A Preliminary Ray Tracing Approach to Computational Electromagnetics for Reverberation Chambers

This paper summarizes a theoretical design analysis for the implementation of an electromagnetic modeling tool, focusing on the simulation of electromagnetic field propagation inside reverberation chambers. The simulation algorithms which have been developed rely on a ray tracing technique, adapted in such a way as to maximize compatibility with the specific requirements and parameters, as applicable for reverberation chambers. The most significant example of a typical parameter is the high rate of wave reflections inside the chambers’ cavity. An implementation of the algorithms was used for simulation of several theoretically predictable cases. Study of the results of these test cases showed that some of the design decisions and algorithms used need to be reviewed in order to optimize the computational aspects of the application, such as resource management (memory, CPU time). Results of typical sample cases are re- viewed in this paper as well, in order to identify possible pitfalls and objectives for future research.

Finite element solution based on fast numerical technique for large-scale electromagnetic computation

A numerical technique of the target-region locating （TRL） solver in conjunction with the wave-front method is presented for the application of the finite element method （FEM） for 3-D electromagnetic computation. First, the principle of TRL technique is described. Then, the availability of TRL solver for nonlinear application is particularly discussed demonstrating that this solver can be easily used while still remaining great efficiency. The implementation on how to apply this technique in FEM based on magnetic vector potential （MVP） is also introduced. Finally, a numerical example of 3-D magnetostatic modeling using the TRL solver and FEMLAB is given. It shows that a huge computer resource can be saved by employing the new solver.

Calculation of angular glint in near field utilizing graphical electromagnetic computing

The angular glint in the near field plays an important role on radar tracking errors. To predict it more efficiently for electrically large targets, a new method based on graphical electromagnetic computing （GRECO） is proposed. With the benefit of the graphic card, the GRECO prediction method is faster and more accurate than other methods. The proposed method at the first time considers the special case that the targets cannot be completely covered by radar beams, which makes the prediction of radar tracking errors more self-contained in practical circumstances. On the other hand, the process of the scattering center extraction is omitted, resulting in possible angular glint prediction in real time. Comparisons between the simulation results and the theoretical ones validate its correctness and value to academic research and engineering applications.

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CONTINUOUS ELECTROMAGNETIC STIRRING FOR MAKING RHEOLOGIC SEMI-SOLID SLURRY OF ZL112Y ALUMINUM ALLOY

To realize the technology of fabricating the rheologic semi-solid slurry of ZL112Y aluminum alloy via continues electromagnetic stirring process, ANSYS software was used to simulate electromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field in the alloy melt in a crucible tube in three coils. In the first section of the paper, eletromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field caused by single coil were simulated. The result of this simulation gives an average velocity of 3.2 cm/s and it is called critical velocity because a fluid velocity over it will cause a fine and spherical structure of solid primary a in a semi-solid melt. And, from this result, a reasonable temperature of semi-solid of the alloy and an electrical current intensity were established. The electrical current intensity of the result of this simulation corresponded to the current intensity used in a practice experiment, in which the primary α was obviously refined and sphericized. Based on this simulation of single coil electromagnetic stirring, in the second section of the paper, eletromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field caused by three coils were simulated. The result of the simulation shows that, 1） there is a semi-solid zone of 32 mm from bottom of the crucible tube to the upper; 2） the electrical current intensities of three coils of 400 A, 600 A, and 400 A, which were set to top range, middle range and bottom range of the tube, respectively, were the optimum parameters of electromagnetic current intensity under the condition of this investigation; and 3） under effect of these electromagnetic current intensity, the fluid velocities of the melt in the tube were 6.3 cm/s in top range, 3.75 cm/s in middle range, and 3.9 cm/s in bottom range of it, respectively.

Finite Step Conjugate Gradients Methods for the Solution of an Impedance Operator Equation Arising in Electromagnetics

A class of finite step iterative methods, conjugate gradients, for the solution of an operator equation, is presented on this paper to solve electromagnetic scattering. The method of generalized equivalent circuit is used to model the problem and then deduce an electromagnetic equation based on the impedance operator. Four versions of the conjugate gradient method are presented and numerical results for an iris structure are given, to illustrate convergence properties of each version. Computational efficiency of these methods has been compared to the moment method.

基于CEM方法的直升机RCS计算及参数分析

为提高直升机雷达散射特性预估的准确性,建立了目标雷达散射特性分析的计算电磁学方法(Computational electromagnetics method,CEM),并开展了结构参数对雷达散射截面(Radar cross section,RCS)特性影响的研究。以微分形式的Maxwell方程作为电磁特性求解的控制方程,电磁计算网格采用Yee元胞的技术生成,对控制方程进行时间和空间的中心差分格式离散。应用完全匹配层(Perfect matching layer,PML)技术作为吸收边界条件,并与基于等效原理的近远场外推法相结合,建立了直升机RCS的高精度数值方法。分别采用二维无限长导体圆柱和三维金属立方体作为验证算例,结果表明CEM方法比高频方法具有明显的高精度特点。在此基础上,研究翼型厚度、弯度、桨叶片数对旋翼雷达散射特征的影响机理和变化规律,同时计算机身不同结构布局参数下的RCS特性,分析短翼和平尾对机身强散射特征的影响规律。研究表明:桨尖是旋翼的重要散射源之一,采用薄翼型桨叶能有效改善旋翼的雷达散射性能,短翼和平尾会在不同角域内增加机身的雷达散射截面,在直升机隐身设计中需要重点考虑。

Does exposure to computers affect the routine parameters of semen quality?

Aim： To assess whether exposure to computers harms the semen quality of healthy young men. Methods： A total of 178 subjects were recruited from two maternity and children healthcare centers in Shanghai, 91 with a history of exposure to computers （i.e., exposure for 20 h or more per week in the last 2 years） and 87 persons to act as control （no or little exposure to computers）. Data on the history of exposure to computers and other characteristics were obtained by means of a structured questionnaire interview. Semen samples were collected by masturbation in the place where the semen samples were analyzed. Results： No differences in the distribution of the semen parameters （semen volume, sperm density, percentage of progressive sperm, sperm viability and percentage of normal form sperm） were found between the exposed group and the control group. Exposure to computers was not found to be a risk factor for inferior semen quality after adjusting for potential confounders, including abstinence days, testicle size, occupation, history of exposure to toxic substances. Conclusion： The present study did not find that healthy： men exposed to computers had inferior semen quality. （Asian J Andro12005 Sep; 7： 263-266）

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HOMOGENIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN SOFT-CONTACT CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLD

The three-dimensional electromagnetic characteristics and non-uniform distribution of electromagnetic field in soft-contact continuous casting mold have been analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that the maximum electromagnetic flux density is found in front of slit; the electromagnetic flux density becomes large as the coil current and slit number increase. In a certain frequency range, the electromagnetic flux density increases with the increase of frequency and the frequency range is different with the change of azimuthal position along the inner wall of mold. The uniformity of electromagnetic field is influenced mainly by frequency and mold structure parameters. Increasing slit number and adjusting slit arrangement position can improve the electromagnetic flux density and the uniformity of electromagnetic field. For a soft-contact mold with 16 slits, when frequency is 20 kHz, the optimal slit arrangement parameter is a:b=1:2, c=0.

HIGHER-ORDER NODE-BASED TDFEM FOR TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

Higher-order Time Domain Finite Element Method (TDFEM) based on the nodal inter- polation is proposed for two-dimensional electromagnetic analysis. The detailed algorithms of the method are presented firstly, and then the accuracy, CPU time and memory consumption of the higher-order node-based TDFEM are investigated. The high performance of the presented approach is validated by numerical results of the transient responses of Transverse Electric (TE) field and Transverse Magnetic (TM) field in a rectangular waveguide.

Parallel-Computing Wavelet-Based FDTD Method for Modeling Nanoscale Optical Resonator

An efficient wavelet-based finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method is implemented for analyzing nanoscale optical devices,especially optical resonator.Because of its highly linear numerical dispersion properties the high-spatial-order FDTD achieves significant reduction in the number of cells,i.e.used memory,while analyzing a high-index dielectric ring resonator working as an add/drop multiplexer.The main novelty is that the wavelet-based FDTD model is extended in a parallel computation environment to solve physical problems with large dimensions.To demonstrate the efficiency of the parallelized FDTD model,a mirrored cavity is analyzed.The analysis shows that the proposed model reduces computation time and memory cost,and the parallel computation result matches the theoretical model.

Parallel Iterative FEM Solver with Initial Guess for Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Analysis

The finite element method is a key player in computational electromag-netics for designing RF(Radio Frequency)components such as waveguides.The frequency-domain analysis is fundamental to identify the characteristics of the components.For the conventional frequency-domain electromagnetic analysis using FEM(Finite Element Method),the system matrix is complex-numbered as well as indefinite.The iterative solvers can be faster than the direct solver when the solver convergence is guaranteed and done in a few steps.However,such complex-numbered and indefinite systems are hard to exploit the merit of the iterative solver.It is also hard to benefit from matrix factorization techniques due to varying system matrix parts according to frequency.Overall,it is hard to adopt conventional iterative solvers even though the system matrix is sparse.A new parallel iterative FEM solver for frequency domain analysis is implemented for inhomogeneous waveguide structures in this paper.In this implementation,the previous solution of the iterative solver of Matlab(Matrix Laboratory)employ-ing the preconditioner is used for the initial guess for the next step’s solution process.The overlapped parallel stage using Matlab’s Parallel Computing Toolbox is also proposed to alleviate the cold starting,which ruins the convergence of early steps in each parallel stage.Numerical experiments based on waveguide structures have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Electromagnetic Response Studies of the Antenna for Deep Water Deep Target CSEM Environments

The Controlled Source Electromagnetic Method (CSEM) is used for offshore hydrocarbon exploration. Hydrocarbon detection in seabed logging (SBL) is a very challenging task for deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. The electromagnetic field response of an antenna is unable to detect deep hydrocarbon reservoirs due to a weak electromagnetic signal response in the seabed logging environment. This work premise deals with the comparison of the electromagnetic signal strength of a new antenna with a straight antenna and the orientation of an antenna for deep target hydrocarbon exploration. Antenna position and orientation (Tx and Ty) was studied using Computer Simulation Technology software (CST) for deep targets in marine CSEM environments. The model area was assigned as (40 ′ 40 km) to replicate the real seabed environment. From the results, the new dipole antenna shows an 804% and 278% increase in electric and magnetic field strength than the straight antenna. An electric (E) and magnetic (H) field component study was done with and without the presence of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Ex and Hz field component responses with the new antenna at the1 kmtarget were measured in a deep water environment. It was analyzed that the antenna shows 53.10% (Ex) and 83.13% (Hz) field difference in deep water with and without a hydrocarbon reservoir at the30 mantenna position from the sea floor. From the antenna orientation results, it was observed that, the electric field Ex and magnetic field Hz responses decreased from 18% to 12% and 21% to 16%, respectively but was still able to detect the deep target hydrocarbon reservoir at the4 kmtarget depth. This EM antenna may open new frontiers for the oil and gas industry for deep target hydrocarbon detection (HC).

电磁计算与电磁工业软件

概要介绍了电磁计算与电磁工业软件的研究进展。1)介绍了电磁计算方法的研究进展,对解析方法、高频近似方法、全波计算方法、快速计算方法,以及近年发展起来的混合方法进行了阐述;2)概述了基于时域有限差分方法(FDTD)、有限元法(FEM)、矩量法(MoM)等全波计算方法的3款国际主流商业电磁计算软件的特点和发展历程;3)介绍了我国具有自主知识产权的“摇光”高频电磁工业软件的算法体系、软件功能以及实际应用情况;4)对电磁计算与电磁工业软件的未来发展进行了总结和展望。

新能源电力系统细粒度并行与多速率电磁暂态仿真

随着可再生能源的快速发展,电力系统设备类型越来越多,系统振荡特征越来越复杂,对电磁暂态仿真的精度和效率提出了更高要求。基于大规模集成电路设计中所使用的延迟插入法(LIM),提出了新能源电力系统的细粒度建模方法,并结合图形处理器(GPU)的资源优势,实现了算法的并行求解。所提方法将传统交流电网与电力电子设备进行解耦,并基于混合数值稳定性判据和局部截断误差的方法确定了各子系统的步长。然后,通过插值实现了新能源电力系统的多速率仿真。最后,基于GPU硬件平台,以含新能源接入的改进39节点系统为例验证了所提方法的精度,并以不同规模的新能源接入、不同仿真步长的组合验证了所提方法在仿真效率方面的优势。

极低频数据中的Pc1地磁脉动自动识别

极低频电磁台网成功观测到大量的Pc1地磁脉动事件,研究极低频Pc1地磁脉动的自动识别方法对于全面分析地球空间电磁物理环境具有重要意义.本文采用了YOLOv8目标检测网络、ResNet残差网络和定向特征增强技术,提出了一种基于计算机视觉的Pc1地磁脉动自动识别模型(Automatic Detection Model for Pc1 Geomagnetic Pulsation,简称ADM-Pc1).以大连台站和丽江台站的极低频观测数据为例,利用2015—2016年的数据作为训练集进行模型的监督学习,并使用2017—2022年的数据作为测试集对模型性能进行评估.实验结果显示,ADM-Pc1模型的F1-Score值达到了95%,错分率仅为0.9%,虚警率仅为5.8%,漏检率仅为9%,处理1天数据平均耗时是2.72 s,显著优于现有的最优识别模型.这表明,ADM-Pc1模型在识别效果和计算速度方面均能更好地满足实际工程需求.

电工装备低频电磁仿真中若干关键问题研究现状及趋势

低频电磁场仿真是电气装备智能化的基础核心技术。该文基于计算电磁学自20世纪60年代以来的发展历程,讨论了低频电磁场仿真中若干关键问题的发展现状,展望了当前数值仿真领域的发展趋势。首先,介绍了低频电磁场计算基本方程及数值离散方法;其次,对低频电磁场计算中材料建模的均一化、各向异性、磁滞模型等方面开展了分析和探讨;随后,针对空间多尺度、趋肤效应、开放边界以及变形与运动对低频电磁场仿真中网格和离散格式的特殊性进行了阐释,分析了当前电磁-力-热多物理耦合中的关键问题,介绍了数字孪生模型构建中基于物理模型和数据驱动的建模方法及近期工作;最后,对数值仿真在优化设计、人工智能、新一代仿真软件等方面的发展趋势进行了分析和展望。当前,多尺度多物理耦合建模仿真方法仍是电磁场计算领域的研究重点。传统数值仿真与新兴计算技术、人工智能的结合愈加紧密。智能制造和数字孪生等前沿需求下,电磁场计算面临高效迭代仿真和实时仿真的挑战,由物理模型和数据共同驱动的替代建模是解决这两方面挑战的重要手段。工业CAE仿真软件架构正在发生着深刻变革,迫切需要我国自主CAE仿真软件核心技术及应用生态的提升。

基于BLT计算复杂腔体结构屏蔽效能的拓展方法

本文通过拓展BLT(Baum-Liu-Tesche)方法,计算了复杂结构腔体的屏蔽效能(Shielding Effectiveness,SE). BLT方法最初被用于分析传输线模型,后被拓展到计算腔体屏蔽效能,然而其局限于计算矩形腔体和圆柱腔体的屏蔽效能,无法分析更加复杂的腔体结构.本文将BLT方法与数值方法相结合,同时利用机器学习的回归方法,将其拓展到复杂腔体结构的屏蔽效能计算中.本文首先计算了腔体二维截面的特征模;然后,基于电磁波传播规律建立了等效电路网络结构,结合BLT方法获得腔体屏蔽效能的频域响应分布;最后,利用机器学习方法训练支持向量回归模型(Support Vector Regression,SVR),修正频域响应幅值,得到腔体目标的屏蔽效能.本文采用了3种不同结构的腔体对提出的方法进行了验证,频率范围为0.1~3 GHz.以商业软件仿真得到的结果为标准,本文提出的方法可以在85%的置信度条件下,实现均方根误差小于3,同时计算速度相比商业软件提升80倍以上.

基于超材料的电磁神经网络研究进展

随着人工智能技术的广泛应用,面向智能计算的算力需求呈井喷式增长。目前芯片的快速发展已经逼近其工艺制程的瓶颈,同时功耗也不断增加,因此高速、高能效的智能计算硬件研究是一个重要方向。以光子电路神经网络和全光衍射神经网络为代表的计算架构因其计算快、功耗低等优势而受到广泛关注。该文回顾了光神经网络的代表性工作,通过3维衍射神经网络和光神经网络芯片化发展两条主线进行介绍,同时,针对光学衍射神经网络和光子神经网络芯片面临的瓶颈和挑战,如网络规模和集成度等,分析比较它们的特点、性能和各自的优劣势。其次,考虑到通用化的发展需求,该文进一步讨论神经形态计算硬件的可编程设计,并在各个部分中介绍了一些可编程神经网络的代表性工作。除了光波段的智能神经网络,本文还讨论了微波衍射神经网络的发展和应用,展示了其可编程能力。最后介绍智能神经形态计算的未来方向和发展趋势,及其在无线通信、信息处理和传感方面的潜在应用。

高功率电磁学中的智能计算技术

以麦克斯韦方程组为理论基础,计算电磁学在电磁预测、故障诊断等高功率电磁领域取得了显著进展。近年来,随着人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术的发展,其强大的数据拟合和非线性学习能力使得其在高功率电磁计算领域获得了广泛关注,为解决数据限制、计算负担等若干高功率电磁领域的研究瓶颈提供了新的可能。本文讨论了AI在高功率电磁计算领域的若干研究成果,并对该领域的发展进行了展望。

高功率腔体滤波器的电磁-热-力多物理场智能代理模型及快速预测

电磁多物理场计算在模拟高功率微波器件方面至关重要。为了快速且精确地获取高功率腔体滤波器中由电磁引发的多物理场响应,本文构建了一种基于数据驱动的电磁多物理场代理模型。首先利用有限元方法建立腔体滤波器的多物理场响应数据库,随后基于该数据库构建数据驱动的人工神经网络代理模型。结果对比表明:该代理模型能够精确且快速地预测高功率腔体滤波器在不同输入功率下的S参数曲线,预测精度超过98%,预测时间少于0.2 s;相较于传统的电磁多物理场数值计算方法,计算速度提升了3个数量级以上。因此,本文代理模型的快速精确预测能力对新型高功率微波器件的稳定性分析、可靠性评估和优化设计具有重要的理论指导意义和实际工程应用价值。