Quantitative analysis on influencing factors for interface propagation-based thermal conductivity measurement method during solid-liquid transition

The recently proposed interface propagation-based method has shown its advantages in obtaining the thermal conductivity of phase change materials during solid-liquid transition over conventional techniques. However, in previous investigation, the analysis on the measurement error was qualitative and only focused on the total effects on the measurement without decoupling the influencing factors. This paper discusses the effects of influencing factors on the measurement results for the interface propagation-based method. Numerical simulations were performed to explore the influencing factors, namely model simplification, subcooling and natural convection, along with their impact on the measurement process and corresponding measurement results. The numerical solutions were provided in terms of moving curves of the solid-liquid interface and the predicted values of thermal conductivity. Results indicated that the impact of simplified model was strongly dependent on Stefan number of the melting process. The degree of subcooling would lead to underestimated values for thermal conductivity prediction. The natural convection would intensify the heat transfer rate in the liquid region, thereby overestimating the obtained results of thermal conductivity. Correlations and experimental guidelines are provided. The relative errors are limited in ±1.5%,±3%and ±2% corresponding to the impact of simplified model, subcooling and natural convection, respectively.

Fast Measurement of Dielectric Conductivity for Space Application by Surface Potential Decay Method

Surface potential decay of polymers for electrical insulation can help to determine the dark conductivity for spacecraft charging analysis. Due to the existence of radiation-induced conductivity, it decays fast in the first few hours after irradiation and exponentially slowly for the remaining time. The measurement of dark conductivity with this method usually takes the slow part and needs a couple of days. Integrating the Fowler formula into the deep dielectric charging equations, we obtain a new expression for the fast decay part. The experimental data of different materials, dose rates and temperatures are fitted by the new expression. Both the dark conductivity and the radiation-induced conductivity are derived and compared with other methods. The result shows a good estimation of dark conductivity and radiation-induced conductivity in high-resistivity polymers, which enables a fast measurement of dielectric conductivity within about 600 rain after irradiation.

MEASUREMENT METHOD AND PHYSICAL MODEL OF VSC CONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN CONDUCTING POLYMERS

Method of VSC (Voltage Shorted Compaction)can be used to determine the intrinsic temperature dependence ofconductivity ofpolycrystalline compaction. The experimental conditions and technical key for preparation of VSC device and its physical model as well as its applications in conducting polymers are discussed in detail.

A study on the electrical property of HgSe under high pressure

Using a microcircuit fabricated on a diamond anvil cell, we have measured in-situ conductivity of HgSe under high pressures, and investigated the temperature dependence of conductivity under several different pressures. The result shows that HgSe has a pressure-induced transition sequence from a semimetal to a semiconductor to a metal, similar to that in HgTe. Several discontinuous changes in conductivity are observed at around 1.5, 17, 29 and 49GPa, corresponding to the phase transitions from zinc-blende to cinnabar to rocksalt to orthorhombic to an unknown structure, respectively. In comparison with HgTe, it is speculated that the unknown structure may be a distorted CsCl structure. For the cinnabar-HgSe, the energy gap as a function of pressure is obtained according to the temperature dependence of conductivity. The plot of the temperature dependence of conductivity indicates that the unknown structure of HgSe has an electrical property of a conductor.

Studies on Rare Earth Complexes with Ethylene-1,2-Dioxydiacetic Acid

Some new complexes RE2(EDODA)3&middot3H2O, where RE = La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb, Lu and Y, EDODA = ethylene-1,2-dioxydiacetate, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR spectra, UV spectra, TG-DTA, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. Various analyses indicate that the complexes are of nine-coordinated binuclear structure. The carboxylates are bidentate ligands and the ether oxygen atoms also coordinate to rare earth ions. Three water molecules are crystalline water. In addition, the influence of concentration on the chemical shift has been studied through the 1H NMR spectra of the complex Lu2(EDODA)3&middot3H2O in different concentrations.

The Effect of Gold Salt Concentration in the Production of Gold Nanospheres

The optical, electrical and chemical properties of the gold nanospheres synthesized by different gold concentrations in deionized water through a simple chemical reduction method (Turkevich method) were studied. They were dependent on the variation of the gold salt concentration. The peaks of the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band and their wavelengths were detected by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The diameters of the spherical gold nanoparticles were measured theoretically using UV-visible absorption spectrum analysis of the synthesized gold nanoparticles in colloidal form by calculating the ratio of the absorbance at the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peak to the absorbance at the lowest peak closed to SPR peak. The values of the gold nanoparticles diameters were (23 nm) and decreased to (13 nm) as the function of molarity changed in the range (0.1 - 0.3 mM). They were compared with the results of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which was about (15 - 20 nm) measured by the reference images of Sigma-Aldrich values. The conductivity measurements showed increasing the conductivity with molarity increased. The total dissolved solids (TDS) exhibited increase by linear relation with molarity increasing. The pH-value of the gold nanoparticles solutions varied with the molarity and recorded a bowing value of pH-value at (0.2 mM).

Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids: Measurement and applications

The combination of magnetotelluric survey and laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity is a powerful approach for exploring the conditions of Earth's deep interior. Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids is sensitive to composition, temperature, and pressure, making it useful for understanding partial melting and fluid activity at great depths. This study presents a review on the experimental studies of electrical conductivity of silicate melts and aqueous fluids, and introduces some important applications of experimental results. For silicate melts, electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature but decreases with pressure. With a similar Na^+ concentration, along the calc-alkaline series electrical conductivity generally increases from basaltic to rhyolitic melt, accompanied by a decreasing activation enthalpy. Electrical conductivity of silicate melts is strongly enhanced with the incorporation of water due to promoted cation mobility. For aqueous fluids, research is focused on dilute electrolyte solutions. Electrical conductivity typically first increases and then decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with pressure before approaching a plateau value. The dissociation constant of electrolyte can be derived from conductivity data. To develop generally applicable quantitative models of electrical conductivity of melt/fluid addressing the dependences on temperature, pressure, and composition, it requires more electrical conductivity measurements of representative systems to be implemented in an extensive P-T range using up-to-date methods.

Structure Identification for Force-Induced Reaction Using Single-Molecule Conductance Measurement

Spiropyran derivatives are prototype mechanophores with a promising application as molecular sensors because of their changeable structure under external force stimuli.However,the chemical structure evolution under external stimuli remains unclear due to the uncertainty and difficulty in distinguishing the structures of different ring-opened merocyanine isomers generated in the force-induced reaction.Here we identify the structure of isomers produced by the force-induced reaction of spiropyran derivatives using a single-molecule conductance measurement and an unsupervised clustering algorithm.We found that the original data from the single-molecule conductance measurement can be divided into four clusters through unsupervised clustering.By introducing a photoinduced reaction and theoretical calculation,we identified and attributed the four clusters of data to the multiple states of the molecular junctions.Our work demonstrates that a single-molecule break junction measurement can distinguish the isomers in the force-induced reaction,suggesting the great potential of single-molecule conductance measurement and unsupervised clustering approaches for structural analysis.

Geological characteristics and metallogenic prognosis of main gold deposit in Altai gold ore belt, Xinjiang

Altai polymetallic mineralization belt is famous copper-polymetallic mineralization belt in the world. There are a lot of gold deposits in the Altai ore belt in Xinjiang, China. These gold deposits belong to two genetic types: volcanogene late-stage hydrothermal type and fractured altered rock type. The authors discuss mainly the geological and mineralized features of fractured altered rock type of gold deposits in Altai gold ore belt. Base on this study, the metallogenic law is summarized and the deep metallogenic prognosis has been done in Duolanasayi and Tuokuzibayi gold deposits, and some mineralized anomalys have been discovered.

THE MEASUREMENT OF AUDIOMETRIC ZERO LEVEL OF AIR CONDUCTION

The audiometric zero level of air conduction for 100 healthy youths was determinedover a froequency range from 20 Hz to 10 KHz in 1971--1973 under the laboratory conditions.The results obtained have been further verified recently on a selected group of 12 persons.This paper also presents the transfer experiments from the original earphone TDH-39(MX-41/AR) to six other types of earphones. The deviation of our data thus obtained from therecommendation by ISO is discussed.

Optical Trapping of a Single Molecule of Length Sub-1 nm in Solution

Plasmonic optical manipulation has emerged as an affordable alternative to manipulate single chemical and biological molecules in nanoscience.Although the theoretical models of sub-5 nm single-molecule trapping have been considered promising,the experimental strategies remain a challenge due to the Brownian motions and weak optical gradient forces with significantly reduced molecular polarizability.Herein,we address direct trapping and in situ sensing of single molecules with unprecedented size,down to∼5Åin solution,by employing an adjustable plasmonic optical nanogap and single-molecule conductance measurement.The theoretical simulations demonstrate that local fields with a high enhancement factor,over 103,were generated at such small nanogaps,resulting in optical forces as large as several piconewtons to suppress the Brownian motion and trap a molecule of length sub-1 nm.This work demonstrates a strategy for directly manipulating the small molecule units,promising a vast multitude of applications in chemical,biological,and materials sciences at the single-molecule level.

The geometric resistivity correction factor for several geometrical samples

This paper reviews the geometric resistivity correction factor of the 4-point probe DC electrical conduc- tivity measurement method using several geometrical samples. During the review of the literature, only the articles that include the effect of geometry on resistivity calculation were considered. Combinations of equations used for various geometries were also given. Mathematical equations were given in the text without details. Expressions for the most commonly used geometries were presented in a table for easy reference.