A Preliminary Ray Tracing Approach to Computational Electromagnetics for Reverberation Chambers

This paper summarizes a theoretical design analysis for the implementation of an electromagnetic modeling tool, focusing on the simulation of electromagnetic field propagation inside reverberation chambers. The simulation algorithms which have been developed rely on a ray tracing technique, adapted in such a way as to maximize compatibility with the specific requirements and parameters, as applicable for reverberation chambers. The most significant example of a typical parameter is the high rate of wave reflections inside the chambers’ cavity. An implementation of the algorithms was used for simulation of several theoretically predictable cases. Study of the results of these test cases showed that some of the design decisions and algorithms used need to be reviewed in order to optimize the computational aspects of the application, such as resource management (memory, CPU time). Results of typical sample cases are re- viewed in this paper as well, in order to identify possible pitfalls and objectives for future research.

Calculation of angular glint in near field utilizing graphical electromagnetic computing

The angular glint in the near field plays an important role on radar tracking errors. To predict it more efficiently for electrically large targets, a new method based on graphical electromagnetic computing （GRECO） is proposed. With the benefit of the graphic card, the GRECO prediction method is faster and more accurate than other methods. The proposed method at the first time considers the special case that the targets cannot be completely covered by radar beams, which makes the prediction of radar tracking errors more self-contained in practical circumstances. On the other hand, the process of the scattering center extraction is omitted, resulting in possible angular glint prediction in real time. Comparisons between the simulation results and the theoretical ones validate its correctness and value to academic research and engineering applications.

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CONTINUOUS ELECTROMAGNETIC STIRRING FOR MAKING RHEOLOGIC SEMI-SOLID SLURRY OF ZL112Y ALUMINUM ALLOY

To realize the technology of fabricating the rheologic semi-solid slurry of ZL112Y aluminum alloy via continues electromagnetic stirring process, ANSYS software was used to simulate electromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field in the alloy melt in a crucible tube in three coils. In the first section of the paper, eletromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field caused by single coil were simulated. The result of this simulation gives an average velocity of 3.2 cm/s and it is called critical velocity because a fluid velocity over it will cause a fine and spherical structure of solid primary a in a semi-solid melt. And, from this result, a reasonable temperature of semi-solid of the alloy and an electrical current intensity were established. The electrical current intensity of the result of this simulation corresponded to the current intensity used in a practice experiment, in which the primary α was obviously refined and sphericized. Based on this simulation of single coil electromagnetic stirring, in the second section of the paper, eletromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field caused by three coils were simulated. The result of the simulation shows that, 1） there is a semi-solid zone of 32 mm from bottom of the crucible tube to the upper; 2） the electrical current intensities of three coils of 400 A, 600 A, and 400 A, which were set to top range, middle range and bottom range of the tube, respectively, were the optimum parameters of electromagnetic current intensity under the condition of this investigation; and 3） under effect of these electromagnetic current intensity, the fluid velocities of the melt in the tube were 6.3 cm/s in top range, 3.75 cm/s in middle range, and 3.9 cm/s in bottom range of it, respectively.

Finite Step Conjugate Gradients Methods for the Solution of an Impedance Operator Equation Arising in Electromagnetics

A class of finite step iterative methods, conjugate gradients, for the solution of an operator equation, is presented on this paper to solve electromagnetic scattering. The method of generalized equivalent circuit is used to model the problem and then deduce an electromagnetic equation based on the impedance operator. Four versions of the conjugate gradient method are presented and numerical results for an iris structure are given, to illustrate convergence properties of each version. Computational efficiency of these methods has been compared to the moment method.

Parallel Iterative FEM Solver with Initial Guess for Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Analysis

The finite element method is a key player in computational electromag-netics for designing RF(Radio Frequency)components such as waveguides.The frequency-domain analysis is fundamental to identify the characteristics of the components.For the conventional frequency-domain electromagnetic analysis using FEM(Finite Element Method),the system matrix is complex-numbered as well as indefinite.The iterative solvers can be faster than the direct solver when the solver convergence is guaranteed and done in a few steps.However,such complex-numbered and indefinite systems are hard to exploit the merit of the iterative solver.It is also hard to benefit from matrix factorization techniques due to varying system matrix parts according to frequency.Overall,it is hard to adopt conventional iterative solvers even though the system matrix is sparse.A new parallel iterative FEM solver for frequency domain analysis is implemented for inhomogeneous waveguide structures in this paper.In this implementation,the previous solution of the iterative solver of Matlab(Matrix Laboratory)employ-ing the preconditioner is used for the initial guess for the next step’s solution process.The overlapped parallel stage using Matlab’s Parallel Computing Toolbox is also proposed to alleviate the cold starting,which ruins the convergence of early steps in each parallel stage.Numerical experiments based on waveguide structures have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

电工装备低频电磁仿真中若干关键问题研究现状及趋势

低频电磁场仿真是电气装备智能化的基础核心技术。该文基于计算电磁学自20世纪60年代以来的发展历程,讨论了低频电磁场仿真中若干关键问题的发展现状,展望了当前数值仿真领域的发展趋势。首先,介绍了低频电磁场计算基本方程及数值离散方法;其次,对低频电磁场计算中材料建模的均一化、各向异性、磁滞模型等方面开展了分析和探讨;随后,针对空间多尺度、趋肤效应、开放边界以及变形与运动对低频电磁场仿真中网格和离散格式的特殊性进行了阐释,分析了当前电磁-力-热多物理耦合中的关键问题,介绍了数字孪生模型构建中基于物理模型和数据驱动的建模方法及近期工作;最后,对数值仿真在优化设计、人工智能、新一代仿真软件等方面的发展趋势进行了分析和展望。当前,多尺度多物理耦合建模仿真方法仍是电磁场计算领域的研究重点。传统数值仿真与新兴计算技术、人工智能的结合愈加紧密。智能制造和数字孪生等前沿需求下,电磁场计算面临高效迭代仿真和实时仿真的挑战,由物理模型和数据共同驱动的替代建模是解决这两方面挑战的重要手段。工业CAE仿真软件架构正在发生着深刻变革,迫切需要我国自主CAE仿真软件核心技术及应用生态的提升。

基于BLT计算复杂腔体结构屏蔽效能的拓展方法

本文通过拓展BLT(Baum-Liu-Tesche)方法,计算了复杂结构腔体的屏蔽效能(Shielding Effectiveness,SE). BLT方法最初被用于分析传输线模型,后被拓展到计算腔体屏蔽效能,然而其局限于计算矩形腔体和圆柱腔体的屏蔽效能,无法分析更加复杂的腔体结构.本文将BLT方法与数值方法相结合,同时利用机器学习的回归方法,将其拓展到复杂腔体结构的屏蔽效能计算中.本文首先计算了腔体二维截面的特征模;然后,基于电磁波传播规律建立了等效电路网络结构,结合BLT方法获得腔体屏蔽效能的频域响应分布;最后,利用机器学习方法训练支持向量回归模型(Support Vector Regression,SVR),修正频域响应幅值,得到腔体目标的屏蔽效能.本文采用了3种不同结构的腔体对提出的方法进行了验证,频率范围为0.1~3 GHz.以商业软件仿真得到的结果为标准,本文提出的方法可以在85%的置信度条件下,实现均方根误差小于3,同时计算速度相比商业软件提升80倍以上.

基于超材料的电磁神经网络研究进展

随着人工智能技术的广泛应用,面向智能计算的算力需求呈井喷式增长。目前芯片的快速发展已经逼近其工艺制程的瓶颈,同时功耗也不断增加,因此高速、高能效的智能计算硬件研究是一个重要方向。以光子电路神经网络和全光衍射神经网络为代表的计算架构因其计算快、功耗低等优势而受到广泛关注。该文回顾了光神经网络的代表性工作,通过3维衍射神经网络和光神经网络芯片化发展两条主线进行介绍,同时,针对光学衍射神经网络和光子神经网络芯片面临的瓶颈和挑战,如网络规模和集成度等,分析比较它们的特点、性能和各自的优劣势。其次,考虑到通用化的发展需求,该文进一步讨论神经形态计算硬件的可编程设计,并在各个部分中介绍了一些可编程神经网络的代表性工作。除了光波段的智能神经网络,本文还讨论了微波衍射神经网络的发展和应用,展示了其可编程能力。最后介绍智能神经形态计算的未来方向和发展趋势,及其在无线通信、信息处理和传感方面的潜在应用。

半隐式延迟解耦的开关动作高效处理方法

传统电磁暂态仿真采用详细模型建模电压源型换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)并采用双插值法(double interpolation method,DIM)处理步长内的开关事件,由于详细模型的导纳阵时变,DIM算法流程复杂,在进行大电网仿真时严重影响计算效率。针对这一问题,应用半隐式延时解耦原理建模VSC,并对步长内开关事件的处理方法进行研究,通过对开关函数在步长内的占空比进行等值代替DIM,提高仿真效率。首先,从VSC状态方程出发,得到VSC解耦模型,实现换流器的并行计算,提高计算效率;其次,分析了不处理开关事件时累计误差的产生机理,并给出了计算时序和开关函数等值占空比的计算方法,保证仿真精度;最后,以PSCAD的仿真波形为基准,验证了所提方法的精度和有效性,讨论了所提方法的方法特点。

基于轻量化混合门结构神经网络的变压器电磁场仿真方法

针对传统电力变压器电磁场仿真模型需要占用大量磁盘空间,运行功耗大,运算极为消耗计算资源等问题,提出一种基于轻量化混合门结构网络(lightweight hybrid gate recurrent unit network,LH-GRUNet)的变压器电磁场仿真方法。首先针对单相E芯变压器设计了一种混合门结构网络模型,实现了变压器铁芯和绕组的电磁场仿真;进一步,提出一种神经网络轻量化方法,通过删除模型全连接层中的冗余参数以压缩模型所需的存储空间与计算资源,最终实现变压器电磁场的低功耗、快速仿真。此外,基于LH-GRUNet的变压器电磁场仿真模型能够有效降低其运行所需的存储空间与计算资源,使其能够在几乎不损失模型精度的前提下应用于体积小、功耗低的边缘计算平台。

基于GPU的电磁计算与SAR回波仿真加速方法研究

电磁计算与SAR(Synthetic aperture Radar,合成孔径雷达)回波仿真算法在雷达系统设计、雷达算法验证与目标自动识别算法研究等方面起着重要的作用,针对传统的电磁计算与SAR回波仿真算法耗时过长的问题,本文提出了一种基于GPU(Graphic Processing Unit,图形处理器)的电磁计算与SAR回波仿真全流程加速方法。首先,将传统算法中的三个核心计算部分——射线跟踪、电磁计算与SAR回波仿真进行多线程划分,然后利用GPU通用计算平台,并行处理所有线程单元,加快仿真速度。最后,实验结果表明:该方法相对于单核CPU计算的加速比达到450左右,相对于10核心CPU计算的加速比达到50左右。该方法在保证生成数据与传统算法一致的前提下,实现了良好的加速效果。

基于CEM方法的直升机RCS计算及参数分析

为提高直升机雷达散射特性预估的准确性,建立了目标雷达散射特性分析的计算电磁学方法(Computational electromagnetics method,CEM),并开展了结构参数对雷达散射截面(Radar cross section,RCS)特性影响的研究。以微分形式的Maxwell方程作为电磁特性求解的控制方程,电磁计算网格采用Yee元胞的技术生成,对控制方程进行时间和空间的中心差分格式离散。应用完全匹配层(Perfect matching layer,PML)技术作为吸收边界条件,并与基于等效原理的近远场外推法相结合,建立了直升机RCS的高精度数值方法。分别采用二维无限长导体圆柱和三维金属立方体作为验证算例,结果表明CEM方法比高频方法具有明显的高精度特点。在此基础上,研究翼型厚度、弯度、桨叶片数对旋翼雷达散射特征的影响机理和变化规律,同时计算机身不同结构布局参数下的RCS特性,分析短翼和平尾对机身强散射特征的影响规律。研究表明:桨尖是旋翼的重要散射源之一,采用薄翼型桨叶能有效改善旋翼的雷达散射性能,短翼和平尾会在不同角域内增加机身的雷达散射截面,在直升机隐身设计中需要重点考虑。

新能源电力系统细粒度并行与多速率电磁暂态仿真

随着可再生能源的快速发展,电力系统设备类型越来越多,系统振荡特征越来越复杂,对电磁暂态仿真的精度和效率提出了更高要求。基于大规模集成电路设计中所使用的延迟插入法(LIM),提出了新能源电力系统的细粒度建模方法,并结合图形处理器(GPU)的资源优势,实现了算法的并行求解。所提方法将传统交流电网与电力电子设备进行解耦,并基于混合数值稳定性判据和局部截断误差的方法确定了各子系统的步长。然后,通过插值实现了新能源电力系统的多速率仿真。最后,基于GPU硬件平台,以含新能源接入的改进39节点系统为例验证了所提方法的精度,并以不同规模的新能源接入、不同仿真步长的组合验证了所提方法在仿真效率方面的优势。

基于ADE-PML方法的快速计算目标电磁场分布研究

在电磁场分布计算领域,目标的电磁分布计算是一个重要且复杂的问题。目前,常用的计算方法有有限元法、有限差分法、时域积分方程法等。这些方法都有各自的优缺点,但是无论哪种方法都需要进行离散化、求解和后处理等,存在计算量大、计算时间长、计算精度低等问题。为了解决这些问题,一些新的计算方法被提出,如自适应离散化误差修正技术,自适应边界条件技术等。这些技术能够有效地提高计算精度和计算效率,但是在具体工程应用中,仍然存在一些问题,例如处理复杂目标的电磁场分布计算难度仍然较大、计算时间较长等。通过基于ADE-PML方法研究快速计算复杂目标的电磁场分布,进一步提高电磁场分布计算效率,有助于复杂目标电磁分布工程应用分析。

基于电磁计算的同时极化雷达成像仿真

雷达信号的电磁(EM)仿真对新体制雷达技术的研究具有重要价值。文中针对新体制同时极化雷达(SPR)回波信号开展EM仿真,提出了快速仿真方法,并在此基础上进行了高分辨雷达成像。首先,利用FEKO构建了雷达目标在4π空间里所有入射角度下的宽带全极化EM散射数据库;接着,在推导SPR目标回波信号模型的基础上,基于优化最小化方法以最小化互补积分旁瓣电平为准则设计了H、V发射通道的正交互补序列波形。最后,根据实际雷达对目标的视角和频率范围以调用数据库的方式“装配”得到相应的雷达回波信号。为了进一步验证所提方法,该文以F22模型为例开展了SPR成像仿真实验,并通过Pauli分解分析了幅相误差对目标极化散射特性测量的影响。

新型电力系统电磁暂态并行仿真关键技术及展望

在“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标驱动下,电力系统逐渐发展成为高比例新能源并网和高比例电力电子设备接入的新型电力系统,其电源结构、电网形态和运行特征发生了显著变化。电磁暂态仿真由于能够全面、精确刻画电力系统的高频动态特性,已成为掌握新型电力系统运行特性的关键手段。然而,传统串行计算模式下的电磁暂态仿真技术在仿真效率上无法应对新能源大规模并网、交直流复杂耦合的仿真场景,亟需从高效并行算法和硬件加速角度出发,开展并行计算模式下的电磁暂态仿真相关研究。为此,首先概括了新型电力系统对电磁暂态仿真的新需求;其次,介绍了电磁暂态仿真的分网并行算法;再次,介绍了能够进一步提升电磁暂态仿真效率的多速率仿真方法;接着,介绍了基于并行计算设备的并行仿真实现方案;最后,梳理了国内外电磁暂态仿真平台的并行策略,总结指出算法硬件深度融合的仿真平台是未来的发展方向,并对其中的关键技术进行分析和展望。

基于CST的车辆线束电磁脉冲效应仿真研究

针对等效线束法建模难、计算效率低的问题,探讨了车辆线束在电磁脉冲辐照下不同参数的耦合效应,以提高仿真效率,并分析了车辆线束中相关参数对线束电磁脉冲耦合的影响。首先,分析了车辆线束数量对线束电磁耦合效应的影响,通过控制变量法,改变线束中的线缆数量,观察线束中耦合电压的最大值。然后,改变线缆尺寸和负载电阻,观察线束中耦合电压电流最大值的变化。仿真结果表明,耦合电压的峰值随线缆数量的增大而减小,随线缆尺寸的增大而增大,并且都呈线性变化;耦合电流的峰值随负载电阻的增大而减小,呈幂级数关系。最后,结合仿真结果,对不同参数下的最大耦合电压电流进行拟合,得出其之间的关系,为车辆线束的电磁防护工作提供参考。

X射线计算机体层摄影设备(CT)电磁兼容测试工作模式的选取

本文探讨X射线计算机体层摄影设备(CT)在电磁兼容测试过程中工作模式的选取,依照X射线计算机体层摄影设备(CT)的工作原理、检验标准和审评指导原则,结合电磁兼容测试实际情况进行探讨。

Does exposure to computers affect the routine parameters of semen quality?

Aim： To assess whether exposure to computers harms the semen quality of healthy young men. Methods： A total of 178 subjects were recruited from two maternity and children healthcare centers in Shanghai, 91 with a history of exposure to computers （i.e., exposure for 20 h or more per week in the last 2 years） and 87 persons to act as control （no or little exposure to computers）. Data on the history of exposure to computers and other characteristics were obtained by means of a structured questionnaire interview. Semen samples were collected by masturbation in the place where the semen samples were analyzed. Results： No differences in the distribution of the semen parameters （semen volume, sperm density, percentage of progressive sperm, sperm viability and percentage of normal form sperm） were found between the exposed group and the control group. Exposure to computers was not found to be a risk factor for inferior semen quality after adjusting for potential confounders, including abstinence days, testicle size, occupation, history of exposure to toxic substances. Conclusion： The present study did not find that healthy： men exposed to computers had inferior semen quality. （Asian J Andro12005 Sep; 7： 263-266）

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HOMOGENIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN SOFT-CONTACT CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLD

The three-dimensional electromagnetic characteristics and non-uniform distribution of electromagnetic field in soft-contact continuous casting mold have been analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that the maximum electromagnetic flux density is found in front of slit; the electromagnetic flux density becomes large as the coil current and slit number increase. In a certain frequency range, the electromagnetic flux density increases with the increase of frequency and the frequency range is different with the change of azimuthal position along the inner wall of mold. The uniformity of electromagnetic field is influenced mainly by frequency and mold structure parameters. Increasing slit number and adjusting slit arrangement position can improve the electromagnetic flux density and the uniformity of electromagnetic field. For a soft-contact mold with 16 slits, when frequency is 20 kHz, the optimal slit arrangement parameter is a:b=1:2, c=0.