Seismic responses of high concrete face rockfill dams:A case study

Seismic responses of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam were analyzed using the finite element method. The dynamic behavior of rockfill materials was modeled with a viscoelastic model and an empirical permanent strain model. The relevant parameters were obtained either by back analysis using the field observations or by reference to parameters of similar rockfill materials. The acceleration responses of the dam,the distribution of earthquake-induced settlement, and the gap propagation under the concrete slabs caused by the settlement of the dam were analyzed and compared with site investigations or relevant studies. The mechanism of failure of horizontal construction joints was also analyzed based on numerical results and site observations. Numerical results show that the input accelerations were considerably amplified near the top of the dam, and the strong shaking resulted in considerable settlement of the rockfill materials, with a maximum value exceeding 90 cm at the crest.As a result of the settlement of rockfill materials, the third-stage concrete slabs were separated from the cushion layer. The rotation of the cantilever slabs about the contacting regions, under the combined action of gravity and seismic inertial forces, led to the failure of the construction joints and tensile cracks appeared above the construction joints. The effectiveness and limitations of the so-called equivalent linear method are also discussed.

A simplified physically-based breach model for a high concrete-faced rockfill dam:A case study

A simplified physically-based model was developed to simulate the breaching process of the Gouhou concrete-faced rockfill dam （CFRD）, which is the only breach case of a high CFRD in the world. Considering the dam height, a hydraulic method was chosen to simulate the initial scour position on the downstream slope, with the steepening of the downstream slope taken into account; a headcut erosion formula was adopted to simulate the backward erosion as well. The moment equilibrium method was utilized to calculate the ultimate length of a concrete slab under its self-weight and water loads. The calculated results of the Gouhou CFRD breach case show that the proposed model provides reasonable peak breach flow, final breach width, and failure time, with relative errors less than 15% as compared with the measured data. Sensitivity studies show that the outputs of the proposed model are more or less sensitive to different parameters. Three typical parametric models were compared with the proposed model, and the comparison demonstrates that the proposed physically-based breach model performs better and provides more detailed results than the parametric models.

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.

高堆石坝面板随机动力分析和抗震效果研究

强震作用下,高面板堆石坝面板中上部会产生较大顺坡向拉应力,可能导致面板开裂。已有研究表明,针对顺坡向拉应力较大的区域设置永久水平缝可有效降低该应力,而以往对于其抗震措施效果的研究多采用单一地震动进行确定性分析,缺乏考虑地震动过程不确定性对抗震措施效果的影响。本文以300 m高坝为例,基于随机动力方法,确定了面板顺坡向高拉应力区,并对水平缝设置长度进行讨论。联合广义概率密度演化方法,分别选择特定方向和典型单元对水平缝影响区域和顺坡向拉应力的降低作用进行研究,结果相互验证。从概率角度表明了水平缝抗震效果,并为其他抗震措施效果的研究提供新的思路。

轴向分区面板坝分区模量影响分析

轴向分区面板坝设计中,通过沿坝轴线方向将坝壳分为岸坡区、侧分区和中央区,依次填筑不同模量的材料,形成沿坝轴线方向的梯度模量来缩减坝壳的三维聚心变形、减小轴向位移,提高坝体变形协调性进而解决高面板坝挤压破坏问题。以锅浪跷面板坝工程为依托,通过数值计算模拟,对比研究了36种模量梯度组合的轴向分区面板坝的面板挤压破坏参考指标,分析轴向分区设计效果和分区模量对坝体及面板应力变形的影响。根据面板挤压破坏原理,以蓄水期面板的挠度和轴向压应力、面板最大挠度附近高程轴向位移及压应力、坝体的沉降和轴向位移为挤压破坏参考指标。结果显示,50%梯度方案与常规面板堆石坝相比,坝体向左右岸的轴向位移分别减小12.76%和14.73%,沉降减小14.42%,面板挠度减小15.28%,轴向压应力减小11.35%。研究为解决高面板坝的面板挤压破坏问题提供了新思路。

Predicting crest settlement in concrete face rockfill dams using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and gene expression programming intelligent methods

This paper deals with the estimation of crest settlement in a concrete face rockfill dam （CFRD）, utilizing intelligent methods. Following completion of dam construction, considerable movements of the crest and the body of the dam can develop during the first impoundment of the reservoir. Although there is vast experience worldwide in CFRD design and construction, few accurate experimental relationships are available to predict the settlement in CFRD. The goal is to advance the development of intelligent methods to estimate the subsidence of dams at the design stage. Due to dam zonifieation and uncertainties in material properties, these methods appear to be the appropriate choice. In this study, the crest settlement behavior of CFRDs is analyzed based on compiled data of 24 CFRDs constructed during recent years around the world, along with the utilization of gene ex- pression programming （GEP） and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system （ANFIS） methods. In addition, dam height （H）, shape factor （St）, and time （t, time after first operation） are also assessed, being considered major factors in predicting the settlement behavior. From the relationships proposed, the values ofR2 for both equations of GEP （with and without constant） were 0.9603 and 0.9734, and for the three approaches of ANFIS （grid partitioning （GP）, subtractive clustering method （SCM）, and fuzzy c-means clustering （FCM）） were 0.9693, 0.8657, and 0.8848, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the overall behavior evaluated by this approach is consistent with the measured data of other CFRDs.

300m级高面板堆石坝适应性及对策研究综述

"300 m级高面板堆石坝适应性及对策研究"课题对已建的200 m级高面板堆石坝建设进行了系统的技术总结,并围绕拟建的300 m级高面板堆石坝的主要技术问题开展研究,即:经济优势及筑坝条件,筑坝材料特性,坝体分区与变形控制,坝体稳定性评价与变形控制标准,防渗和止水结构适应性,坝体填筑程序及施工质量控制等,取得了一系列成果。研究认为,在适当条件下,采取适当的工程技术措施后,建设300 m级高面板堆石坝是可行的。研究报告还提出了进一步的研究方向和重点课题。

面板堆石坝面板出现裂缝工况下的渗流分析

以公伯峡面板堆石坝为例,分析了面板出现裂缝的非常工况下的渗流场,以探讨裂缝对大坝渗流场和渗透稳定性的影响。根据大坝设计剖面和地形剖面剖分网格,采用固定网格有限元全场渗流分析方法,计算了堆石坝防渗结构发生水平或竖向裂缝非常工况下大坝渗流场和渗流量。计算结果表明,基岩上部弱透水层的渗透性对大坝渗流场具有重要影响;面板附近垫层过渡料区中出现较大的渗透坡降,但随着离裂缝距离的增加较快衰减;裂缝的方位和宽度对渗流量和其附近的垫层过渡料区的渗流场有较大影响。

接缝简化模型及参数对面板堆石坝面板应力及接缝位移的影响研究

通过大量的三维面板堆石坝有限元分析,研究不同止水结构形式对面板堆石坝面板应力和接缝位移的影响。在此基础上,建议简化的面板堆石坝接缝模型,简化模型具有简单的表达形式和较少的参数,方便面板堆石坝的有限元计算分析,可满足精度要求。通过对简化模型参数进行敏感性分析,建议简化模型参数取值范围和改善面板应力的工程措施。

堆石体流变对混凝土面板坝应力变形特性的影响

简要介绍了公伯峡水电站混凝土面板堆石坝坝内堆石料流变试验结果和流变计算模型。采用三维有限单元法对公伯峡水电站混凝土面板坝进行了模拟计算,对比了考虑堆石料流变和不考虑流变的计算结果,分析研究了堆石料流变特性对坝体变形以及对混凝土面板应力变形和周边缝位移的影响。

土石坝地震永久变形参数反演方法研究

提出了一种基于径向基网络的土石坝永久变形参数反演分析模型。该模型充分利用了径向基神经网络的非线性映射能力,只需要进行少量的样本设计,即可反演坝体永久变形参数,可以解决土石坝动力参数反演计算耗时长的问题。同时在对永久变形参数进行灵敏度分析的基础上,建立考虑参数灵敏度的网络训练目标函数,进一步提高了反演精度。将所建立的模型用于紫平铺面板堆石坝地震永久变形参数反演,采用三维有限元法进行静动力分析,并采用改进的沈珠江模型计算坝体地震永久变形。结果表明,反演参数计算的大坝地震永久变形和坝体实测永久变形数值接近,趋势一致,因而所建立的模型能够有效地反演坝体地震永久变形参数,为土石坝的动力参数反演提供了一种简便、有效的方法。

堆石体流变本构模型参数的智能反演

提出基于演化神经网络和序列二次规划算法的智能反演方法,通过实测变形资料对堆石坝流变本构模型参数进行反演分析,算例计算表明,该方法高效且具有全局收敛性。采用该方法对某堆石坝9参数流变模型参数进行反演分析,计算结果表明,利用反演的模型流变参数所计算的坝体流变变形与实测资料在发展规律及数值上均比较吻合。最后采用反演后的参数对该堆石坝后期变形进行了考虑流变效应的流变计算,预测出该堆石坝的后期变形量,预测结果合理可信。

深覆盖层上面板堆石坝关键技术研究进展与展望

以察汗乌苏面板堆石坝有限元法应力变形计算结果为基础,总结了在深覆盖层地基上建造的面板堆石坝的关键技术。根据对三峡二期深水土石围堰拆除的调查实录进行的分析认为,实录对面板坝防渗墙的计算有重大参考价值。提出引进新的数值方法,如不连续变形分析方法(DDA)和数值流形方法(NMM),来模拟和计算面板坝接缝变形的设想,对深覆盖层上面板堆石坝的设计和计算有指导意义。

狭窄河谷中高面板堆石坝应力变形特性研究

结合高179.5m的洪家渡面板堆石坝,采用数值计算分析与大型离心模型试验的方法,深入研究了狭窄河谷中高面板堆石坝的应力变形特性.通过分析计算,给出了狭窄、不对称河谷地形条件下高混凝土面板堆石坝在施工期和蓄水运行期的应力、变形分布规律,以及面板周边缝的变形特点.同时,还对不同填筑干密度对坝体和面板应力变形特性的影响进行了对比分析.研究结果表明:河谷的地形条件对面板应力变形有着显著的影响,通过改进碾压施工技术,提高填筑密度,将对坝体和面板的应力变形性状的改善,提高坝体的整体安全性起到重要的作用.

混凝土面板堆石坝自振周期的简化公式

针对用原有的计算堆石坝自振周期经验公式与实测值有一定差别的问题，以混凝土面板堆石坝（ＣｏｎｃｒｅｔｅＦａｃｅｄＲｏｃｋｆｉｌｌＤａｍｓ，以下简称为ＣＦＲＤ）为研究对象，考虑坝高、堆石材料性质、面板和边坡坡比等对ＣＦＲＤ自振周期的影响，结合已建的ＣＦＲＤ堆石材料动力特性，提出了ＣＦＲＤ自振周期简化公式。这一公式对ＣＦＲＤ，尤其是ＣＦＲＤ高坝的抗震设计和地震反应分析具有实用价值。

大型无粘性土渗透破坏试验系统及应用

研制了不同规格的大型无粘性土渗透试验系统，包括试验装置、供水和测量系统。针对积石峡面板堆石坝的垫层料、过渡料等坝料进行了30余组试验，为大坝的设计施工提供了重要的依据。实际应用表明，该系统操作方便，测量精度高，可靠性好。

神经网络模型在面板坝堆石体施工期沉降变形预测中的应用

在分析面板坝堆石体施工期坝体沉降影响因素的基础上,将影响沉降的主要因素作为网络输入参数,以测点沉降量作为网络的输出,建立了神经网络模型.以水布垭面板坝堆石体为例,将模型预测值与实测结果进行了对比,结果表明,预测值与实测结果比较接近,该神经网络能很好地反映面板坝堆石体施工期沉降变形与其影响因素之间的非线性映射关系,预测结果可作为后期填筑反馈设计的依据,同时可通过网络输入参数的调整检验某一因素对坝体沉降的影响程度.

三板溪混凝土面板堆石坝变形及应力分析

本文采用清华非线性K-G模型进行大坝三维非线性有限元变形和应力分析。三板溪工程的坝料岩性较好，坝体变形较小。坝体蓄水期最大计算沉降为82cm左右，约为坝高的0．44％，坝体最大水平位移约24cm，面板的挠曲率约0．07％。坝址河谷狭窄，坝肩对坝体变形的拱作用明显，面板水平位移约相当于沉降的15％。周边缝和垂直缝的三向变形约为20mm，在止水结构可承受范围内。由于后期分期施工在上游坝坡顶部所产生的垫层料的法向变形在10-20cm之间．在分期浇筑面板时应该引起重视。

高面板堆石坝面板应力规律分析及改善应力状态的对策

本文分析了面板应力分布及其产生的原因,采用接触力学分析方法模拟混凝土面板和堆石体之间的接触关系,应用假设应变单元,消除因弯曲变形造成的面板单元剪切自锁问题,从而减少面板挠度和应力数值计算误差。在面板温度仿真计算方面,针对不同的入仓温度采用不同的混凝土绝热温升曲线。变形、温度和湿度等方面数值计算显示,弯曲应力场、遭遇寒潮后的温度应力场以及湿度应力场分布趋势相同,它们叠加后,易使面板发生裂缝。最后对某在建高面板堆石坝,提出采用增大面板与堆石体的高程差、推迟Ⅱ期面板浇筑和喷涂聚氨酯保温板等工程措施,以改善面板应力状态。计算结果表明,面板拉应力可降低一个数量级,由原来的1.0MPa量级下降到0.1MPa量级。

混凝土面板极端破坏情况下面板坝渗流特性研究

基于等宽缝隙稳定流的运动规律,研究建立了混凝土面板极端破坏情况下面板接缝及密集裂缝型面板的渗流计算模型。借助于这些模型,使得面板接缝及密集裂缝型面板渗流的有限元模拟计算成为可能,从而为在面板发生极端破坏情况下面板堆石坝的有限元渗流分析提供了有效的途径。通过实例分析,还获得了在面板发生极端破坏情况下面板堆石坝的渗流变化规律。