Cyclic performance and simplified pushover analyses of precast segmental concrete bridge columns with circular section

In recent years, precast segmental concrete bridge columns became prevalent because of the benefits of accelerated construction, low environmental impact, high quality and low life cycle costs. The lack of a detailed configuration and appropriate design procedure to ensure a comparable performance with monolithic construction has impeded this structural system from being widely used in areas of high seismicity. In this study, precast segmental bridge column cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the performance of unbonded post-tensioned segmental bridge columns. One monolithic and two precast segmental columns were tested. The preeast segmental column exhibited minor damage and small residual displacement after the maximum 7% cyclic drift; energy dissipation （ED） can be enhanced byadding ED bars. The experimental results were modeled by a simplified pushover method （SPOM）, as well as a fiber model （FIBM） finite element method. Forty-five cases of columns with different aspect ratios, axial load ratios and ED bar ratios were analyzed with the SPOM and FIBM, respectively. Using these parametric results, a simplified design method was suggested by regressive analysis. Satisfactory correlation was found between the experimental results and the simplified design method for preeast segmental columns with different design parameters.

Towards rapid and automated vulnerability classification of concrete buildings

With the overwhelming number of older reinforced concrete buildings that need to be assessed for seismic vulnerability in a city,local governments face the question of how to assess their building inventory.By leveraging engineering drawings that are stored in a digital format,a well-established method for classification reinforced concrete buildings with respect to seismic vulnerability,and machine learning techniques,we have developed a technique to automatically extract quantitative information from the drawings to classify vulnerability.Using this technique,stakeholders will be able to rapidly classify buildings according to their seismic vulnerability and have access to information they need to prioritize a large building inventory.The approach has the potential to have significant impact on our ability to rapidly make decisions related to retrofit and improvements in our communities.In the Los Angeles County alone it is estimated that several thousand buildings of this type exist.The Hassan index is adopted here as the method for automation due to its simple application during the classification of the vulnerable reinforced concrete buildings.This paper will present the technique used for automating information extraction to compute the Hassan index for a large building inventory.

Finite Element Analysis of Shrinkage in the Interface of Functionally Graded Concrete Segment Used in Shield Tunneling

In functionally graded materials (FGM), the problem of interface stability caused by the volume deformation is commonly regarded as the key factor for its performance. Based on test results, in terms of finite element method (FEM) this paper analyzed problems in the shrinkage of functionally graded material interface of shield concrete segment, which was designed and produced by the principle of functionally graded materials. In the analysis model, the total shrinkage of concrete was converted into the thermal shrinkage by means of the method of 'Equivalent Temperature Difference'. Consequently, the shrinkage stress of interface layer was calculated and compared with the bond strength of interface layer. The results indicated that the volume deformation of two-phase materials of functionally graded concrete (FGC) segment, which were the concrete cover and the concrete structure layer, showed better compatibility and the tension stress of interface layer, which was resulted from the shrinkage of concrete and calculated by ANSYS, was less than the bond strength of interface layer. Therefore, the interface stability of functionally graded concrete segment was good and the sliding deformation of interface layer would not generate.

Flexural Fatigue Behavior of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Segment Concrete

The influence of polypropylene fiber on the flexural fatigue performance of high-strength concrete (HSC), which could be used as cover of reinforcement of segment, was investigate by three-point load bending tests. Also, the flexural fatigue equations of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fiber were established through test analysis. The experimental results indicate that the addition of polypropylene fiber can improve the static bending strength of segment concrete, and the important is that it can markedly increase the flexural fatigue performance of the HSC subjected to cyclic bending load. Especially when with 1.37 kg/m3 addition of the fiber was corporate with silica fume and slag powder, the fatigue life of the HSC can be increased by 43.4% compared to that of the segment concrete without fiber, silica fume and slag.

Hydration evolution of pre-cast concrete with steam and water curing

The hydration characteristics of pre-cast concrete considering the effects of effective initial steam-curing and water-curing duration were measured and analyzed with XRD, TG, X-ray CT, SEM-BSE and MIP techniques. The results show that the effective initial steam-curing duration for pre-cast concrete with lower water-binder ratio was 10 14 h at 50 °C and the initial water-curing duration was 7 14 d. And the hydration evolution of cement, fly ash and slag in pre-cast concrete was obtained respectively by combining the hydrochlorides and EDTA selecting dissolution methods, based on which the contents of hydrated and anhydrate in concrete were calculated and the corresponding dynamic capillary porosity was also determined. Moreover, the comparison between calculated results and experimental ones indicates that the proposed evolution models of microscopic characteristics corresponding to hydration kinetics of cemented materials could be adopted to predict the developing trend of capillary porosity and hydration-products content in pre-cast concrete with fly ash and slag under certain curing conditions.

Cyclic test and numerical study of seismic performance of precast segmental concrete double-columns

The comparative research on the seismic performance of grouted sleeve connected pier(GS)and prestressed precast segmental concrete pier(PC)is mostly carried out by numerical simulation.In this study,the GS pier and the PC pier of the new railway project from Hetian to Ruoqiang are taken into consideration.Two kinds of 1/5-scale assembled double-column specimens are made,and the quasi-static tests are carried out.The overall seismic performance of the two spliced piers is studied,and compared in terms of failure mechanism,bearing capacity,ductility,stiffness and energy dissipation capacity.The results show that the failure modes of both GS pier and PC pier are characterized by bending.However,the specific failure location and form are different.The GS pier presents a complete hysteretic curve,large equivalent stiffness and strong energy dissipation capacity.The hysteretic area of the PC pier is small.However,it has good self-reset ability and quasi-static residual displacement.Finite element models are set up using DispBeamColumn fiber elements and ZeroLength elements.The models that are calibrated with the test data can effectively simulate the damage development under monotonic loading.The load−displacement curves are in good agreement with the backbone curves of the test results.

Simulation of Temperature Field in Original Segment of Concrete Box-Girder Bridge

Temperature field and its variation with time are necessary for analyzing the thermo-mechanical performance of mass concrete structures at their early ages. This paper carries out a temperature field simulation analysis for an original segment of a real box girder bridge with the finite element software ANSYS. Two representative exothermic rate models are used to describe the heat- releasing process caused by the cement hydration in concrete. The exothermic rate model that conforms to reality more closely is recognized by comparing the simulation results with the data gathered from the optical fiber temperature sensors pre-embedded in the original segment. The air temperature and wind velocity that constitute thermal boundary conditions are determined in the light of the local meteorological department and correlative research achievements of recent years. Moreover, the consideration for the steel formwork acting as a barrier to heat loss is also proved to be beneficial to improve the simulation effect.

Deep Learning-Based Automatic Detection and Evaluation on Concrete Surface Bugholes

Concrete exterior quality is one of the important metrics in evaluating construction project quality.Among the defects affecting concrete exterior quality,bughole is one of the most common imperfections,thus detecting concrete bughole accurately is significant for improving concrete exterior quality and consequently the quality of the whole project.This paper presents a deep learning-based method for detecting concrete surface bugholes in a more objective and automatic way.The bugholes are identified in concrete surface images by Mask R-CNN.An evaluation metric is developed to indicate the scale of concrete bughole.The proposed approach can detect bugholes in an instance level automatically and output the mask of each bughole,based on which the bughole area ratio is automatically calculated and the quality grade of the concrete surfaces is assessed.For demonstration,a total of 273 raw concrete surface images taken by mobile phone cameras are collected as a dataset.The test results show that the average precision(AP)of bughole masks is 90.8%.

Research on Concrete Beam Crack Recognition Algorithm Based on Block Threshold Value Image Processing

To solve the problem that the digital image recognition accuracy of concrete structure cracks is not high under the condition of uneven ill umination and complex surface color of concrete structure,this paper has proposed a block segmentation method of maximum entropy threshold based on the digital image data obtained by the ACTIS automatic detection system.The steps in this research are as follows:1.The crack digital images of concrete specimens with typical fea-tures were collected by using the Actis system of KURABO Co,Ltd,of Japan in the concrete beam bending test.2.The images are segmented into blocks to dis-tinguish backgrounds of different grayscale.3.The max imum interclass average gray difference method is used to distinguish the sub-blocks and screen out the image blocks that need to be segmented.4.Segmentation is made to the image with 2D max imum entropy threshold segmentation method to obtain the binary image,and the target image can be obtained by screening the connected domain features of the binary image.Results have shown that compared with other algo-rithms,the proposed method can effectively decrease the image over-segmentation and under segmentation rates,highlight the characteristics of the target cracks,solve the problems of excessive difference between the identified length and actual length of cracks caused by background gray level change and uneven ilumnination,and effectively improve the recognition accuracy of bridge concrete cracks.

Hysteretic behavior of post-tensioned precast segmental CFT double-column piers

Considering the desirable behavior of concrete filled steel tube(CFT)columns and the complicated behavior of segmental double-column piers under cyclic loads,three post-tensioned precast segmental CFT double-column pier specimens were tested to extend their application in moderate and high seismicity areas.The effects of the number of CFT segments and the steel endplates as energy dissipaters on the seismic behavior of the piers were evaluated.The experimental results show that the segmental piers exhibited stable hysteretic behavior with small residual displacements under cyclic loads.All the tested specimens achieved a drift ratio no less than 13%without significant damage and strength deterioration due to the desirable behavior of CFT columns.Since the deformation of segmental columns was mainly concentrated at the column-footing interfaces,the increase of the segment numbers for each column had no obvious effects on the loading capacity but reduced the initial stiffness of the specimens.The use of steel endplates improved the bearing capacity,stiffness and energy dissipation of segmental piers,but weakened their self-centering capacity.Fiber models were also proposed to simulate the hysteretic behavior of the tested specimens,and the influences of segment numbers and prestress levels on seismic behavior were further studied.

基于M-Unet的混凝土裂缝实时分割算法

针对主流深度学习裂缝分割算法消耗大量计算资源、传统图像处理方法检测精度低、丢失裂缝特征等问题,为了实现对混凝土裂缝的实时检测和在像素级水平上分割裂缝,提出一种基于轻量级卷积神经络M-Unet的裂缝语义分割模型,首先对MobileNet_V2轻量网络进行改进,修剪其网络结构并优化激活函数,再用改进的MobileNet_V2替换U-Net参数量巨大的编码器部分,以实现模型的轻量化并提升裂缝的分割效果。构建包含5160张裂缝图像的SegCracks数据集对提出方法进行验证,试验结果表明:优化后的M-Unet裂缝分割效果优于U-Net、FCN8和SegNet等主流分割网络和传统图像处理技术,获得的IoU_Score为96.10%,F1_Score为97.99%。与改进前UNet相比,M-Unet权重文件大小减少了7%,迭代一轮时间和预测时间分别缩短了63.3%和68.6%,IoU_Score和F1_Score分别提升了5.79%和3.14%,并且在不同开源数据集上的交叉验证效果良好。表明提出的网络具有精度高、鲁棒性好和泛化能力强等优点。

大直径盾构管片清水混凝土制备及施工关键技术研究

以江阴靖江长江隧道工程为依托,从混凝土工作性能、力学性能及表观质量等方面开展大直径盾构管片清水混凝土配制技术研究,并在混凝土原材料、浇筑、养护等方面提出了施工关键控制技术。结果表明,研制的管片清水混凝土具有优异的表观性能与抗裂性能,辅以优化的关键施工工艺,显著改善了管片表观质量,可为同类工程的质量控制提供参考。

预应力UHPC槽形节段与整体式混凝土板组合梁受剪性能

将预制的UHPC槽形节段通过干缝连接和预应力张拉形成槽形梁,再与整体现浇的混凝土板组合成的组合梁,称为预应力UHPC槽形节段与整体式混凝土板组合梁(PUCS-MCS组合梁)。它是一种能充分发挥不同材料的性能、施工方便且整体性能好的新型桥梁结构。为探究其抗剪性能,开展了9根模型梁的试验。分析了接缝数、接缝处剪力键数、剪跨比、UHPC钢纤维体积率、配箍率和纵筋率等参数对试件变形、破坏模式、抗剪承载力的影响;基于试验研究结果,提出了PUCS-MCS组合梁抗剪承载力计算方法。结果表明:PUCS-MCS组合梁均为剪压破坏,所有梁在开裂前的荷载-挠度曲线差异不大,在开裂后刚度不断下降;PUCS-MCS组合梁的抗剪承载力随接缝处剪力键数、UHPC钢纤维掺量、配箍率和纵筋率的增大而增大,随干接缝数量增加和剪跨比的增大而减小,其中影响最显著的是干接缝和剪力键,影响最小的是钢纤维掺量和配箍率,因此PUCS-MCS组合梁可不配箍筋,并可采用较低钢纤维掺量的UHPC。

装配式桥梁板玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋湿接缝受力与变形分析

为解决装配式桥梁板体系湿接缝处力学性能不稳定、易变形的问题,提出采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案优化湿接缝性能,以雄安新区荣乌高速荣乌主线桥为背景进行研究。选取主线桥2个试验段(试验段A湿接缝采用普通混凝土-U形钢筋方案,钢筋点焊;试验段B湿接缝采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案,钢筋满焊)进行梁板体系湿接缝性能试验,监测湿接缝处搭接钢筋力学响应及混凝土接触面变形特征,同时对长期运载及强降雨影响下的钢筋受力与混凝土变形进行监测。结果表明:长期运载下,试验段B横筋受力约为试验段A的一半,其中部纵筋承受外力远大于试验段A,边缘纵筋承受外力较少,试验段B稳定性更优;试验段B较试验段A在湿接缝部位变形量小,其稳定性及耐久性更优;强降雨阶段,试验段B较试验段A变形及力学响应波动程度更低,其抗渗能力、耐久性更优。由此可知基于玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案的湿接缝构造在外力传导、抵抗变形方面具有较强稳定性,不易受恶劣环境影响。

底部填芯多节段预制拼装空心桥墩抗震性能试验研究

为提高预应力连接预制节段拼装桥墩的抗震性能及施工便捷性,设计了一种底部填芯多节段预制拼装空心桥墩并进行了抗震试验研究。提出了该新型预制节段拼装桥墩填芯高度设计方法,设计了底部填芯预制节段拼装桥墩缩尺模型并开展了拟静力试验测试。基于试验结果分析了该新型桥墩在水平循环往复作用下的裂缝发展过程、失效模式、滞回性能、延性性能、耗能能力及桥墩接缝的开口大小等抗震性能。研究结果表明:所发展的底部填芯多节段预制拼装空心桥墩的失效模式为底部节段混凝土局部压溃,但范围较小,所提填芯高度的设计方法可行,可以使桥墩实现预期失效模式。该新型桥墩具有较小的残余位移、优异的耗能能力与延性性能,这表明此桥墩具有优异的抗震性能。

爆炸荷载下预制节段拼装双层钢管混凝土墩柱的动力响应数值模拟

为提升装配式公路桥梁的抗爆防护能力,提出了一种新型预制节段拼装双层钢管混凝土(PS-CFDST)组合墩柱.基于非线性显式动力分析程序LS-DYNA建立了新型PS-CFDST墩柱在爆炸荷载作用下动力响应分析的精细有限元模型,并通过已有试验结果验证了模型的准确性.对爆炸荷载作用下PS-CFDST墩柱的动力响应进行数值模拟分析,研究了PS-CFDST墩柱在爆炸荷载作用下的破坏过程、损伤机理和耗能机制.运用参数化分析方法,研究了爆炸距离、节段数量和预应力水平等关键参数对PS-CFDST墩柱动力响应的影响,并在此基础上提出了PS-CFDST墩柱的抗爆设计建议.结果表明:PS-CFDST墩柱除通过材料塑性损伤耗能之外,节段接缝界面滑移耗能机制对耗能贡献可达40%以上;增大墩柱可接近距离是提升墩柱抗爆安全性的有效手段,增大预应力有利于减小柱中最大水平位移和墩底剪切滑移,从而提升PS-CFDST墩柱的抗爆性能.

大跨环形矮塔斜拉桥主塔力学性能分析

以大跨度环形矮塔斜拉桥的主塔为研究对象,借助大型有限元程序midas进行了静力及地震动时程分析,通过提取杆系模型中的最不利内力,对索塔锚固区及下塔柱钢混结合段空间应力进行分析。结果表明:1)钢塔在静力及地震工况下强度及稳定均满足要求;2)索塔锚固区及钢混结合段应力状态良好、构造细节处理较为合理。

既有节段预制混凝土桥梁状态评估方法研究

基于国内外学者关于既有桥梁状态评估方法的研究,建立既有节段预制桥梁结构损伤状态评估指标体系.提出基于层次分析法的既有节段预制桥梁状态评估方法,并在该方法的基础上,引入权重赋分法考虑各影响因素的重要程度对既有节段梁各结构进行权重赋分,给出了相应的桥梁状态评估公式,制定了节段预制桥梁状态评估标准.最后,结合一个既有节段预制桥梁损伤状态评估实例来演示本文所提出方法进行节段梁状态评估的实现过程.

体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁抗剪性能试验研究

体外预应力节段式超高性能混凝土(UHPC)无腹筋桥梁由于其施工工业化水平高且构造简单,得到广泛地关注,但其抗剪性能研究尚不成熟,相关规范也相对滞后。为了研究体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁的抗剪性能,开展了静力破坏试验,共制作了5根体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁、2根体外预应力节段式UHPC有腹筋梁和1根体外预应力整体式UHPC无腹筋梁,选取了剪跨比、钢纤维掺量、箍筋间距为研究参数进行试验。结果表明:接缝张开后梁刚度明显下降;添加钢纤维的试验梁的裂缝多而密;钢纤维的掺入可以提高梁的开裂强度、极限强度和裂后性能,2%钢纤维掺量的梁开裂强度比1.5%和0%掺量的增大8.20%和1.16倍;配箍筋的梁在钢纤维失效后箍筋开始受力,并且很快达到屈服,箍筋的存在可以提高梁极限承载力,无腹筋梁的极限承载力比箍筋间距为150 mm和75 mm的梁低15.9%和19.6%。采用AASHTO GSCB INTERIM-2003标准中计算干接缝节段式梁的折减系数0.85。在不考虑安全系数的情况下,法国规范NF P 18-710中UHPC梁抗剪承载力计算公式可以准确地预测含钢纤维体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁的抗剪强度,其试验值和预测值比值的平均值为1.04,标准差为0.28。

航电枢纽闸墩混凝土模块化施工实践

航电枢纽以航运为主,结合发电,挡水构筑物多为闸坝,施工期河道兼顾通航,一个枯期需完成构筑物的施工,施工工期紧。结合工程施工特点,通过闸墩混凝土分层分块设计,划分闸墩混凝土施工模块,将钢筋制作与安装,模板制作、安装与拆除,混凝土浇筑与养护等施工流程进行详细的拆分,形成各流程的关键控制点。模块化、标准化的施工有效提升了施工管理人员的管理能力,规范了工人的操作行为,降低了施工过程中的风险,保证了项目施工顺利、优质地完成。本文提出了航电枢纽工程闸墩混凝土模块化施工实施方案,使闸墩混凝土施工形成生产流水线,有效提升了航电枢纽工程闸墩混凝土施工精细化管理水平。