—深度剖面，根据其压力梯度变化估算出地层流体性质，划分油、气水界面；中子、密度测井测量的地层含氢指数与地层介质的电子密度指数由于氢元素的存在而体现了很好的相关性，利用该相关性质可以确定地层液体含量（孔隙度），识别流体类型；偶极横波成像测井提供了当今测量地层纵波、横波和斯通利波的最好方法，通过对全波的处理，可以提取大量的岩石机械特性，由于气层对纵横波速度的影响不同，因此可以利用纵横波速度比、泊松比来直观识别油气层，划分油、气界面。通过对以上测井方法基本理论的阐述，并在实例中应用新方法解决了常规测井资料无法解决的难题。研究结果表明，利用测井新技术、新思路，结合常规测井资料能够有效识别凝析气层，准确划分油气界面。

两种不同势函数下半空间饱和多孔介质中Rayleigh波求解比较

分别对"考虑两种压缩波和幅值比例系数"和"考虑一种压缩波(P1或P2波)但不考虑幅值比例系数"两种不同势函数下的半空间饱和多孔介质中Rayleigh波求解进行详细推导,理论分析表明"考虑两种压缩波和幅值比例系数"下Rayleigh波求解推导更为严密,与饱和多孔介质中存在两种压缩波的事实相一致。在研究半空间饱和多孔介质中Rayleigh波时应采用"考虑两种压缩波和幅值比例系数"的势函数。