VARIATION IN FLOW AND SEDIMENT OF DASHA RIVER AND INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON IT IN SOUTHWEST REGION OF ANHUI PROVINCE

Soil and water loss is now a major environmental problem in many areas of China, especially in the area of the Dabie Mountain, Anhui Province, which results in environmental degradation and does harm to the people＇s life and production there. Based on the observational records from the Dasha River, the authors analyze the character of the variation in flow and sediment in different flood and dry seasons from 1970 to 2000. The result shows that human activities had significantly reduced the sediment discharge and sediment module, and increased the runoff in low-water seasons since the 1980s. The average contribution rate ofhnman activities to decreasing sediment was 65.67%, and at the same period the contribution rate of runoff and rainfall was about 34.33%. Therefore, it is necessary to take the biological and engineering measures to solve the problem of soil and water loss in the Dasha River watershed.

Sediment Load of Asian Rivers flowing into the Oceans and their Regional Variation

Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads, and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations. On the basis of this, the Asian rivers fall into three regions, including Eurasia Arctic, East Asia, Southeast and South Asia Regions. The Eurasia Arctic Region is characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and load, while the East Asia Region is of the highest sediment concentration and higher sediment load, and the South-East and South Asia Region yields higher sediment concentration and highest sediment load.The sediment loads of these regions are mainly controlled by climate, geomorphology and tectonic activity. The Eurasia Arctic rivers with large basin areas and water discharge, drain low relief which consists of tundra sediment, thus causing the lowest sediment load. The East Asia rivers with small basin areas and lowest water discharges, drain extensive loess plateau, and transport most erodible loess material, which results in highest sediment concentration. The SE and South Asia rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau have large basin areas and the largest water discharges because of the Summer Monsoon and high rainfall influence, causing the highest sediment load.In Asia, tectonic motion of the Tibet Plateau plays an important role. Those large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau transport about 50% of the world river sediment load to ocean annually, forming large estuaries and deltas, and consequently exerting a great influence on sedimentation in the coastal zone and shelves.

Estimation of sediment load and erosion of different geological units: A case study from a basin of north-eastern Iran

Erosion of geological units and sediment load in rivers can be considered as the serious problems in recent decades.Increasing sediment loads generate major hazards for water resources development,particularly in terms of loss of reservoir storage due to sedimentation and siltation of water distribution systems.In this paper,the performance of four sediment rating curve (SRC) development methods was evaluated for the Shirin Darreh River(SDR) basin (1750 km^(2)),located in North Khorasan Province,Iran.Data of flow discharge (Q) and suspended sediment flux (SSF)(Q-SSF pairs,N=957)and daily flow discharge,recorded by the Regional Water Company of North Khorasan (RWCNK) at the Qaleh-Barbar (QB) gauging site during 1989-2018 were used.The flow discharge classification method performed best by meeting the desired criteria of most statistical indices,including normalized root mean square error (NRMSE),mean bias error (MBE),mean absolute error (MAE),index of agreement (d),and coefficient of determination (R^(2)).Based on the optimized method,the rate of suspended sediment transportation at the study site was estimated about2.7×10^(6) ton year^(-1).Erodibility of the exposed formations in the study area was estimated based on a factorial scoring model (FSM).Three indices,focused on the outcrop and erodibility,were calculated for the geological units at sub-basin and total scales.Marl deposits are the most extensive geological unit in the three sub-basins and the maximum formation outcrop ratio (FOR) and participation in erosion (PCE)were obtained for these rocks at total scale.In fact,marl unit can be regarded as the main source to supply the suspended sediments in the study basin.

Application of numerical model in evaluating the effects of a planned reservoir on reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower Wei River

Predicting the responses of an alluvial channel to changes in flow and sediment supply is essential for engineering design. Many methods have been developed in the last few decades to describe sectional bankfull characteristics(elevation and discharge); however, studies on long-term reach-scale bankfull discharge are still limited. In this study, a hydraulic model is built to calculate the reach-scale bankfull discharge, and the effects of reservoir building on downstream bankfull discharges are discussed. The studied river reach is located at the lower Wei River(WR), where the planned Dongzhuang Reservoir would be built on its largest tributary, the Jing River. A quasi-two-dimensional numerical model coupled with a bankfull discharge estimating method is put forward to calculate the reach-scale bankfull discharge. The soundness of the model is verified. Results show that the temporal variation of reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower reach of the WR would be highly influenced by the planned reservoir, especially during the first 20 years of operation. The effect of the planned reservoir on bankfull discharge may reach its maximum when the total trapped sediment load reaches approximately 75% of the reservoir capacity. Our results show that after the first 17 years of operation,the effect of the planned reservoir on bankfull discharge of the river reach may decrease gradually.The soundness and predictive capability of the coupled model have also been calibrated by comparing with existing reservoirs. All analyses indicate that the numerical model can be used to predict the changed reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower WR.

松花江干流造床水沙动力及河相关系的探究

在分析松花江干流河道特性的基础上,基于实测资料,探究了造床水沙动力条件和河相关系。结果表明,枯水期和涨水期水流的造床作用不甚明显,主汛期水流是主要造床动力,退水期水流也具有一定造床作用;通过对比河道特征流量和计算得到的造床流量,说明常年洪水的造床作用依然十分有限,只有3~5年一遇的较大洪水才会形成较为明显的造床作用;河道河床呈现宽浅型,主槽相对窄小,洪漫滩地宽阔,中游段主槽河相关系系数√B/H在2~5之间,上游段和下游段大多超过5;基于河床最小活动性假设,得到河相关系与流量及含沙量之间的关系式,采用造床流量针对主槽进行检验,公式相符性较好。

洪水期小浪底水库排沙影响因素及规律研究

小浪底水库排沙主要集中在汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期。2000—2022年汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期小浪底水库累计排沙分别为4.840亿t和21.546亿t,分别占水库运用以来排沙总量的18.3%、81.5%。研究表明,入库水量与回水长度是影响汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙效果的主要因素;入库水量越大,回水长度越短,排沙效果越好。通过多元回归得到了汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙量与影响因素的关系。汛期洪水期小浪底水库排沙主要影响因素为壅水指标和进出库流量比,通过研究量化了汛期洪水期排沙比与影响因素的关系。

汽车空调涡旋压缩机排气孔优化研究

针对汽车空调涡旋压缩机排气孔处气体流动变化产生的流动损失问题,对排气孔结构进行优化,以期降低流动损失并提高排气压力。通过三维动网格模型对不同排气孔结构的涡旋压缩机排气过程进行瞬态仿真,发现腰果形排气孔更大的截面积使其拥有更好的开启特性,可有效降低排气损失,提高排气稳定性。在对腰果形排气孔采取进一步扩压式优化后,发现其可以更加有效地降低排气速度并提高排气压力。

汛期与非汛期水沙条件对黄河下游不同河段过流能力的影响

20世纪80年代以来黄河下游水沙输移特性显著改变,下游河道经历强来沙作用下的持续淤积与小浪底水库调控下的持续冲刷过程。基于黄河下游1986—2020年实测水沙数据与固定断面地形,计算了河段尺度的平滩流量,量化了汛期与非汛期水沙过程对各河段过流能力的相对贡献。结果表明:①小浪底枢纽运行前水流冲刷强度随时间减弱,下游河道呈汛期淤积、非汛期冲刷的整体淤积态势,平滩流量持续减小,最小过流能力小于2000 m^(3)/s。②小浪底枢纽运行后水流冲刷强度显著增大,尤其在非汛期,对河床冲刷产生重要影响;各河段过流能力显著恢复,其中游荡段恢复最为迅速。③各河段平滩流量与前5 a汛期、非汛期平均水流冲刷强度呈良好的幂律关系,该关系能较好地反映汛期与非汛期累积水沙过程对过流能力的综合影响。④小浪底枢纽运行后,非汛期水沙条件对平滩流量的贡献率增大,尤其是对游荡段具有重要影响(占比53%),对过渡段与弯曲段贡献则较小(占比不到20%)。

黄河下游河道平滩流量变化及其与汛期水沙条件的关系

采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河下游河道平滩流量变化与汛期水沙条件的关系。黄河下游河道平滩流量的变化是先减小后增大,由20世纪中期的7 000~9 000 m^(3)/s减小到20世纪末期的2 000~4 000 m^(3)/s;21世纪后,平滩流量恢复至4 000~7 000 m^(3)/s。2000年前孙口平滩流量与汛期水沙条件关系点群与2000年后两者关系点群存在明显分区,表明小浪底水库蓄水拦沙运用后,下游河道冲刷演变机理与前期河道淤积演变机理存在较大差异。建立的孙口平滩流量与汛期水沙条件的定量关系表明,黄河下游河道平滩流量随着汛期平均水量的增大而增大,随着汛期平均来沙系数的增大而减小。

黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化与水沙过程的响应关系

平滩流量是表征河道排洪输沙能力的重要指标,开展宁蒙河段平滩流量变化机理的研究对于治理黄河意义重大,本文采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化特征及其与汛期水沙过程的定量关系。研究结果表明:黄河上游宁蒙河段沿程六站平滩流量由1960年代中期的3600~5800 m^(3)/s减小到目前的1900~4000 m^(3)/s。2000年前宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程关系点群与2000年后两者关系点群存在明显分区,说明2000年后宁蒙河段河床演变机理发生了变化,遵循不同规律。建立的宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程的定量关系式表明,宁蒙河段平滩流量随着汛期平均水量的减小(增大)而减小(增大),随着汛期平均来沙系数的减小(增大)而增大(减小),随着汛期水流过程参数的增大(减小)而增大(减小)。

不同开挖条件对山区挖入式码头通航水流条件影响分析

开挖进出港航道与港池将会改变河道原有的河床地形高程,进而改变其原有的水动力条件及其泥沙冲淤状况,对通航条件造成影响。以犍为孝姑码头为依托,采用Mike21建立二维水沙数值模型,分析开挖进出港航道和港池工程前后,以及改变进港航道的深度、宽度、角度等之后的水流运动形态和泥沙淤积的情况。结果表明:开挖进出港航道和港池后对原有的主航道整体水流和泥沙条件影响较小,对船舶进出港的通航条件影响较小;不同的开挖条件对进出港航道和港池的水沙条件影响不同,不同开挖角度对孝姑码头的水沙影响较大,30°布置形式更能满足孝姑码头的通航水流条件。

盾构排浆管道内块石流速分析与沉积临界泥浆流速公式推导

为了明晰排浆管道内各种块石的流速情况,探讨块石沉积形成的管道堵塞和泥浆流速的关系,首先,根据流体力学基本方程推导出泥浆液动力计算式;然后,从运动力学角度对水平、斜向上、斜向下、垂直向上管道内的石块取最难排出的状态进行受力分析;最后,对不同形状、不同粒径石块,在不同倾斜角度的泥浆通道内随泥浆流动,达到受力平衡时和泥浆流速差值计算公式进行推导,进而分析推导出各种块石沉积临界泥浆流速计算公式,并设定工程数据试算。得出以下结论:1)不同尺寸、不同形状、不同密度的块石在不同倾角排浆管道内差速流动、流动速度自动分级、沉积临界泥浆流速不同;2)密度小、体积小的块石运动速度快、沉积临界泥浆流速小;3)相同重量、密度的块石,球形的运动速度最快、沉积临界泥浆流速最小,正方体形的次之,长条形的运动速度最慢、沉积临界泥浆流速最大,长径比越大流速越慢、沉积临界泥浆流速越大;4)同一块石,在向下管道流速最快、沉积临界泥浆流速最小,水平管道次之,在垂直上升管道流速最小、沉积临界泥浆流速最大。重点控制始发井和地面垂直向上管道内的泥浆流速至关重要。通过计算以适用经济的泥浆流速来预防排泥管道堵塞。

三峡水库蓄水后长江中游嘉鱼河段河床演变特性分析

嘉鱼河段是长江中游典型的碍航河段之一,需重点关注河床演变特性。根据1970~2021年实测水下地形资料,全面分析了该河段的冲淤、岸线、河床形态、洲滩深槽等变化,研究该河段自2003年三峡水库蓄水运用及2006年实施航道整治工程以来河床演变特性。结果表明:自三峡水库蓄水运用以来,该河段岸线基本稳定,河床冲刷部位主要在枯水河槽;近些年断面形态逐渐趋于稳定,岸线变化不大;河段内洲滩平面位置保持相对稳定的状态,仅在复兴洲尾部左缘、燕窝镇对面江中形成了一个新的江心洲;深槽平面位置较为稳定。研究成果可为该河段防洪调度、河道治理等提供参考。

Sediment Deposition Pattern and Flow Conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir: A Physical Model Study

Sedimentation in the Three Gorges Reservoir will greatly affect future project functions, such as power generation and navigation, after 50 years of operation. This paper presents results of a physical model study, which indicate that the capacity of both the discharge tunnel and the power plant outlet could be impaired by sediment deposition in front of the dam after 50 years, affecting both the hydropower head and navigation. A flow training scheme based on the third-stage cofferdam for the dam construction is proposed to regulate the flow pattern and control deposition in the near-dam region of the reservoir. This flow training scenario can effectively reduce deposition in the physical model.

Turbulent Flow Simulations through Tarbela Dam

Tarbela dam is one of the largest earth filled dam in the world. The sediments inflow in the Tarbela reservoir has resulted in reduction in water storage capacity. In addition damage to the tunnels, power generating units and ultimately to the plant equipment by the sediments particles carried by water is observed. To the authors knowledge, to-date no comprehensive simulation studies are performed for this dam reservoir and tunnels, especially at present when sediment delta and presence of sediment particles in the tunnels is observed to a reasonable extent. The aim of this study is to investigate the damage to the Tunnel 2 of the Tarbela Dam with and without considering the affect of sediment particles for one way and two way/full coupling during summer, winter and average seasons, using turbulent flows of water. Numerically calculated erosion results are compared with the experimental erosion results. Pressure, velocity and erosion rate density results are discussed in detail.

1986—2021年雅江-尼洋河交汇段辫状河道演变过程

雅鲁藏布江与尼洋河交汇段的辫状河道形态及变化主要受尼洋河入汇、河谷边界条件及滨河植被的影响,时空变化的差异性和复杂性值得研究。利用1986—2021年遥感数据提取河道-沙洲-植被主要形态参数(主河道迁移率、弯曲率、面积等)分析辫状河道形态的复杂特征与演变过程。结果表明:主河道迁移率最大为483 m/a,曲率减小3.43%,植被面积逐年增加到8.05 km^(2)。米林—派镇段辫状河道受边界条件和水文条件的差异影响,主河道在尼洋河汇入前呈横向单侧摆动,汇入后雅鲁藏布江主河道同时发生横向与纵向摆动;2013年以来该河段的植被仅有11.8%的覆盖区域对河床产生抑冲促淤的正向反馈并促进沙洲的稳定。

复杂河道边界条件下新建船闸布置方案及运行方式

袁河为赣江一级支流,中下段属丘陵与平原过渡段,河道蜿蜒曲折,平均比降0.2‰,洪水涨落较快。拟建龙尾洲枢纽为袁河航道提升工程最后1座梯级,坝址上下游为连续弯道,且有挑流凸嘴和多处边滩,复杂的河道边界给船闸方案的布置带来困难。本文建立龙尾洲枢纽整体物理模型,开展船闸通航水流条件试验,指出在现有边界条件以及规范要求20 a一遇洪水条件下,船闸难以达到安全通航,因此研究改善措施,结合袁河洪水特点,给出了适合船舶航行的水闸调度方式和最大通航流量,为工程设计和管理提供了依据。在洪水历时较短的河流上建设高等级船闸时,在满足过闸货运量的基础上,建议采用最大通航流量管理运行,优化设计隔流墙、靠船墩和导航墙,保证通航安全,节约投资成本。

淤地坝泥沙淤积高度对宽顶堰水力特性的影响

为解决淤地坝长期运行,泥沙不断沉积超出设计库容,漫延至溢洪道内并在宽顶堰前堆积从而影响泄流的问题,该研究通过物理模型试验的方法,对不同淤积高度下溢洪道内宽顶堰的水流流态、水面线、流速分布、流量系数等特性进行对比分析。结果表明,随着淤积高度的增加,堰流在保持宽顶堰原有的过流形态同时壅水程度逐渐降低;淤积高度的不同会影响堰前及堰上区域的水面高程和断面流速,堰前水位随着淤积高度的增加略微下降,过流断面逐渐减小,水流流速增大;随着淤积高度的增加,流量系数逐渐增大,即宽顶堰的泄流能力有所增强。因此引入参数相对淤积高度(淤积高度S与堰高P之比),根据试验数据拟合得到了淤积工况下宽顶堰流量系数经验公式,计算流量与实测流量的平均相对误差为2.7%,满足精度要求,可为淤地坝除险加固工程的相关工作提供参考。

紫色土坡面细沟形态变化及其对产流产沙的影响

[目的]揭示紫色土坡面细沟形态特征及其对产流产沙的影响,阐明紫色土区影响细沟产流产沙的主控因素,进而为紫色土区水土流失治理提供参考依据。[方法]以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,设计3个流量(6,8,10 L/min)和5个坡长(1,2,3,4,5 m),利用放水冲刷试验定量分析细沟形态和产流产沙变化特征,探讨细沟形态变化对产流产沙特征的影响。[结果]随流量增加,沟宽和沟深均呈增大趋势,宽深比则呈减小趋势;随坡长增加,沟宽与宽深比呈先减小后增大的趋势,沟深变化规律则相反,且细沟形态在坡长3~4 m存在突变。流量与产流率、产沙率和细沟侵蚀速率呈正相关关系,坡长与产沙率呈正相关关系,而与产流率和细沟侵蚀速率呈负相关关系,其中产流率主要受流量的影响,而产沙率和细沟侵蚀速率受流量和坡长交互作用的影响较大。相关性分析表明,相比于产流(r=0.54,p<0.05),细沟形态与产沙关系更为密切(r>0.67,p<0.01)。通过多元逐步回归分析发现,沟宽是影响细沟侵蚀速率的关键因素(p<0.05),沟深是影响产沙率、累积产沙量的关键因素(p<0.01)。[结论]沟宽与沟深可用于预测紫色土坡面侵蚀程度,其中沟深是表征侵蚀产沙的最佳指标,未来细沟侵蚀防治措施重点应在控制沟深发育方面。

黄河口清水沟流路水沙变化与河道演变响应

采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了水沙变化条件下黄河口清水沟流路河道演变的复杂响应过程。研究结果表明:1986年以后,黄河口清水沟流路水沙减少,河道萎缩,过流能力减小,断面形态宽浅;2000年以后,小浪底水库蓄水拦沙运用,黄河口水沙关系明显改善,河道萎缩有所恢复,过流能力增大,断面形态趋于窄深,黄河口河道演变与水沙过程有着良好的响应关系,河道过流能力随汛期5年滑动平均水量的增大而增大,随汛期5年滑动平均来沙系数的增大而减小。未来应通过上中游水库群的联合水沙调控运用,持续调控出5年以上水沙关系协调的下游水沙过程,这样对黄河口河道冲刷能产生良好的效果。