Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic and Fluid−Structure Interaction of An NREL-5MW Wind Turbine

A 5-MW wind turbine has been modeled and analyzed for fluid-structure interaction and aerodynamic performance.In this study, a full-scale model of a 5-MW wind turbine is first developed based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach, in which the unsteady, noncompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) method is used. The main focus of the study is to analyze the tower shadow effect on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine under different inlet flow conditions. Subsequently, the finite element model is established by considering fluid/structure interactions to study the structural stress, displacement, strain distributions and flow field information of the structure under the uniform wind speed. Finally, the fluid-structure interaction model is established by considering turbulent wind and the tower shadow effect. The variation rules of the dynamic response of the one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI) models under different wind speeds are analyzed, and the numerical calculation results are compared with those of the centralized mass model. The results show that the tower shadow effect and structural deformation are the main factors affecting the aerodynamic load fluctuation of the wind turbine, which in turn affects the aerodynamic performance and structural stability of the blades. The structural dynamic response of the coupled model shows significant similarity, while the structural displacement response of the former exhibits less fluctuation compared with the conventional centralized mass model. The one-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI)model shows a higher frequency of stress-strain and displacement oscillations on the blade compared with the two-way FSI model.

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of rapid pyrolysis of solid waste magnesium nitrate hydrate under different injection methods

This study developed a numerical model to efficiently treat solid waste magnesium nitrate hydrate through multi-step chemical reactions.The model simulates two-phase flow,heat,and mass transfer processes in a pyrolysis furnace to improve the decomposition rate of magnesium nitrate.The performance of multi-nozzle and single-nozzle injection methods was evaluated,and the effects of primary and secondary nozzle flow ratios,velocity ratios,and secondary nozzle inclination angles on the decomposition rate were investigated.Results indicate that multi-nozzle injection has a higher conversion efficiency and decomposition rate than single-nozzle injection,with a 10.3%higher conversion rate under the design parameters.The decomposition rate is primarily dependent on the average residence time of particles,which can be increased by decreasing flow rate and velocity ratios and increasing the inclination angle of secondary nozzles.The optimal parameters are injection flow ratio of 40%,injection velocity ratio of 0.6,and secondary nozzle inclination of 30°,corresponding to a maximum decomposition rate of 99.33%.

Flow Field Characteristics of Multi-Trophic Artificial Reef Based on Computation Fluid Dynamics

On the basis of computational fluid dynamics,the flow field characteristics of multi-trophic artificial reefs,including the flow field distribution features of a single reef under three different velocities and the effect of spacing between reefs on flow scale and the flow state,were analyzed.Results indicate upwelling,slow flow,and eddy around a single reef.Maximum velocity,height,and volume of upwelling in front of a single reef were positively correlated with inflow velocity.The length and volume of slow flow increased with the increase in inflow velocity.Eddies were present both inside and backward,and vorticity was positively correlated with inflow velocity.Space between reefs had a minor influence on the maximum velocity and height of upwelling.With the increase in space from 0.5 L to 1.5 L(L is the reef lehgth),the length of slow flow in the front and back of the combined reefs increased slightly.When the space was 2.0 L,the length of the slow flow decreased.In four different spaces,eddies were present inside and at the back of each reef.The maximum vorticity was negatively correlated with space from 0.5 L to 1.5 L,but under 2.0 L space,the maximum vorticity was close to the vorticity of a single reef under the same inflow velocity.

Application of computational fluid dynamics in design of viscous dampers-CFD modeling and full-scale dynamic testing

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)provides a powerful tool for investigating complicated fluid flows.This paper aims to study the applicability of CFD in the preliminary design of linear and nonlinear fluid viscous dampers.Two fluid viscous dampers were designed based on CFD models.The first device was a linear viscous damper with straight orifices.The second was a nonlinear viscous damper containing a one-way pressure-responsive valve inside its orifices.Both dampers were detailed based on CFD simulations,and their internal fluid flows were investigated.Full-scale specimens of both dampers were manufactured and tested under dynamic loads.According to the tests results,both dampers demonstrate stable cyclic behaviors,and as expected,the nonlinear damper generally tends to dissipate more energy compared to its linear counterpart.Good compatibility was achieved between the experimentally measured damper force-velocity curves and those estimated from CFD analyses.Using a thermography camera,a rise in temperature of the dampers was measured during the tests.It was found that output force of the manufactured devices was virtually independent of temperature even during long duration loadings.Accordingly,temperature dependence can be ignored in CFD models,because a reliable temperature compensator mechanism was used(or intended to be used)by the damper manufacturer.

A simplified approach to modelling blasts in computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

This paper presents a time-efficient numerical approach to modelling high explosive(HE)blastwave propagation using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD).One of the main issues of using conventional CFD modelling in high explosive simulations is the ability to accurately define the initial blastwave properties that arise from the ignition and consequent explosion.Specialised codes often employ Jones-Wilkins-Lee(JWL)or similar equation of state(EOS)to simulate blasts.However,most available CFD codes are limited in terms of EOS modelling.They are restrictive to the Ideal Gas Law(IGL)for compressible flows,which is generally unsuitable for blast simulations.To this end,this paper presents a numerical approach to simulate blastwave propagation for any generic CFD code using the IGL EOS.A new method known as the Input Cavity Method(ICM)is defined where input conditions of the high explosives are given in the form of pressure,velocity and temperature time-history curves.These time history curves are input at a certain distance from the centre of the charge.It is shown that the ICM numerical method can accurately predict over-pressure and impulse time history at measured locations for the incident,reflective and complex multiple reflection scenarios with high numerical accuracy compared to experimental measurements.The ICM is compared to the Pressure Bubble Method(PBM),a common approach to replicating initial conditions for a high explosive in Finite Volume modelling.It is shown that the ICM outperforms the PBM on multiple fronts,such as peak values and overall overpressure curve shape.Finally,the paper also presents the importance of choosing an appropriate solver between the Pressure Based Solver(PBS)and Density-Based Solver(DBS)and provides the advantages and disadvantages of either choice.In general,it is shown that the PBS can resolve and capture the interactions of blastwaves to a higher degree of resolution than the DBS.This is achieved at a much higher computational cost,showing that the DBS is much preferred for quick turnarounds.

CFD simulation of hydrodynamics and mixing performance in dual shaft eccentric mixers

This work aims to systematically study hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid(carboxyl methyl cellulose,CMC)in dual shaft eccentric mixer.Fluid rheology was described by the power law rheological model.Computational fluid dynamics was employed to simulate the velocity field and shear rate inside the stirred tank.The influence mechanism of the rotational modes,height difference between impellers,impeller eccentricities,and impeller types on the flow field have been well investigated.We studied the performance of different dual-shaft eccentric mixers at the constant power input with its fluid velocity profiles,average shear strain rate,mixing time and mixing energy.The counter-rotation mode shows better mixing performance than co-rotation mode,and greater eccentricity can shorten mixing time on the basis of same stirred condition.To intensify the hydrodynamic interaction between impellers and enhance the overall mixing performance of the dual shaft eccentric mixers,it is critical to have a reasonable combination of impellers and an appropriate spatial position of impellers.

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of an Undulatory Mechanical Fin Driven by Shape Memory Alloy

Many fishes use undulatory fin to propel themselves in the underwater environment. These locomotor mechanisms have a popular interest to many researchers. In the present study, we perform a three-dimensional unsteady computation of an undulatory mechanical fin that is driven by Shape Memory Alloy （SMA）. The objective of the computation is to investigate the fluid dynamics of force production associated with the undulatory mechanical fin. An unstructured, grid-based, unsteady Navier-Stokes solver with automatic adaptive remeshing is used to compute the unsteady flow around the fin through five complete cycles. The pressure distribution on fin surface is computed and integrated to provide fin forces which are decomposed into lift and thrust. The velocity field is also computed throughout the swimming cycle. Finally, a comparison is conducted to reveal the dynamics of force generation according to the kinematic parameters of the undulatory fin （amplitude, frequency and wavelength）.

调谐液柱阻尼器-结构系统风致振动响应的CFD/CSD耦合分析方法

针对调谐液柱阻尼器(tuned liquid column damper, TLCD)难以建立其精确的非线性理论分析模型,且其力学性能试验成本高和耗时长等问题,首先采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟方法,对TLCD系统的力学性能和动力特征进行仿真模拟,在此基础上进一步提出了基于计算流体动力学/计算结构动力学(CFD/CSD)耦合分析方法,求解带TLCD系统的高层建筑结构的风致动力响应。通过开展某一TLCD系统在特定底部激励下的力学性能和动力特性试验,得到其内液体晃荡的自由液面波高和晃动力时程,验证了CFD数值模拟方法可以准确地分析TLCD水箱内液体的非线性晃动特征。随后对风工程领域广泛采用的76层建筑结构振动控制Benchmark模型,假设其顶部设置TLCD系统时主体结构在三种风速重现期(10、50和100年)风速对应的横风向动力风荷载激励下的风致控制效率,采用提出的CFD/CSD耦合分析方法,进行了数值仿真模拟分析。耦合分析结果表明,TLCD系统对Benchmark模型的风致加速度、速度和位移响应均有一定的控制效果,对加速度响应的控制效果要优于对位移响应的控制效果。该研究方法可为复杂TLCD系统对高层建筑的风振控制分析提供有效的参考。

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS(CFD) SIMULATIONS OF DRAG REDUCTION WITH PERIODIC MICRO-STRUCTURED WALL

Computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations are adopted to investigate rectangular microchannel flows with various periodic micro-structured wall by introducing velocity slip boundary condition at low Reynolds number. The purpose of the current study is to numerically find out the effects of periodic micro-structured wall on the flow resistance in rectangular microchannel with the different spacings between microridges ranging from 15 to 60 pm. The simulative results indicate that pressure drop with different spacing between microridges increases linearly with flow velocity and decreases monotonically with slip velocity; Pressure drop reduction also increases with the spacing between microridges at the same condition of slip velocity and flow velocity. The results of numerical simulation are compared with theoretical predictions and experimental results in the literatures. It is found that there is qualitative agreement between them.

基于CFD的FPSO风载荷规范计算适用性研究

[目的]目前,设计人员多使用针对大型油轮的OCIMF规范和针对海上平台的API规范对FPSO风载荷进行计算,但因FPSO船舶上层建筑更为复杂,需进一步研究这2种规范对于FPSO风载荷计算的适用性。[方法]建立具有通用型上部模块的某30万吨级大型FPSO数值模型,对恶劣海况下不同风向角、横倾角下的FPSO所受风载荷进行数值模拟,分析其中存在的遮蔽效应;与规范计算结果进行对比分析,讨论在风载荷作用下FPSO受到的横倾力矩。[结果]结果显示,船舶正浮状态受到的最大风载荷和横倾力矩出现在270°风向角;船舶横倾状态下受到的风载荷和横倾力矩比正浮状态更大,最大横倾力矩出现在10.5°横倾角280°风向角;采用API规范和OCIMF规范得到的FPSO风载荷计算结果与CFD计算结果相差较大,二者在270°风向角的结果与CFD分别相差13.6%和24.5%。[结论]数值仿真给出的流场细节有利于分析上部模块间的遮蔽效应,能够较为准确地预报船舶所受到的风载荷,可以为考虑遮蔽效应的FPSO稳性设计提供参考。

基于CFD/CSD耦合的翼面抖振响应数值模拟研究

发展一种考虑气动弹性效应的CFD/CSD耦合计算方法,对翼面抖振响应进行了数值模拟研究。针对抖振的发生往往伴随着较大尺度分离流动,采用脱体涡模拟方法提高湍流模拟的保真度。针对抖振响应模拟时间历程长、计算量大的特点,基于自主发展的动态网格自动化生成方法以及非定常流动和气动弹性高效求解技术,从而提高响应计算效率。分别对大迎角三角翼和超临界机翼进行了抖振响应模拟研究,通过与文献或试验结果的比较以及时频特性分析,验证了所发展方法在大迎角抖振和跨声速抖振响应预测中的可靠性和精确性。

铁皮石斛复合凝胶CFD数值模拟与个性化3D打印性能预测

铁皮石斛粉富含多糖,具有特殊流变学特性,可用于开发3D打印食品材料。本文探讨铁皮石斛粉对淀粉基凝胶3D打印适应性的影响。通过流变学、质构学、扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等检测手段,结合计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟,分析铁皮石斛粉对淀粉基凝胶3D打印材料结构及打印特性的影响。结果表明,添加石斛粉对淀粉基凝胶的微观结构、流变及质构特性有显著的影响。随着石斛添加量由0 g(SG)增到1.00 g(SG-1.00D),淀粉基凝胶的硬度由(59.81±1.39)g增到(105.67±2.05)g,黏附性由(43.40±2.07)g·s增到(78.59±0.23)g·s。石斛添加量为0.15 g可以优化凝胶体系的网络结构。添加石斛可引起FT-IR特征峰的迁移,增强17°附近XRD衍射特征标记峰的强度,说明生成了更强的氢键,然而未生成新的物质。SG-0.15D凝胶体系的打印速度可达6.13×10-21/s,打印效果最优。研究结果为石斛在3D打印食品材料中的应用提供了参考,为实际生产石斛3D打印材料提供了技术支持。

Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method simulation of stirred tank reactor for graphene production

Liquid phase exfoliation(LPE)process for graphene production is usually carried out in stirred tank reactor and the interactions between the solvent and the graphite particles are important as to improve the production efficiency.In this paper,these interactions were revealed by computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method(CFD-DEM)method.Based on simulation results,both liquid phase flow hydrodynamics and particle motion behavior have been analyzed,which gave the general information of the multiphase flow behavior inside the stirred tank reactor as to graphene production.By calculating the threshold at the beginning of graphite exfoliation process,the shear force from the slip velocity was determined as the active force.These results can support the optimization of the graphene production process.

Preliminary Evaluation of Hemodynamic Effects of Fontan Palliation on Renal Artery Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background:The assessment of renal function is important to the prognosis of patients needing Fontan palliation due to the reconstructed compromised circulation.To know the relationship between the kidney perfusion and hemodynamic characteristics during surgical design could reduce the risk of acute kidney injury(AKI)and the postoperative complications.However,the issue is still unsolved because the current clinical evaluation methods are unable to predict the hemodynamic changes in renal artery(RA).Methods:We reconstructed a three-dimensional(3D)vascular model of a patient requiring Fontan palliation.The technique of computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was utilized to explore the changes of RA hemodynamics under different possible blood flow rates.The relationship between the kidney perfusion and hemodynamic characteristics was investigated.Results:The calculated results indicated the declined tendency of the pressure and pressure drop as the flow rate decreased.When the flow rate decreased to two-thirds of its baseline,both the pressure of left renal artery(LRA)and the pressure of right renal artery(RRA)dipped below 50%,and the pressure of RRA fell more quickly than that of LRA.Uneven distribution of WSS was observed on the trunk of RA,and the lowest WSS was found at the distal of RA.The average WSS in RA dropped to around 50%as the flow rate reached one-third of its baseline.Conclusions:As a promising approach,CFD can be utilized to quantitatively evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of RA and contribute to offsetting the drawbacks of clinical assessments of renal function,to help realize better prognosis for the patients with Fontan palliation.

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation of effect of baffles on separation in mixer settler

The main ideas in the development of the solvent extraction mixer settler focused on achieving clean phase separation,minimizing the loss of the reagents and decreasing the surface area of the settlers.The role of baffles in a mechanically agitated vessel is to ensure even distribution,reduce settler turbulence,promote the stability of power drawn by the impeller and to prevent swirling and vortexing of liquid,thus,greatly improving the mixing of liquid.The insertion of the appropriate number of baffles clearly improves the extent of liquid mixing.However,excessive baffling would interrupt liquid mixing and lengthen the mixing time.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) provides a tool for determining detailed information on fluid flow(hydrodynamics) which is necessary for modeling subprocesses in mixer settler.A total of 54 final CFD runs were carried out representing different combinations of variables like number of baffles,density and impeller speed.CFD data shows that amount of separation increases with increasing baffles number and decreasing impeller speed.

基于CFD变形网格法的螺旋桨水中附加转动惯量研究

为了在螺旋桨设计中较为准确地估算螺旋桨在水中的附加转动惯量,为轴系设计提供更为准确的设计输入,并进一步探究螺旋桨设计参数对于附加转动惯量的影响规律,以通用计算流体力学(CFD)软件STAR-CCM+为平台,运用内置的变形网格技术,以某油船螺旋桨为研究对象,进行基于RANS方程全粘流的附加转动惯量数值计算研究。在此基础上,通过参数变换获取两组弦长和螺距等比例变化的螺旋桨模型,计算其附加转动惯量并分析和设计参数之间的关系。结果表明:对于同一弦长分布的桨,附加转动惯量占比(水中附加转动惯量除以自身转动惯量)随螺距的增加而增加;对于同样螺距分布的桨,附加转动惯量占比随弦长的增加而减小。通过回归分析,建立螺旋桨水中附加转动惯量与弦长及螺距的回归模型,实现了设计中的快速预报。

基于CFD方法的FPSO的波浪荷载和运动响应研究

针对浮式生产储油船(Floating production storage and offloading, FPSO)在深水作业时面临的恶劣海况问题,为保证其服役期间的安全性及作业效率,需要准确计算非线性波浪荷载和运动响应。本文应用基于计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics, CFD)的软件STAR-CCM+建立了针对实尺度FPSO模型的数值水池,基于Richardson外推法,针对时间步长和网格尺寸,分析了二者的收敛性和数值不确定度。使用该数值水池模拟了不同波浪工况作用下FPSO的运动响应,计算其受到的二阶波浪力,并与势流结果进行对比。结果发现,随着波陡增大,平均波浪力的CFD结果逐渐大于势流结果,且呈现差异化增大。而波陡大于1/15时,纵摇的CFD结果明显大于势流结果。说明大波陡条件下,黏性效应对平均波浪力和纵摇影响明显,为恶劣海况下预报及修正FPSO的二阶波浪力和运动提供了参考。

基于CFD的协同AUV编队队形研究

为了研究自主水下航行器(AUV)编队协同航行的减阻效果,对3个典型编队开展水动力性能研究。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)对3艘AUV以串列队形、并列队形和三角队形等开展水动力计算。通过改变各队形下AUV之间的间距,找到最佳队形间距位置,得出对各AUV的阻力影响。利用多目标遗传算法(MOGA)对三角队形进行优化,得出阻力最小的航行间距。结果表明:在串列队形中,当横向距离为3.80m和3.50m时,系统阻力达到最小;在并列队形中,系统阻力随纵向距离增大而减小,但系统内各AUV相比单体AUV无法获得阻力收益;在三角队形中,当横向距离为2.46 m、纵向距离为1.21 m时,系统阻力达到最小。研究成果可为多AUV编队航行提供一定参考。

基于CFD的汽车运输滚装船参数横摇与减摇研究

为探究船舶参数横摇发生条件,以一艘汽车运输滚装船为研究对象,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件STAR-CCM+建立虚拟水池并进行数值模拟。通过模拟静水中船舶横摇自由衰减,计算出船舶的横摇固有周期;采用控制变量法分别探究波高、波长、航速和遭遇频率等对船舶参数横摇的影响;为该船设计并搭载减摇水舱,分析减摇水舱对参数横摇的抑制效果。结果表明:在迎浪规则波中,当波浪达到一定高度,且波浪遭遇频率为船舶横摇固有频率的2倍时,该船的参数横摇最为剧烈;当减摇水舱固有周期等于该船的横摇固有周期时,减摇水舱对参数横摇现象有较好的抑制效果。

CFD辅助搅拌器开发的研究进展

开发性能优良的搅拌器可以提高生化反应器的传质传热效果,降低工业生产成本。计算流体力学(CFD)技术作为强大的数值模拟工具,能为搅拌器的设计提供重要的理论依据,并克服因直接根据传统经验对搅拌器设计而带来的大量人力财力资源耗费的问题。概述了搅拌系统的各类CFD处理方法,并针对国内外利用CFD技术在涡轮式搅拌器、桨式搅拌器、推进式搅拌器和新型搅拌器的开发情况进行了综述。