Power Relation and Condom Use in Commercial Sex Behaviors

To explore whether condom use is influenced by power relation in commercial sex behaviors. Methods Variables were designed to measure the power relation in commercial sex behaviors based on the theory of gender and power relation and data were collected from male sexually transmitted diseases （STD） patients and female commercial sex workers （FSWs） working at recreation centers or being detained in a women education center to identify the relationship between condom use and power relation in male and female respondents using bivariate and multiple regression analysis. Results A significant relationship was identified between power relation and female condom use, the higher the score of power relations, the higher frequency the condom use, but no similar result was found in males. Females got a higher score of power relation than males. Conclusions Power relation is one of the factors that influence condom use, which should be considered when relevant theories are used to study the rate of condom use. It is worthwhile exploring the relationship between safe sex and power relation in spouses and regular sex partners when interventions are adopted to prevent HIV/AIDS spreading from high risk groups to the general population.

Cross-sectional study on AIDS knowledge and condom use in rural areas

Objective:To understand AIDS knowledge and condom use in rural areas,and to analyze theinfluencing factors of condom use.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study using the cluster-sampling method.4,800 subjects,randomly selected from six counties in China,were questioned using an anonymous survey.Results:36% of the subjects knew that tooth extraction could transmit AIDS.38.4% of thesubjects knew that the use of public razors could transmit AIDS.27.1% of the subjects had useda condom in the last year.The influencing factors of condom use were:sex(OR=1.325),age(OR=1.419),AIDS counseling(OR=2.181),educational level(OR=0.622),location of regis-tered permanent residence(OR=0.732),AIDS knowledge score(OR=0.736),and resident ofhigh AIDS prevalent province(OR=0.354).Conclusion:AIDS knowledge in rural areas is still lacking.The rate of condom use was verylow.The main influencing factors of low condom use were being female,elderly,and no AIDScounseling.Higher educational level,registered permanent resident in town,high AIDS knowl-edge score,and resident of high AIDS prevalent provinces were the propitious factors for condomuse.

Demographic, Socio-Economic and Psychosocial Determinants of Current and Consistent Condom Use among Adolescents in Botswana

Background: To facilitate effective program designs aimed at assisting youth avoid unnecessary negative reproductive health outcomes, there is need to understand determinants of condom use among adolescents. Objectives: To determine demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors associated with adolescent condom use in Botswana. Methods: Logistic regression models were employed to analyse a weighted sample of 221 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years from the 2012 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey who had a sexual relationship during the 12 months preceding the survey. Results: A majority of adolescents were current and consistent condom users (81% and 72% respectively). Both current and consistent condom use were positively associated with secondary or higher education, unemployed, high perception of severity of HIV to health and high self-efficacy perception. However, being female, non-Christian, having medium or comprehensive HIV/AIDS related knowledge and high perceived personal risk to HIV infection were negatively associated with both outcomes. Although being 18 to 19 years, having multiple sexual partners and high perception of condom attributes were positively associated with current condom use, they were negatively associated with consistent use. Conclusions: The study showed that in addition to demographic and socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors are important predictors for condom use among adolescents.

Prevalence and Predisposing Factors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among the Boda-Boda Riders in Mbarara Municipality-Uganda

Background: Boda-Boda is a well-known and booming motorcycle taxi that employs youths to earn a living. They transport passengers at a faster rate where other means of transport are inaccessible or would be time consuming. Global statistics show that HIV has continued to be a major global Public Health issue especially among the “Most At-risk Populations” (MAPs) that include commercial transporters and Boda-Boda riders. Aim: This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and predisposing factors for HIV/AIDS among Boda-Boda riders living in Mbarara Municipality. Specifically, the study determined the prevalence of HIV among the Boda-Boda riders, identified social demographic predisposing factors for HIV and determined knowledge of Boda riders on prevention of HIV. Study setting: Boda-Boda operators in the transport sector are at high risk of HIV infection but the HIV status of the Boda Riders in Mbarara was not known a reason why the study was instituted: Study design: This was an analytical and descriptive cross-sectional study that employed quantitative methods of data collection. The study population comprised the registered Boda-Boda operators from two divisions of Kakoba and Kakiika in Mbarara municipality. Sample size and sampling methods: Using Morgan’s table (1970), the population of the registered Boda Riders was 15,041;this corresponded to a sample size of 375 respondents by Morgan Table. Systematic sampling procedure was used to get every 3rd registered rider on the list. Data collection: A pre-tested structured tool aided data collection after group pretest counseling. Individual counseling was also done prior to testing and giving results. The laboratory technologists drew blood to determine the sero-status of the respondents. Results were recorded as tested reactive (TRR) or tested non-reactive (TR). Unigold was used as tie breaker to confirm their diagnosis in order to ascertain those who were HIV positive on determine. Data analysis: Analysis was done at univariate, bivariate and multivariate using STATA version 13, Statistical significance of the relationship was determined for the p-value (p ≤ 0.05). Significant variables were then considered at multivariate level of analysis. Results: More than half 195 (52%) of the Boda-Boda cyclist had attained primary level of education and 36.5% secondary education. HIV prevalence among Boda-Boda riders was 9.9%. Riders who had never heard of VCT/HCT screening for HIV were three times likely to acquire HIV compared to those who ever heard of VCT/HCT screening (OR = 3.35;95% CI 1.14 9.83;p = 0.027). Those with multiple partners were six times more likely to acquire HIV/AIDS compared to those who buy sex from prostitutes (OR = 6.13;95% CI 1.54 24.38;p = 0.01). The level of awareness of VCT was found high at (94.7%), and the general knowledge about utilization and importance of VCT services was at 80%, however condom use as a preventive measure was found low at 44.3% among the respondent Boda-Boda riders. Conclusion: Boda-Boda riders had high HIV prevalence of 9.9% compared to that of Mbarara district at 6.1% and much higher than 5.7% national HIV prevalence level. The predisposing factors to acquire HIV/AIDS were having multiple sexual partners, not having heard of HIV counseling and testing as well as low and inconsistent condom use at 44.3%. The study recommends health service providers and HIV counselors to intensify awareness and behavior change campaigns on condom use among the Boda-Boda riders as preventive measure against HIV.

Son Preference and Family Planning Practices among Married Men in Mumbai, India

ve To study son preferences and the contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practices of Indian Male

Reproductive and Sexual Health of Chinese Migrants

Objective To investigate the reproductive and sexual health situation, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, among a population-based sample of internal migrant workers in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 4 900 rural-to-urban migrants in 6 provinces of China was conducted. Participants completed a 30-min semi-structured questionnaire about contraceptive practices, sexual behavior, and HIV-related knowledge. Results Migrants lacked knowledge of reproductive and sexual health issues. Among those who had heard any sexually transmitted infections （STIs）, only 79.1%, 46.2%, 86.1%, 14.5% and 82.2%, respectively, knew that gonorrhea, condyloma, syphilis, chancroid, and AIDS were STIs. About three-quarters of participants had not used any contraceptive method at sexual debut. Among current users of contraceptive methods, 85.5% indicated that they were satisfied with the method. Before adoption of a contraceptive method, 46.6% of the migrant workers were unaware of the advantages/ disadvantages of the method and 75.3% had no knowledge of emergency contraception. Nearly one-quarter （23.4%） reported that they had premarital sex. Among migrants who were sexually active one month prior to the survey, only 14.0% reported that they had used condoms. Conclusion The limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge and unmet reproductive health services of migrant workers in China underscore the need for a comprehensive package of sexual and reproductive health interventions that combine cognitive and behavioral skills training and target both migrants and health care providers.

Behavioral Risk Profile of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing, China： Results from a Cross-sectional Survey with Randomized Response Techniques

Background：Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） is spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men （MSM） in China.Anonymous questionnaires or direct interviews have been frequently used to study their behavior.The aim of the study was to describe the behavioral risk profile of the MSM in Beijing using the randomized response techniques （RRTs）.Methods：A cross-sectional survey of sexual behavior among a sample of MSM was conducted in two HIV counseling and testing clinics in Beijing.The survey was carried out with an anonymous questionnaire containing sensitive questions on sexual behavior.To obtain the honest responses to the sensitive questions,three distinctive RRTs were used in the questionnaire：（1） Additive randomized response model for quantitative questions,（2） randomized response model for multiple choice questions,and （3） Simmons randomized response model for binomial questions.Formulae for the point estimate,variance,and confidence interval （CI） were provided for each specific model.Results：Using RRTs in a sample of 659 participants,the mean age at first homosexual encounter was estimated to be 21.7 years （95% CI：21.2-22.2）,and each had sex with about three （2.9,95% CI：2.4-3.4） male partners on average in the past month.The estimated rate for consistent condom use was 56.4% （95% CI：50.1-62.8%）.In addition,condom was estimated to be used among 80.0% （95% CI：74.1-85.9%） of the population during last anal sex with a male partner.Conclusions：Our study employed RRTs in a survey containing questions on sexual behavior among MSM,and the results showed that RRT might be a useful tool to obtain truthful feedback on sensitive information such as sexual behavior from the respondents,especially in traditional Chinese cultural settings.

Evaluation of an HIV-related behavior change project for female sex workers in Central China

Background As female sex workers （FSWs） were becoming the driving force behind the HIV epidemic in Central China, a project to promote condom use by FSWs was implemented from 2004 to 2009. In this study, we discussed the evaluation of the project, the factors associated with condom use among FSWs within the Chinese context, and proposed suggestions for future interventions for FSWs in China. Methods Two surveys using structured questionnaires were conducted in 2004 and 2009. Data collected from the surveys were analyzed and guided by a behavior change framework. We reviewed relevant articles to supplement the information that was not able to be obtained from the surveys. Results In general, the HIV prevalence among FSWs remained low （less than 1%） in the 5 years. With a high coverage of interventions for all FSWs in Central China, the project yielded better outcomes than the national average over the same time period. The awareness about HIV and condom use grew dramatically during the project period. The four factors/ determinants that influence the behavior of FSWs using condoms are population characteristics, opportunity, ability, and motivation. Statistical model shows that the significant variables for using a condom are age, availability of services, HIV- related knowledge, and intention. Conclusions With a high coverage of interventions for FSWs, the project achieved its goals. The differences among workplaces of FSWs may serve as a symbol of their socioeconomic status, patterns of condom use, and therefore risks of acauirina HIV.