Role of PV-Powered Vehicles in Low-Carbon Society and Some Approaches of High-Efficiency Solar Cell Modules for Cars

Development of highly-efficient photovoltaic (PV) modules and expanding its application fields are significant for the further development of PV technologies and realization of innovative green energy infrastructure based on PV. Especially, development of solar-powered vehicles as a new application is highly desired and very important for this end. This paper presents the impact of PV cell/module conversion efficiency on reduction in CO2 emission and increase in driving range of the electric based vehicles. Our studies show that the utilization of a highly-efficient (higher than 30%) PV module enables the solar-powered vehicle to drive 30 km/day without charging in the case of light weight cars with electric mileage of 17 km/kWh under solar irradiation of 3.7 kWh/m2/day, which means that the majority of the family cars in Japan can run only by the sunlight without supplying fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to develop high-efficiency as well as low-cost solar cells and modules for automotive applications. The analytical results developed by the authors for conversion efficiency potential of various solar cells for choosing candidates of the PV modules for automotive applications are shown. Then we overview the conversion efficiency potential and recent progress of various Si tandem solar cells, such as III-V/Si, II-VI/Si, chalcopyrite/Si, and perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. The III-V/Si tandem solar cells are expected to have a high potential for various applications because of its high conversion efficiency of larger than 36% for dual-junction and 42% for triple-junction solar cells under 1-sun AM1.5 G illumination, lightweight and low-cost potentials. The analysis shows that III-V based multi-junction and Si based tandem solar cells are considered to be promising candidates for the automotive application. Finally, we report recent results for our 28.2% efficiency and Sharp’s 33% mechanically stacked InGaP/GaAs/Si triple-junction solar cell. In addition, new approaches which are suitable for automotive applications by using III-V triple-junction, and static low concentrator PV modules are also presented.

Failure Analysis of Ceramic Substrates Used in High Power IGBT Modules

High voltage power modules are used in numerous applications to build high power converters. Technically, these modules are made of different materials and among them, dielectric materials are organic and inorganic. Organic insulators (gels) are used to avoid corona discharges in the vicinity of connecting wires and high voltage dies (diodes and transistors) and to protect them from moisture and contaminants. Inorganic insulators (ceramic substrates) are used to insulate the high voltage which dies from the grounded elements and to transfer heat to the heat sink. Despite being used since the late 90s, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge about the electrical properties of these substrates. Consequently, manufacturers tend to assure the reliability by over sizing them. As there are no clear rules for how to do that, failures occur, leading to the converter shutdown. The aim of this study is to bring new information about the understanding of the dielectric strength of ceramic materials used in these modules. We have focused our work on the correlation between the mechanical and the dielectric properties of ceramics by using relevant experiments. We provide new information about the impact of existing cracks on the ceramic dielectric failure, according to the electromechanical breakdown model. Our conclusions bring crucial information about the precautions to be taken during manufacturing and implementation of these substrates in power modules to reduce the likelihood of the particular causes of failure.

Recent Developments of Modulation and Control for High-Power Current-Source-Converters Fed Electric Machine Systems

The pulse-width-modulated(PWM)current-source converters(CSCs)fed electric machine systems can be considered as a type of high reliability energy conversion systems,since they work with the long-life DC-link inductor and offer high fault-tolerant capability for short-circuit faults.Besides,they provide motor friendly waveforms and four-quadrant operation ability.Therefore,they are suitable for high-power applications of fans,pumps,compressors and wind power generation.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review recent developments of key technologies on modulation and control of high-power(HP)PWM-CSC fed electric machines systems,including reduction of low-order current harmonics,suppression of inductor–capacitor(LC)resonance,mitigation of common-mode voltage(CMV)and control of modular PWM-CSC fed systems.In particular,recent work on the overlapping effects during commutation,LC resonance suppression under fault-tolerant operation and collaboration of modular PMW-CSCs are described.Both theoretical analysis and some results in simulations and experiments are presented.Finally,a brief discussion regarding the future trend of the HP CSC fed electric machines systems is presented.

Thermal fatigue behaviors of SiC power module by Ag sinter joining under harsh thermal shock test

The excellent properties of SiC bring new challenges for the device packaging.In this study,the bonding strength,fracture behaviors and microstructural evolution of micron-porous Ag joint were elevated during thermal cycling(–50 ℃–250 ℃) in SiC/DBC(direct bonding copper) die attachment structure for different time.During harsh thermal shock test,the strength of sintered joint deceased gradually with the increase of cycling number,and the value just was half of the value of as-sintered after 1 000 cycles.Coarsening of Ag grains was observed in micron-porous joint with the structure inhomogeneity and defects increasing,which were the reasons of the strength decease.In addition,it was also found that the fracture behavior of sintered joints was changed from ductile deformation of Ag grain to brittle fracture of crack propagation after 1 000 cycles.This study will add the understanding in the mechanical properties of Ag sinter joining and its applications at high temperature.

Analysis of Drain Modulation for High Voltage GaN Power Amplifier Considering Parasitics

For high-voltage and high-power Gallium Nitride(GaN)power amplifiers,a drain modulation circuit with rapid rise and fall time is proposed in this paper.To decrease the rise and fall time,the high-side bootstrap drive circuit with an auxiliary discharge switch is proposed.The effect of the parasitics is analyzed based on calculation and the parallel bonding is proposed.The storage capacitance of power supply is calculated quantitatively to provide large pulse current.To ensure safe operation of the power amplifier,the circuit topology with the dead-time control and sequential control is proposed.Finally,a prototype is built to verify the drain modulation circuit design.The experiments prove that the rise time and fall time of the output pulse signal are both less than 100 ns.

Effect of Hot Carrier on Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Gaussian High Power Helicon Wave in Homogeneous Longitudinally Magnetized Strain Dependent Dielectric Material

In the present communication, the hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the amplitude modulation as well as demodulation of an electromagnetic wave of high power helicon pump wave into another helicon wave in strain dependent dielectric material incorporating carrier heating (CH) effects. The consideration of CH in modulation and demodulation is prime importance for the adding of new dimension in analysis of amplification of acoustic helicon wave. By using the dispersion relation, threshold pump electric filed and growth rate of unstable mode from the modulation and demodulation of the high power helicon wave well above from the threshold value will be discussed in the present analysis. The numerical analysis is applied to a strain dependent dielectric material, BaTiO3 at room temperature and irradiated with high power helicon wave of frequency 1.78 × 1014 Hz. This material is very sensitive to the pump intensities, therefore during studies, Gaussian shape of the helicon pump wave is considered during the propagation in stain dependent dielectric material and opto-acoustic wave in the form of Gaussian profile (ω0,κ0) is induced longitudinally along the crystallographic plane of BaTiO3. Its variation is caused by the available magnetic field (ωc), interaction length (z) and pulsed duration of interaction (τ). From the analysis of numerical results, the incorporation of CH effect can effectively modify the magnitude of modulation or demodulation of the amplitude of high power helicon laser wave through diffusion process. Not only the amplitude modulation and demodulation of the wave, the diffusion of the CH effectively modifies the growth rate of unstable mode of frequency in BaTiO3. The propagation of the threshold electric field shows the sinusoidal or complete Gaussian profile, whereas this profile is found to be completely lost in growth of unstable mode. It has also been seen that the growth rate is observed to be of the order of 108 - 1010 s-1 but from diffusion of carrier heating, and that its order is enhanced from 1010 - 1012 s-1 with the variation of the magnetized frequency from 1 to 2.5 × 1014 Hz.

Improving thermal efficiency and stability of laser welding process for magnesium alloy by combining power modulation and subatmospheric pressure environment

The laser welding(LW)process of highly reflective materials presents low thermal efficiency and poor stability.To solve the problem,the effects of subatmospheric environment on LW process,technological parameters in subatmospheric environment on weld formation and welding with sinusoidal modulation of laser power on the stability of LW process in subatmospheric environment were explored.The AZ31magnesium(Mg)alloy was used as the test materials.The test result revealed that the weld penetration in subatmospheric environment can increase by more than ten times compared with that under normal pressure.After the keyhole depth greatly rises,significantly periodic local bulge is observed on the backwall surface of the keyhole and the position of the bulge shifts along the direction of the keyhole depth.Eventually,the hump-shaped surface morphology of the welded seam is formed;moreover,the weld width in local zones in the lower part of the welded seam remarkably grows.During LW in subatmospheric environment,the weld penetration can be further greatly increased through power modulation.Besides,power modulation can inhibit the occurrence of bulges in local zones on the backwall of the keyhole during LW in subatmospheric environment,thus further curbing the significant growth of the weld widths of hump-shaped welding beads and local zones in the lower part of welded seams.Finally,the mechanism of synchronously improving the thermal efficiency and stability of LW process of highly reflective materials through power modulation in subatmospheric environment was illustrated.This was conducted according to theoretical analysis of recoil pressure and observation results of dynamic behaviors of laser induced plasma clouds and keyholes in the molten pool through high speed photography.

Tile Type Multi-Channel Transceiver Module Applied for Phased Array Antenna

In order to reduce the volume and weight of phase array antenna in RF frequency, an integrated technology of multi-channel transceiver circuit and power division network in microwave is proposed for the tile type TR module. The component is integrated in a same dielectric substrate, the mounting interface of chips and power division network are on the same layer. Finally, a 8 × 8 array has been manufactured and tested to validate its function. The results show the integrated technology has good performance. It is very good to satisfy the miniaturization and lightweight of the T/R module in the active phased array antenna.

基于vPower的高温堆示范电站HTR-PM200凝汽系统仿真研究

以高温堆示范电站(HTR-PM200)华能山东石岛湾核电厂全范围培训仿真机为研究背景,在深入了解HTR-PM200凝汽器内部结构、凝汽系统构成及凝结换热计算原理的基础上,建立了高温堆核电站HTR-PM200凝汽系统的动态仿真程序.同时借助于vPower仿真平台,对HTR-PM200机组凝汽系统在不同负荷下的稳态精度以及各种扰动下的动态特性进行了对比性验证.结果表明,该模型能满足工程应用要求,可用于仿真培训、凝汽器变工况特性分析等,具有较好的工程实用性.

Researching the 915 nm high-power and high-brightness semiconductor laser single chip coupling module

Based on the high-speed development of the fiber laser in recent years, the development of researching 915 nm semiconductor laser as main pumping sources of the fiber laser is at a high speed. Because the beam quality of the laser diode is very poor, the 915 nm laser diode is generally based on optical fiber coupling module to output the laser. Using the beam-shaping and fiber-coupling technology to improve the quality of output beam light, we present a kind of high-power and high-brightness semiconductor laser module, which can output 13.22 W through the optical fiber. Based on 915 nm GaAs semiconductor laser diode which has output power of 13.91 W, we describe a thoroughly detailed procedure for reshaping the beam output from the semiconductor laser diode and coupling the beam into the optical fiber of which the core diameter is 105 μm and the numerical aperture is 0.18. We get 13.22 W from the output fiber of the module at 14.5 A, the coupling efficiency of the whole module is 95.03% and the brightness is 1.5 MW/cm2-str. The output power of the single chip semiconductor laser module achieves the advanced level in the domestic use.

Importance of Developing Photovoltaics-Powered Vehicles

The development of photovoltaics (PV)-powered vehicles are expected to contribute to reduce CO2 emission of vehicles and create a clean energy society. This paper presents the impact of high-efficiency solar cell modules on reduction in CO2 emission, charging cost reduction for electric vehicles, and reducing storage capacity of PV-powered electric vehicles. In this paper, the effects of solar cell module efficiency upon driving distance of PV-powered vehicles are also shown. Especially, the potential of Si tandem solar cells for PV-powered vehicle applications is discussed. This paper presents that the III-V/Si 3-junction solar cell modules with an efficiency of more than 37% have the potential of longer driving distance of 30 km/day average and more than 50 km/day on a clear day compared to an average 16 km/day driving by vehicles powered by 20% efficiency Si solar cell modules.

一种L波段300W GaN脉冲功率模块

随着第三代半导体GaN器件技术的不断发展,GaN高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)在电子系统中逐步得到了广泛应用。研制了一款小型化L波段300 W GaN脉冲功率模块。研发了满足高压脉冲工作条件的GaN HEMT芯片,采用负载牵引技术进行了器件大信号阻抗参数提取,并以此为基础设计了小型化匹配网络进行阻抗变换。基于高压驱动芯片和开关器件芯片设计了小型化高压脉冲调制电路。测试结果表明,在工作频率990~1130 MHz、工作电压50 V、脉冲宽度100μs、占空比10%下,功率模块脉冲输出功率大于300 W,功率附加效率大于53%,功率增益大于38 dB。功率模块尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×8 mm。

一种三维集成的Ku波段高功率T/R模块

基于硅基微电子机械系统(MEMS)三维(3D)异构集成工艺,设计并制作了用于相控阵天线系统的三维堆叠式Ku波段四通道高功率收发(T/R)模块。该模块由两层硅基封装堆叠而成,层间采用球栅阵列(BGA)植球堆叠,实现模块小型化;采用高低阻抗匹配建模,保证低损耗输出,采用导热垫加微流道散热板达到了良好的散热效果,实现模块高功率输出;对模块的微波垂直互连结构和散热进行建模和仿真。测试结果表明,在14~18 GHz内发射通道饱和输出功率大于40 dBm,接收通道增益大于21 dB,噪声系数小于3.5 dB,模块尺寸仅为14.0 mm×14.0 mm×3.3 mm。该模块在兼顾高集成度的同时性能指标得到了进一步提升。

高频链矩阵变换器直接功率反步控制策略

针对高频链矩阵变换器(HFLMC)电路前后级耦合导致系统动态性能和鲁棒性降低的问题,提出一种基于直接功率的非线性反步控制策略(BS-DPC)。首先,建立HFLMC非线性数学模型和有功、无功功率动态模型,分析双极性电流空间矢量调制策略;然后,在考虑系统不确定性情况下引入2个解耦控制分量,设计直流输出电流和无功功率反步控制器,实现电池不同工况下输出电流参考值的快速跟踪控制;最后,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明HFLMC闭环系统全局渐进稳定性,并对比传统PI直接功率控制和BS-DPC策略。仿真和实验结果表明,所提BS-DPC策略控制HFLMC提高了输出电流的动态性能和电网波动及直流滤波电感变化下的鲁棒性,响应时间减少了约78%,网侧THD降低了0.98%。

混合级联十一电平逆变器功率与开关损耗双均衡倍频调制方法

混合级联多电平逆变器可以利用较少的开关器件实现较高电平输出,进而得到了广泛应用;但实现高低压单元间功率均衡难度更大。直流侧采用电池组模块进行供电时,功率达不到均衡会使得各H桥单元对应的电池组模块处于不同的放电特性,增大了故障概率和维修难度且增加了后期的维修成本。针对此问题,提出2种1:1:1:2混合级联十一电平逆变器功率和开关损耗双均衡倍频调制方法。首先,2种方法分别对3个低压单元采用三角载波、重构载波进行移相,从而实现在全调制度范围内将逆变器的等效开关频率由fc提高至6fc/12fc;使得低压单元各开关器件开关次数均围绕在60次/174次左右上下浮动,实现了低压单元内开关损耗均衡;使得调制度M=0.9/0.6/0.3时低压单元输出功率均围绕在657.5 W/293.5 W/73.5 W上下浮动,实现低压单元间的功率均衡,其次对高压单元采用阶梯波低频调制,随调制度的变化对导通角进行动态调整,使得高压单元各开关器件开关次数均为1次,实现了高低压单元内开关损耗均衡;使得调制度M=0.9/0.6/0.3时高压单元与低压单元输出功率均围绕在1317 W/657.5 W、586 W/293.5 W、146.5 W/73.5 W上下浮动,实现了高低压单元间功率均衡,之后对比分析2种方法各自的优缺点及其适用场合。最后,通过实验验证该方法的正确性和可行性,并给出了直流电压比为1:1:1:...:x的混合级联H桥逆变器双均衡的普适方法。

X波段高功率高效率延时组件设计

为了实现相控阵雷达的宽带宽角扫描,用延时器处理取代常规相控阵雷达中的移相器是一种有效的技术措施。文中研制了一种X波段高功率高效率延时组件,利用幅度/相位自补偿电路改善寄生调幅和寄生调相,通过增益链路分配和C类线性功放模式,实现了组件高效率和高增益,同时利用电磁仿真与热传输路径分析验证了可靠性,对相控阵雷达收发组件的设计和制造具有参考价值。根据实测结果,所有组件发射输出功率高于5 W,效率高于46.3%,延时相位精度优于±10°,延时寄生调幅低于±1.3 dB,组件接收增益为23.3±0.6 dB。

一种应用于物联网传感器的伪三阶Delta-Sigma调制器

针对物联网传感器难以同时满足高分辨率与低功耗的瓶颈问题,本文设计了一种伪三阶离散时间delta-sigma调制器.该架构将一阶无源噪声整形SAR(Successive Approximation Register)量化器嵌入传统二阶delta-sigma调制器以实现更强的噪声整形能力.本文设计允许系统在更低的过采样率(Over Sampling Ratio,OSR)下获取更高的峰值SQNR(Signal-to-Quantizing Noise Ratio),有效缓解了系统精度和功耗之间的设计矛盾,并且减少了有源积分器的使用.针对传统有源加法器高功耗和无源加法器存在衰减不确定性的问题,本文提出了一种新型前馈求和量化电路,它具有对衰减不敏感的优势并且降低了第二级有源积分器的驱动压力,这进一步降低了系统的功耗.本文提出的delta-sigma调制器采用180 nm CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)工艺制造并测试.在电源电压1.4 V下,芯片测试功耗为47.2μW.在带宽为8 kHz的测试条件下,调制器的DR(Dynamic Range)、峰值SNDR(Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio)和SFDR(Spurious-Free Dynamic Range)分别为97.2 dB,96.6 dB和114.4 dB.因此,Schreier和Walden的SNDR FoM(Figure of Merit)优值达到了178.9 dB和0.053 pJ/step.本文提出的伪三阶delta-sigma调制器在功耗和分辨率之间实现了较好的权衡,为物联网领域的低功耗高分辨率调制器设计提供了较好的解决方案.

基于三级式可扩展多模块并联架构的低压大电流高距径比无线电能传输系统

在低压大电流高距径比磁谐振式无线供电场合,由于传输线圈间的耦合系数很小,因此功率器件和谐振元件的电流很大,导致系统损耗大,难以优化设计。为此,文中提出一种三级式可扩展多模块并联无线电能传输系统架构,利用基波分析法对双模块并联系统建模并分析其传输特性。为提升系统效率,对比3种输出级结构及其控制策略并遴选出一种最优拓扑。进一步地,提出线圈级具体参数设计方法以减小电压电流应力并实现输入级软开关。最后搭建一台距径比为1(30 cm/30 cm)的1 kW原理样机验证理论分析,对比3种不同输出级拓扑的性能。实验结果表明,系统最高效率可达75.2%。

基于对称分量法的调相机定子故障特征分析

传统同步调相机定子绕组匝间短路故障机理分析方法通常认为电机定子电流接近三相对称,并以此为基础建立同步调相机故障电流的数学表征。但是,一旦发生定子绕组匝间短路故障,同步调相机三相定子电流的对称性将遭到破坏,使得传统故障机理分析方法所建立的数学表征无法准确反映电机内部电气量的变化。文中通过引入对称分量法,建立故障后同步调相机瞬时有功/无功功率的数学模型,提出利用瞬时有功/无功功率中的2次谐波进行定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明:相较于利用定子电流3次谐波与基波幅值之比诊断故障的传统方法,文中方法在轻微故障状态下能提高至少7倍的诊断灵敏度,更易完成早期故障诊断。同时,所提方法中的故障特征量不受同步调相机工况和故障位置的影响,具有强鲁棒性。

高功率激光器光束质量测量的衰减缩束仿真研究

光束质量因子M^(2)是表征高功率激光器横模特性的主要参数,针对目前光束质量分析仪只能用于小口径、低功率激光器光束质量评估的问题,开展了高功率激光器光束质量测量的衰减缩束技术原理与仿真研究。建立了衰减缩束组件的仿真模型,利用有限元的方法对光学元件在高功率激光下的热致像差进行研究,得出热致像差的峰谷(PV)值小于82 nm时,对光束质量因子的影响小于5%。当光束通过衰减组件时,如果发生退偏,光束质量因子将偏小。基于泽尼克多项式和光束质量因子计算模型,研究分析了缩束组件波前畸变对测量的影响,并通过Zemax仿真分析看出,在装调时入射光与缩束组件中心光轴夹角视场小于7°时,对光束质量因子测量的影响小于5%。