Study on concentration distribution and detonation characteristics for non-axisymmetric fuel dispersal

The study of non-axisymmetric fuel dispersal and detonation can provide reference for the prevention of industrial cloud explosion accidents and the design of fuel air explosive(FAE).The concentration and detonation fields of 85 kg cylindrical and fan-shaped fuel are investigated by experiments and numerical simulations.A dynamic model of the whole process for fuel dispersal and detonation is built.The concentration distribution of fuel is used as the initial condition to calculate the detonation stage,thus solving the initial value problem of detonation field.The phase and component changes of fuel cloud at different locations are compared.The fuel cloud is divided into directions of 0°,90°,135°and 180°.The results show that the maximum cloud radius is 20.94 m in 135°and the minimum is 12.04 m in 0°.The diameter of the detonation fireball is 53.6 m,and the peak temperature is 3455 K.The highest peak overpressure is 3.44 MPa in 0°and the lowest is 2.97 MPa in 135°.The proportion of liquid phase in 0°is22.90%,and the fuel loss is 11.8% and 9% higher than that in 135°and cylindrical charge,respectively.The stable propagation distance of blast wave in 135°is 42.50% longer than 0°and 28.37% longer than cylindrical charge.

The numerical simulation and inversion fitting of radon concentration distribution in homogeneous overburden above active fault zones

Based on the convection and diffusion mechanisms of radon migration, in this paper we deduce the two-dimensional differential equation for radon transportation in the overburden above active fault zones with an unlimited extension along the strike. Making use of the finite difference method, the radon concentration distribution in the overburden above active faults is calculated and modeled. The active fault zone parameters, such as the depth and the width of the fault zone, and the value of radon concentration, can be inverted from the measured radon concentration curve. These realize quantitative interpretation for radon concentration anomalies. The inversion results are in good agreement with the actual fault zone parameters.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF DRUG RELEASE FROM A MONOLITHIC MATRIX WITH AN INITIALLY LINEAR CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION

Based on the principle of chemical engineering in the multisubject field—drug delivery, the release kinetics of the slab monolithic matrix with an initially linear concentration distribution is studied in this paper. It can be used to describe the later stage when drug loading is above its solubility limit. A comprehensive model is proposed and the generalized solutions are acquired by Laplace transformation, from which a special case, i.e. a perfect sink has been deduced. According to the derived equations, the concentration profiles in the matrix has been computed and illustrated and the effect of volume of extraction medium on release has been investigated.

Experimental Research on Salt-out Particle Motion and Concentration Distribution in a Vortex Pump Volute

The vortex pump is suitable for salt solution transportation. But the salt-out flow mechanism in the pump has not been understood fully. Salt-out layer formation and growth rate are closely related to crystal particle motion and concentration distribution. Study on the particle hydrodynamic characteristics in the pump volute becomes a key problem, because the crystal particles are mainly distributing in this zone after they enter the pump. Phase Doppler particle analyzer（PDPA） is used to measure the two-phase flow field in a model pump volute to get more understanding about the salt-out phenomenon. The crystal particle velocities are obtained in all three peripheral, radial and axial directions. Particle size and particle number density（PND） measurements are also performed in the experiment. Results are presented and discussed along the radial direction under different pump operating conditions, as well as various axial measurement positions. It is found that particle velocity gradient of peripheral component varies with the pump discharge. There is a turning point of relation between peripheral velocity component and discharge. Radial flow velocity curves look like a saddle shape and velocity magnitudes are changing greatly with the discharge. The non-equilibrium velocity feature between liquid and solid phase on this direction is also remarkable. Particles flow into the impeller at radial position R〈I, and the axial velocity component increases in this region. The particle size curve shows an open-up parabola distribution. The largest particles are distributing near the casing peripheral wall. As flow rate increases, accordingly PND increases. It also grows up in the axial-outward direction towards the suction cover. Crystal particle aggregation phenomenon can be revealed from the analysis of particle size and PND distribution, and the aggregation region is determined as well. Research results are helpful for optimal design of this kind of pump preventing salt-out.

Numerical Simulation of Particle Concentration in a Gas Cyclone Separator

The particle concentration inside a cyclone separator at different operation parameters was simulated with the FLUENT software. The Advanced Reynolds Stress Model （ARSM） was used in gas phase turbulence modeling. Stochastic Particle Tracking Model （SPTM） and the Particle-Source-In-Cell （PSIC） method were adopted for particles computing. The interaction between particles and the gas phase was also taken into account. The numerical simulation results were in agreement with the experimental data. The simulation revealed that an unsteady spiral dust strand appeared near the cyclone wall and a non-axi-symmetrical dust ring appeared in the annular space and under the cover plate of the cyclone. There were two regions in the radial particle concentration distribution, in which particle concentration was low in the inner region （r/R≤0.75） and increased greatly in the outer region （r/R〉0.75）. Large particles generally had higher concentration in the near-wall region and small particles had higher concentration in the inner swirling flow region. The axial distribution of particle concentration in the inner swirling flow （r/R≤0.3） region showed that there existed serious fine particle entrainment within the height of 0.SD above the dust discharge port and a short-cut flow at a distance of about 0.25D below the entrance of the vortex finder. The dimensionless concentration in the high-concentration region increased obviously in the upper part of the cyclone separation space when inlet particle loading was large. With increasing gas temperature, the particle separation ability of the cyclone was obviously weakened.

Empirical model for estimating vertical concentration profiles of re-suspended, sediment-associated contaminants

Vertical distribution processes of sediment contaminants in water were studied by flume experiments. Experimental results show that settling velocity of sediment particles and turbulence characteristics are the major hydrodynamic factors impacting distribution of pollutants, especially near the bottom where particle diameter is similar in size to vortex structure. Sediment distribution was uniform along the distance, while contaminant distribution slightly lagged behind the sediment. The smaller the initial sediment concentration was, the more time it took to achieve a uniform concentration distribution for suspended sediment. A contaminants transportation equation was established depending on mass conservation equations. Two mathematical estimation models of pollutant distribution in the overlying water considering adsorption and desorption were devised based on vertical distribution of suspended sediment: equilibrium partition model and dynamic micro-diffusion model. The ratio of time scale between the sediment movement and sorption can be used as the index of the models. When this ratio was large, the equilibrium assumption was reasonable, but when it was small, it might require dynamic micro-diffusion model.

Numerical simulation of low-concentration CO_(2) adsorption on fixed bed using finite element analysis

Accurately predicting distributions of concentration and temperature field in fixed-bed column is essential for designing adsorption processes.In this study,a two-dimensional(2D),axisymmetric,nonisothermal,dynamic adsorption model was established by coupling equations of mass,momentum and energy balance,and solved by finite element analysis.The simulation breakthrough curves fit well with the low-concentration CO_(2) adsorption experimental data,indicating the reliability of the established model.The distributions of concentration and temperature field in the column for CO_(2) adsorption and separation from CO_(2)/N_(2) were obtained.The sensitivity analysis of the adsorption conditions shows that the operation parameters such as feed flow rate,feed concentration,pellet size,and column height-to-diameter ratio produce a significant effect on the dynamic adsorption performance.The multi-physics coupled 2D axisymmetric model could provide a theoretical foundation and guidance for designing CO_(2) fixed-bed adsorption and separation processes,which could be extended to other mixed gases as well.

Velocity and Sediment Concentration Profiles in Sediment-Laden Flows

A theoretical analysis of velocity profiles in sediment-laden flows is presented by means of Prandtl-Karman mixing length theorem. The study shows that the upward velocity of liquid-phase caused by settling sediment leads to the invalidity of the log-law and Rouse equation. The theoretical analysis takes into account the upward velocity and shows: 1) the mean velocity in sediment-laden flows follows the log-law, but the Karman constant reduces in the main flow region, 2) sediment concentration reduces the mixing length of fluid particles, 3) flow resistance reduces with the presence of sediment concentration, and 4) the sediment concentration profile deviates from the well know Rouse equation. The experimental data agree well with the equations derived on the basis of non-zero wall velocity. It is found that the wall-normal velocity should not be neglected for density gradient flows because it induces more than for pure water flows.

Numerical Simulation of Concentration Field on Liquid Side around Bubble during Rising and Coalescing Process in Non-Newtonian Fluid

On the basis of Navier-Stockes equation and convection-diffusion equation, combined with surface tension and penetration models, the equations of moment and mass transfer between bubble and the ambient non-Newtonian liquid were established. The formation of a single bubble from a submersed nozzle of 1.0 mm diameter and the mass transfer from an artificially fixed bubble into the ambient liquid were simulated by the volume-of-fluid （VOF） method. Good agreement between simulation results and experimental data confirmed the validity of the numerical method. Furthermore, the concentration distribution around rising bubbles in shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid was simulated. When the process of a single ellipsoidal bubble with the bubble deformation rate below 2.0 rises, the concentration distribution is a single-tail in the bubble＇s wake, but it is fractal when thebubble deformation rate is greater than 2.0. For the overtaking of two in-line rising bubbles, the concentration distribution area between two bubbles broadens gradually and then coalescence occurs. The bifurcation of concentration distribution appears in the rear of the resultant bubble.

Distribution of Terbium and Increase of Calcium Concentration in the Organs of Mice iv-Administered With Terbium Chloride

To investigate the biobeical effects of terbium (Tb), male mice were intravenously ad ministered with TbCl3 at 10, 25, or 50 mg Tb/kg. Time-course and dose-related changes in organ distributions of Tb were determined . More than 95 % of the Tb in blood was in plas ma, and the concentrations decreased rapidly. Contrary to normal pharmacokinetics, Tb con centrations in plasma were higher in the 10 mg/kg group than in the 50 mg/kg group. The concentrations after injection of 25 mg/kg were between 10 and 50 mg/kg injections. Tb was incorporated mainly in liver, lung, and spleen. In all groups more than 80% of Tb adminis tered were found in these three organs. Disappearance of Tb in these organs was very slow.Tb was also found in kidney, heart and other organs. Coincidentally, it was found that the Ca concentration was increased in organs in which Tb was incorporated. After administration of Tb (50 mg/kg) the Ca concentration, compared to the controls, was 70-fold in spleen, 20-fold in lung, and 6-fold in liver. There were highly positive correlations between Tb and Ca concentrations in organs. Excretion of Tb in urine was 0. 15 ～ 0. 3 % and that in feces was 1.7～12. 5 % for up to 7 days. These results indicate that liver, lung, and spleen are the main target organs of Tb administered intravenously, and that the increase in Ca concentrations is one of the important biological effects of Tb in target organs

Preliminary study on concentrations and size distribution of marine aerosols over the East China Sea

In summer and winter, 1987,and in spring and autumn, 1988, the concentrations and size distribution of marine aerosols were measured over the East China Sea and the South Japan Sea. This paper deals with the study on the seasonal variation of the marine aerosols with the meteorological parameters, the differences and the relations between the marine and continental aerosols. The results show that the marine aerosol concentrations and size distribution over the East China Sea have distinct seasonal change characteristics, which may be attributed to the East Asian atmospheric circulation. The size distribution is discussed by using a three-parameter size distribution model.

Experimental Study of Vertical Two-dimensional Diffusion Concentration Distribution in Sloped Wave Bank Angular Field

[Objectives] This study was conducted to detect the two-dimensional diffusion concentration distribution from sloped wave bank. [Methods] Diffusion experiments of instantaneous line source discharge were carried out using two sloped wave banks with different inclination angles based on the developed two-dimensional diffusion tank device for sloped wave banks by the apex discharge method under grid oscillation frequencies n=15, 20, 40 and 60 r/min. The image acquisition and digital image processing techniques were applied to measure the two-dimensional concentration field distribution and to analyze the distribution laws of the pollutant in the angular field. [Results] The diffusion of the pollutant in the sloped wave bank area became faster with the increase of the grid oscillation frequency, and the pollution range became wider with the diffusion time. The point concentration of the pollutant at the water surface monotonically decreased with the increase of the abscissa, and the vertical concentration distribution decreased with the increase of water depth. The transverse diffusion rate of the pollutant in water was greater than the vertical diffusion rate, and its concentration distribution exhibited a distribution characteristic of farther diffusion in the adjacent area on the water surface. The diffusion experiment area of the sloped wave bank at θ=30° had a higher concentration of the pollutant at each point compared with the diffusion experiment of the sloped bank at θ=45°, under the same experimental conditions. A large-scale vortex appeared near the sloped wave bank at θ=45° during the experiment, and the presence of the vortex made the concentration distribution of the pollutant in the direction along the bank slope first decrease and then increase, while no obvious vortex was observed near the sloped wave bank at θ=30°, and the concentration of the pollutant decreased monotonously along the bank slope direction. [Conclusions] This study is of great significance for the concentration distribution laws and the lateral and vertical diffusion coefficients of side discharge at complex bank slopes and river banks.

Experimental investigation of the mixing efficiency via intensity of segregation along axial direction of a rotating bar reactor

As a significant index to evaluate the mixing efficiency,studying the concentration distribution is directly related to the intensity of segregation(I_(s)).In this work,the I_(s) of the mixture composed of NaCl solutionwater was investigated experimentally in a rotating bar reactor(RBR)by the conductivity method.The results showed that the mixing efficiency was improved along the axial direction from the bottom to the top in the RBR.The concentration distribution at the bottom section was more uneven,and I_(s) was higher compared with the top section,which decreased from 6.53×10^(-5)to 1.57×10^(-7).With the increase of rotational speed from 0 to 700 r·min^(-1),I_s at the bottom and top sections decreased from 4.27×10^(-3)to 7.10×10^(-5)and from 1.93×10^(-3)to 7.29×10^(-7),respectively.The increases flow rate of solution A,and the decreases of concentration of NaCl and flow rate of solution B gave rise to the reduction of I_(s),signifying an improved mixing efficiency.The results revealed that the conductivity method used in this paper has high efficiency and low cost to measure the I_(s),which indicates a promising prospect for estimating reactors'mixing performance.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Interface Properties between Water-Based Inorganic Zinc Silicate Coating Modified by Organosilicone and Iron Substrate

The interface properties of Fe(101)/zinc silicate modified by organo-siloxane(KH-570)was studied by using the method of molecular dynamics simulation.By calculating the temperature and energy fluctuation of equilibrium state,equilibrium concentration distribution,MSD of layer and different groups,and interaction energy of two interface models,the influencing mechanism on the interface properties of adding organosiloxane into coating system was studied at the atomic scale.It shows that the temperature and energy of interface oscillated in a small range and it was exited in a state of dynamic equilibrium within the initial simulation stage(t<20 ps).It can be seen from the multiple peak states of concentration distribution that the iron substrate,organo-siloxane and zinc silicate are distributed in the form of a concentration gradient in the real environment.The rapid diffusion of free zinc powder in zinc silicate coating was the essential reason that affected the comprehensive properties of coating.The interface thickness decreased from 7.45 to 6.82Å,the MSD of free zinc powder was effectively reduced,and the interfacial energy was increased from 104.667 to 347.158 kcal/mol after being modified by organo-siloxane.

Theoretical design and distribution control of precipitates and solute elements in Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys with heterostructure

In order to simultaneously improve strength and formability,an analytical model for the concentration distribution of precipitates and solute elements is established and used to theoretically design and control the heterogeneous microstructure of Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys.The results show that the dissolution of precipitates is mainly affected by particle size and heat treatment temperature,the heterogeneous distribution level of solute elements diffused in the alloy matrix mainly depends on the grain size,while the heat treatment temperature only has an obvious effect on the concentration distribution in the larger grains,and the experimental results of Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloy are in good agreement with the theoretical model predictions of precipitates and solute element concentration distribution.Controlling the concentration distribution of precipitates and solute elements in Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys is the premise of accurately constructing heterogeneous microstructure in micro-domains,which can be used to significantly improve the formability of Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys with a heterostructure.

Analytical modeling and simulation of porous electrodes: Li-ion distribution and diffusion-induced stress

A new model of porous electrodes based on the Gibbs free energy is developed, in which lithium-ion(Liion) diffusion, diffusion-induced stress(DIS), Butler–Volmer(BV) reaction kinetics, and size polydispersity of electrode particles are considered. The influence of BV reaction kinetics and concentration-dependent exchange current density(ECD) on concentration profile and DIS evolution are numerically investigated. BV reaction kinetics leads to a decrease in Li-ion concentration and DIS. In addition, concentrationdependent ECD results in a decrease in Li-ion concentration and an increase in DIS. Size polydispersity of electrode particles significantly affects the concentration profile and DIS.Optimal macroscopic state of charge(SOC) should consider the influence of the microscopic SOC values and mass fractions of differently sized particles.

Chemical composition of aerosols in winter/spring in Beijing

In 1999 aerosol samples were collected by cascade at Meteorological Tower in Beijing. The 12 group aerosol samples obtained were analyzed using PIXE method, which resulted in 20 elemental concentrations and size distribution of elemental concentrations. From the observation, the elemental concentrations, size distribution of elemental concentrations and their variations are analyzed. It shows that concentrations of the most elements in aerosols increase greatly compared with those in the past except that the concentrations of V, K, Sr, and the source of aerosols has changed greatly in the past decade. Fine mode aerosols increase more rapidly in the past decade, which may be due to the contribution of coal combustion and automobile exhaust. Pb content in aerosol is much higher than that at the beginning of 1980s, and has a decreasing trend in recent years because of using non leaded gasoline.

Monte Carlo Simulation of First-Order Diffusion-Limited Reaction within Three-Dimensional Porous Pellets

The Monte Carlo method was employed to simulate diffusion and reaction processes within three-dimensional porous catalyst pellets. The porous pellets used were represented by a Menger sponge and a uniform-pore structure respectively. Results obtained from the fractal pellet showed an intermediate low-slope asymptote in the logarithmic plot of reaction rate and reaction probability. However, the low-slope one did not appear when the reaction occurred within the uniform pellet. Moreover, it was certified that the fractal structure not only generated a new asymptote, but also reduced diffusion resistance of reactants and products.

Modeling the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer

In order to reveal the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer,the paper studies the air-flowing field and the droplet distribution under the condition of gentle breeze and normal forced ventilation in heading face using the particle tracking technology of computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The results show that air-flowing tendency in the same section presents great comparability in the period of gentle breeze and forced ventilation,and the difference mainly embodies in the different wind velocity.The influence of ventilation on the dispersion of droplets is faint under the gentle breeze condition.The droplet can be evenly distributed around the cutting head.However,under the normal forced ventilation,a large number of droplets will drift to the return air side.At the same time,droplet clusters are predominantly presented in the lower part of windward side and the middle of the leeward side around the cutting head.In contrast,the droplet concentration in other parts around cutting head decreases a lot and the droplets are unable to form close-grained mist curtain.So the dust escape channel is formed.In addition,the simulation results also reveal that the disturbance of air flow on the droplet distribution can be effectively relieved when using ventilation duct with Coanda effect(VDCE).Field experiment results show that the dust suppression efficiency of total dust and respirable dust increases respectively by 10.5%and 9.3%when using VDCE,which proves that it can weaken the influence of airflow on droplet dispersion.

The influence of nano-particle tracers on the slip length measurements by microPTV

Direct measurement of slip length is based on the measured fluid velocity near solid boundary. However, previous micro particle image velocimetry/particle tracking velocimetry （microPIV/PTV） measurements have reported surprisingly large measured near-wall velocities of pressure-driven flow in apparent contradiction with the no-slip hy-pothesis and experimental results from other techniques. To better interpret the measured results of the microPIV/PTV, we performed velocity profile measurements near a hy-drophilic wall （z = 0.25-1.5 μm） with two sizes of tracer particles （φ 50 nm and φ200 nm）. The experimental results indicate that, at less than 1 μm from the wall, the deviations between the measured velocities and no-slip theoretical values obviously decrease from 93% of φ200 nm particles to 48% of φ50 nm particles. The Boltzmann-like exponential measured particle concentrations near wall were found. Based on the non linear Boltzmann distribution of particle concentration and the effective focus plane thickness, we illustrated the reason of the apparent velocity increase near wall and proposed a method to correct the measured velocity profile. By this method, the deviations between the corrected measured velocities and the no-slip theoretical velocity decrease from 45.8% to 10%, and the measured slip length on hy-drophilic glass is revised from 75 nm to 16 nm. These results indicated that the particle size and the biased particle concentration distribution can significantly affect near wall velocity measurement via microPIV/PTV, and result in larger measured velocity and slip length close to wall.