Atmospheric NO_2 Concentration Measurements Using Differential Absorption Lidar Technique

Using the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique, two types of approaches, namely, reflection from retroreflector / topographic target and backscatter from atmosphere, are available for studying remotely the atmospheric NO, concentration. The Argon ion lidar system at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India has been used for the measurements by following both the path-averaged and range-resolved approaches. For the former, a topographic target (hill) is used for determining path-averaged surface concentration. In the latter, spectral properties of atmospheric attenuation is used for making range-resolved measurements in the surface layer. The results of the observations collected by following both approaches are presented. The average surface NO2 concentration was found to vary between 0.01 and 0.105 ppm and the range-resolved measurements exhibited higher values suggesting treatment of the lidar data for scattering and extinction effects due to atmospheric aerosols and air molecules, and atmospheric turbulence. Certain modifications that are suggested to the experimental set-up, data acquisition and analysis to improve the measurements are briefly described.

Ultrasonic concentration measurement of citrus pectin aqueous solutions using PC and PLS regression

This work demonstrated the use of multivariate statistical techniques called principal component(PC)and partial least squares(PLS)to extract the acoustic features of citrus pectin water solution.The concentration of citrus pectin water solution was predicted by PC and PLS regression method using the spectra of ultrasound pulse echoes travelling through mixtures.The values of root mean square error of validation(RMSEV)were 0.0675 g/100 g and 0.0662 g/100 g for PC and PLS regression model,respectively.Since the response variable was taken into account,PLS regression model was more accurate than PC regression model.Also,a method for temperature compensation was proposed to correct the impact of temperature variation on analyzed data.The proposed methods for pectin concentration measurement are easily adaptable to similar applications using existing hardware.

A handy method for estimating the particle concentration distribution in FCC risers using a gamma-ray transmission technique

A handy gamma-ray transmission method for estimating the particle concentration distribution in a fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） riser is proposed. The method is based on an empirical correlation ε（r）= ε-（0.191＋φ25＋3φ11）, which has only one unknown parameter y, hence only one single-beam experimental result is enough to estimate the particle concentration distribution in the riser. In order to verify the feasibility of this method, the particle concentrations of three cross-sections of the laboratory riser were measured and the distribution profiles were compared with those reported in the literature. Furthermore, by comparing other gamma-ray function methods applied in the measurement of risers, this method has distinct advantages, such as the device is simple and has no moving parts, the measurement is rapid, and the safety is high because only one gamma-ray beam is used. Therefore, the method has promising applications in estimating particle concentrations or monitoring operation conditions of risers.

Polypyrrole Chitosan Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Composite Layer for Measuring the Low Concentration of Fluorene Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Fluorene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which is a hazardous toxic chemical in the environment. The measurement of low concentrations of fluorene is a subject of intense interest in chemistry and in the environment. Polypyrrole chitosan cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are prepared using the electrochemical method. The prepared layers are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The layers are used to detect fluorene using the surface plasmon resonance technique at room temperature. The composite layer is evaluated after detection of fluorene using atomic force microscopy. The fluorene is bound on the layer, and the shift of the resonance angle is about 0.0052°, corresponding to the limitation of 0.01 ppm.

Application of transcutaneous diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of blood glucose concentration

In this paper, the propagation characteristics of near-infrared (NIR) light in the palm tissue are analyzed, and the principle and feasibility of using transcutaneous diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for non-invasive blood glucose detection are presented. An optical probe suitable for measuring the diffuse reflectance spectrum of human palm and a non-invasive blood glucose detection system using NIR spectroscopy are designed. Based on this system, oral glucose tolerance tests are performed to measure the blood glucose concentrations of two young healthy volunteers. The partial least square calibration model is then constructed by all individual experimental data. The final result shows that correlation coefficients of the two experiments between the predicted blood glucose concentrations and the reference blood glucose concentrations are 0.9870 and 0.9854, respectively. The root mean square errors of prediction of full cross validation are 0.54 and 0.52 mmol/1, respectively.

Effect of Vortex Stirring on the Dilution of Copper Slag

In order to solve the problem that the vulcanizing agent utilization rate is low and the dilution effect of copper slag is poor,the vortex stirring dilution method was used to improve the conditions of the dilution kinetics and copper recovery.The water model was used to simulate the effect of copper slag dilution.Under the premise of keeping the Reynolds number consistent,silicone oil and glass beads were used instead of copper slag and vulcanizing agent.Based on the relationship between voltage and concentration,the PC6D dual-channel particle concentration measuring instrument was used to study the stirring speed and the insertion depth of the stirring paddle in model experiments,and the suitable conditions were speed 250 rpm and insertion depth 70 mm.The fire dilution of copper slag was done under the conditions.After stirring and sedimentation,the Fe_(3)O_(4) in slag decreased from 22.58% to 4.65%,and the copper content of the slag decreased from 2.94% to 0.34%.The copper recovery was 88.44%.

From E=mc^(2) to E=mc^(2)/22—A Short Account of the Most Famous Equation in Physics and Its Hidden Quantum Entanglement Origin

Einstein’s energy mass formula is shown to consist of two basically quantum components E(O) = mc2/22 and E(D) = mc2(21/22). We give various arguments and derivations to expose the quantum entanglement physics residing inside a deceptively simple expression E = mc2. The true surprising aspect of the present work is however the realization that all the involved “physics” in deriving the new quantum dissection of Einstein’s famous formula of special relativity is actually a pure mathematical necessity anchored in the phenomena of volume concentration of convex manifold in high dimensional quasi Banach spaces. Only an endophysical experiment encompassing the entire universe such as COBE, WMAP, Planck and supernova analysis could have discovered dark energy and our present dissection of Einstein’s marvelous formula.

Experimental measurements of gas-solid flow and splitting mechanisms of a coal pipe splitter with a perpendicularly arranged upstream elbow

The effect of the vertical pipe length on the performance of a coal pipe splitter with a perpendicularly arranged upstream elbow was investigated experimentally employing a fiber optic measuring system. The upstream elbow and coal pipe splitter were installed in two perpendicular planes. Contours of dis- tributions of the particle concentration and size were obtained in different transverse sections. The experimental data show that the maximum/minimum concentration ratio in transverse sections A, B, and C decreased rapidly as the length of the vertical pipe increased. The left/right-leg average concentration ratio remained about 1, and a balanced split was thus achieved. With a perpendicularly arranged upstream elbow, the vertical pipe length had little effect on the splitter performance, which is beneficial for engineering design and convenient for industrial application.

Weak Poincaré Inequalities,Decay of Markov Semigroups and Concentration of Measures

For a reasonable class of weak Poincaré inequalities, the decay of the corresponding Markov semigroups obtained earlier by Rockner and the first named author is improved by removing an extra L^2-norm. Next, a concentration estimate of the reference measure is presented for the weak Poincaré inequality, which is sharp as illustrated by some examples of one-dimensional diffusion processes.

Landmarks in the application of electrical tomography in particle science and technology

Selected milestones in the development and use of electrical tomography in powder conveying, slurry processing and multi-phase flow are highlighted. The ability to map concentration in opaque mixtures under process-realistic conditions was a major innovation for the method and has had far reaching implications. Subsequent developments have enabled velocity information to be abstracted resulting in the ability to measure component flux and motion.