3D‑Printed Carbon‑Based Conformal Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Module for Integrated Electronics

Electromagnetic interference shielding(EMI SE)modules are the core com-ponent of modern electronics.However,the tra-ditional metal-based SE modules always take up indispensable three-dimensional space inside electronics,posing a major obstacle to the integra-tion of electronics.The innovation of integrating 3D-printed conformal shielding(c-SE)modules with packaging materials onto core electronics offers infinite possibilities to satisfy ideal SE func-tion without occupying additional space.Herein,the 3D printable carbon-based inks with various proportions of graphene and carbon nanotube nanoparticles are well-formulated by manipulating their rheological peculiarity.Accordingly,the free-constructed architectures with arbitrarily-customized structure and multifunctionality are created via 3D printing.In particular,the SE performance of 3D-printed frame is up to 61.4 dB,simultaneously accompanied with an ultralight architecture of 0.076 g cm^(-3) and a superhigh specific shielding of 802.4 dB cm3 g^(-1).Moreover,as a proof-of-concept,the 3D-printed c-SE module is in situ integrated into core electronics,successfully replacing the traditional metal-based module to afford multiple functions for electromagnetic compatibility and thermal dissipa-tion.Thus,this scientific innovation completely makes up the blank for assembling carbon-based c-SE modules and sheds a brilliant light on developing the next generation of high-performance shielding materials with arbitrarily-customized structure for integrated electronics.

Classifying rockburst with confidence:A novel conformal prediction approach

The scientific community recognizes the seriousness of rockbursts and the need for effective mitigation measures.The literature reports various successful applications of machine learning(ML)models for rockburst assessment;however,a significant question remains unanswered:How reliable are these models,and at what confidence level are classifications made?Typically,ML models output single rockburst grade even in the face of intricate and out-of-distribution samples,without any associated confidence value.Given the susceptibility of ML models to errors,it becomes imperative to quantify their uncertainty to prevent consequential failures.To address this issue,we propose a conformal prediction(CP)framework built on traditional ML models(extreme gradient boosting and random forest)to generate valid classifications of rockburst while producing a measure of confidence for its output.The proposed framework guarantees marginal coverage and,in most cases,conditional coverage on the test dataset.The CP was evaluated on a rockburst case in the Sanshandao Gold Mine in China,where it achieved high coverage and efficiency at applicable confidence levels.Significantly,the CP identified several“confident”classifications from the traditional ML model as unreliable,necessitating expert verification for informed decision-making.The proposed framework improves the reliability and accuracy of rockburst assessments,with the potential to bolster user confidence.

Gelatin-Based Metamaterial Hydrogel Films with High Conformality for Ultra-Soft Tissue Monitoring

Implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronics(IHB)can precisely monitor human health and diagnose diseases.However,achieving biodegradability,biocompatibility,and high conformality with soft tissues poses significant challenges for IHB.Gelatin is the most suitable candidate for IHB since it is a collagen hydrolysate and a substantial part of the extracellular matrix found naturally in most tissues.This study used 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design to embed into ultra-low elastic modulus hydrogel to create a novel gelatin-based conductive film(GCF)with mechanical programmability.The regulation of GCF nearly covers soft tissue mechanics,an elastic modulus from 20 to 420 kPa,and a Poisson’s ratio from-0.25 to 0.52.The negative Poisson’s ratio promotes conformality with soft tissues to improve the efficiency of biological interfaces.The GCF can monitor heartbeat signals and respiratory rate by determining cardiac deformation due to its high conformability.Notably,the gelatin characteristics of the biodegradable GCF enable the sensor to monitor and support tissue restoration.The GCF metamaterial design offers a unique idea for bioelectronics to develop implantable sensors that integrate monitoring and tissue repair and a customized method for endowing implanted sensors to be highly conformal with soft tissues.

Monaco计划系统中Conformality函数对宫颈癌容积旋转调强计划的影响

目的 探讨Monaco计划系统中Conformality函数的不同参数值对计划质量的影响。方法 选择15例宫颈癌患者,年龄46~74岁,中位年龄51岁。分别采用Conformality函数参数值为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00,以及不加函数设计容积旋转调强放射治疗(VMAT)计划,评估靶区及危及器官(OAR)剂量学参数和20 Gy、30 Gy、40 Gy等剂量线的体积和计划执行效率。结果 不同Conformality函数参数值计划的靶区剂量学差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。Conformality函数参数值为0.25时,靶区的Dmax、Dmin、Dmean与不加函数的增减幅度分别为2.45%、-0.96%、1.48%,适形度指数(CI)、均匀性指数(HI)增加0.05、0.04。当Conformality函数参数值> 0.50时,CI、HI基本无改变。小肠、结肠、左右股骨头的剂量学差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。当Conformality函数参数值为0.25时,直肠的V30、V40[(81.80±7.74)%、(63.44±10.23)%]、膀胱V30、V40[(78.82±5.69)%、(56.40±9.33)%]、正常组织V_(20)、V_(30)、V_(40)的体积[(6 137.64±622.88) cm^(3)、(2 903.55±221.08) cm^(3)、(1 862.93±112.81) cm^(3)]最低。Conformality函数在不同参数之下,膀胱、直肠V_(30)、V_(40)差异均具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。随着Conformality函数参数值增大机器参数值随之减小,机器跳数(MU)、控制点个数(CP)、执行时间(DT)在各Conformality函数参数值之间差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 对于宫颈癌在Monaco计划系统中恰当使用Conformality函数设计计划可以提高计划质量,参数值设置在0.25~0.75为宜。综合剂量学参数及计划执行效率,推荐使用0.50。

Research status and challenges in the manufacturing of IR conformal optics

The infrared conformal window is one of the most critical components in aircraft.Conformal windows with high performance bring low aberrations,high aerodynamic performance,reliability in extreme working environments,and added value for aircraft.Through the past decades,remarkable advances have been achieved in manufacturing technologies for conformal windows,where the machining accuracy approaches the nanometer level,and the surface form becomes more complex.These advances are critical to aircraft development,and these manufacturing technologies also have significant reference values for other directions of the ultra-precision machining field.In this review,the infrared materials suitable for manufacturing conformal windows are introduced and compared with insights into their performances.The remarkable advances and concrete work accomplished by researchers are reviewed.The challenges in manufacturing conformal windows that should be faced in the future are discussed.

Effective approach for conformal subarray design based on maximum entropy of planar mappings

In this paper,an effective algorithm for optimizing the subarray of conformal arrays is proposed.The method first divides theconformal array into several first-level subarrays.It uses the X algorithm to solve the feasible solution of first-level subarray tiling and employs the particle swarm algorithm to optimize the conformal array subarray tiling scheme with the maximum entropy of the planar mapping as the fitness function.Subsequently,convex optimization is applied to optimize the subarray amplitude phase.Data results verify that the method can effectively find the optimal conformal array tiling scheme.

Conformal ECO寄存器新增的扫描链自动化接入方案

随着芯片规模的增加,ECO的需求和大小也随之增加,其中当新增寄存器数量达到百位量级时,人工接入扫描链难度也将急剧上升。基于Cadence的Conformal和Innovus等工具,在综合考量逻辑正确性和中后端物理实现可行性的基础上,采用归一思路下的“S”型连线和room值下的再分组等方法,实现了上述问题的自动化和高效化解决,在逻辑上确保了时钟域一致性等问题,物理上同时兼顾了布局布线优化和最大扫描链长度。并且其自动化的高效性,在项目实践中能够快速完成上百数量寄存器的扫描链接入。

Three-Dimensional Printing Conformal Cooling with Structural Lattices for Plastic Injection Molding

The design of three-dimensional printing based conformal cooling channels(CCCs)in injection molding holds great significance.Compared to CCCs,conformal cooling(CC)cavity solutions show promise in delivering enhanced cooling performance for plastic products,although they have been underexplored.In this research,CC cavity is designed within the mold geometry,reinforced by body-centered cubic(BCC)lattice structures to enhance mechanical strength.Three distinct BCC lattice variations have been integrated into the CC cavity:the BCC structure,BCC with cubes,and BCC with pillars.The thermal performances of the BCC lattice-added CC cavity are assessed numerically after experimental validation.To provide feasible solutions from viewpoints of thermal performances,various BCC lattice structure thicknesses are analyzed in the range of 0.8–1.2mm.Thermal simulation outcomes reveal that thicker lattice structures enhance mechanical strength but simultaneously lead to an increase in cooling time.Upon examining all the proposed CC cavity solutions supported by BCC,the cooling times range from 2.2 to 4 s,resulting in a reduction of 38.6%to 66.1%when compared to conventional straightdrilled channels.In contrast to CCCs,CC cavities have the potential to decrease the maximum temperature nonuniformity from 8.5 to 6 K.Nevertheless,the presence of lattice structures in CC cavity solutions results in an elevated pressure drop,reaching 2.8MPa,whereas the results for CCCs remain below2.1MPa.

Momentum as Translations at Conformal Infinity

Although General Relativity is the classic example of a physical theory based on differential geometry, the momentum tensor is the only part of the field equation that is not derived from or interpreted with differential geometry. This work extends General Relativity and Einstein-Cartan theory by augmenting the Poincaré group with projective (special) conformal transformations, which are translations at conformal infinity. Momentum becomes a part of the differential geometry of spacetime. The Lie algebra of these transformations is represented by vectorfields on an associated Minkowski fiber space. Variation of projective conformal scalar curvature generates a 2-index tensor that serves as linear momentum in the field equations of General Relativity. The computation yields a constructive realization of Mach’s principle: local inertia is determined by local motion relative to mass at conformal infinity in each fiber. The vectorfields have a cellular structure that is similar to that of turbulent fluids.

Thin-Shell Wormholes Admitting Conformal Motions in Spacetimes of Embedding Class One

This paper discusses the feasibility of thin-shell wormholes in spacetimes of embedding class one admitting a one-parameter group of conformal motions. It is shown that the surface energy density σis positive, while the surface pressure is negative, resulting in , thereby signaling a violation of the null energy condition, a necessary condition for holding a wormhole open. For a Morris-Thorne wormhole, matter that violates the null energy condition is referred to as “exotic”. For the thin-shell wormholes in this paper, however, the violation has a physical explanation since it is a direct consequence of the embedding theory in conjunction with the assumption of conformal symmetry. These properties avoid the need to hypothesize the existence of the highly problematical exotic matter.

Conformal Human–Machine Integration Using Highly Bending‑Insensitive,Unpixelated,and Waterproof Epidermal Electronics Toward Metaverse

Efficient and flexible interactions require precisely converting human intentions into computer-recognizable signals,which is critical to the breakthrough development of metaverse.Interactive electronics face common dilemmas,which realize highprecision and stable touch detection but are rigid,bulky,and thick or achieve high flexibility to wear but lose precision.Here,we construct highly bending-insensitive,unpixelated,and waterproof epidermal interfaces(BUW epidermal interfaces)and demonstrate their interactive applications of conformal human–machine integration.The BUW epidermal interface based on the addressable electrical contact structure exhibits high-precision and stable touch detection,high flexibility,rapid response time,excellent stability,and versatile“cut-and-paste”character.Regardless of whether being flat or bent,the BUW epidermal interface can be conformally attached to the human skin for real-time,comfortable,and unrestrained interactions.This research provides promising insight into the functional composite and structural design strategies for developing epidermal electronics,which offers a new technology route and may further broaden human–machine interactions toward metaverse.

Joint polarization and DOA estimation based on improved maximum likelihood estimator and performance analysis for conformal array

The conformal array can make full use of the aperture,save space,meet the requirements of aerodynamics,and is sensitive to polarization information.It has broad application prospects in military,aerospace,and communication fields.The joint polarization and direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation based on the conformal array and the theoretical analysis of its parameter estimation performance are the key factors to promote the engineering application of the conformal array.To solve these problems,this paper establishes the wave field signal model of the conformal array.Then,for the case of a single target,the cost function of the maximum likelihood(ML)estimator is rewritten with Rayleigh quotient from a problem of maximizing the ratio of quadratic forms into those of minimizing quadratic forms.On this basis,rapid parameter estimation is achieved with the idea of manifold separation technology(MST).Compared with the modified variable projection(MVP)algorithm,it reduces the computational complexity and improves the parameter estimation performance.Meanwhile,the MST is used to solve the partial derivative of the steering vector.Then,the theoretical performance of ML,the multiple signal classification(MUSIC)estimator and Cramer-Rao bound(CRB)based on the conformal array are derived respectively,which provides theoretical foundation for the engineering application of the conformal array.Finally,the simulation experiment verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

CONFORMALLY FLAT AFFINE HYPERSURFACES WITH SEMI-PARALLEL CUBIC FORM

In this paper,we study locally strongly convex affine hypersurfaces with the vanishing Weyl curvature tensor and semi-parallel cubic form relative to the Levi-Civita connection of the affine metric.As a main result,we classify these hypersurfaces as not being of a flat affine metric.In particular,2 and 3-dimensional locally strongly convex affine hypersurfaces with semi-parallel cubic forms are completely determined.

2D Curves in Conformal Hyperquaternion Algebras H⊗2m

The aim of this paper is to outline the conditions of a conformal hyperquaternion algebra H⊗2m in which a higher order plane curve can be described by generalizing the well-known cases of conics and cubic curves in 2D. In other words, the determination of the order of a plane curve through n points and its conformal hyperquaternion algebra H⊗2m is the object of this work.

Nonlinear Conformal Gravitation

In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group theoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to measure the EL constants. In a modern framework, they used the nonlinear Spencer sequence instead of the nonlinear Janet sequence for the Lie groupoid defining the group of rigid motions of space. Following H. Weyl, our purpose is to compute for the first time the linear and nonlinear Spencer sequences for the Lie groupoid defining the conformal group of space-time in order to provide the mathematical foundations of both electromagnetism (EM) and gravitation (GR), with the only experimental need to measure the EM and GR constants. With a manifold of dimension n ≥ 3, the difficulty is to deal with the n nonlinear transformations that have been called “elations” by E. Cartan in 1922. Using the fact that dimension n = 4 has very specific properties for the computation of the Spencer cohomology, we also prove that there is no conceptual difference between the (nonlinear) Cosserat EL field or induction equations and the (linear) Maxwell EM field or induction equations. As for gravitation, the dimension n = 4 also allows to have a conformal factor defined everywhere but at the central attractive mass because the inversion law of the isotropy subgroupoid made by second order jets transforms attraction into repulsion. The mathematical foundations of both electromagnetism and gravitation are thus only depending on the structure of the conformal pseudogroup of space-time.

The Submanifolds with Parallel Mean Curvature Vector in a Locally Symmetric and Conformally Flat Riemannian Manifold

In the present paper we obtain the following result: Theorem Let M^R be a compact submanifold with parallel mean curvature vector in a locally symmetric and conformally flat Riemannian manifold N^(n+p)(p>1). If then M^n lies in a totally geodesic submanifold N^(n+1).

Conformal invariance,Noether symmetry,Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of Hamilton systems

In this paper, the relation of the conformal invariance, the Noether symmetry, and the Lie symmetry for the Hamilton system is discussed in detail. The definition of the conformal invariance for Hamilton systems is given. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Noether symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors of the determining expressions are found by using the Noether symmetry, and the Noether conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance is obtained. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors are found by using the Lie symmetry, and the Hojman conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance of the system is obtained. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.

Conformal invariance and Hojman conserved quantities for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates

We propose a new concept of the conformal invariance and the conserved quantities for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates. A one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group and its infinitesimal transformation vector of generators for holonomic systems with quasi-coordinates are described in detail. The conformal factor in the determining equations of the Lie symmetry is found. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance, which are simultaneously of Lie symmetry, are given. The conformal invariance may lead to corresponding Hojman conserved quantities when the conformal invariance satisfies some conditions. Finally, an illustration example is introduced to demonstrate the application of the result.

Conformal invariance and conserved quantities of a general holonomic system with variable mass

Conformal invariance and conserved quantities of a general holonomic system with variable mass are studied. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance for a general holonomic system with variable mass are provided. The conformal factor expression is deduced from conformal invariance and Lie symmetry. The relationship between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry is discussed, and the necessary and sufficient condition under which the conformal invariance would be the Lie symmetry of the system under an infinitesimal oneparameter transformation group is deduced. The conserved quantities of the system are given. An example is given to illustrate the application of the result.

MIXED SELF-CONFORMAL MULTIFRACTAL MEASURES

Mixed multifractal analysis studies the simultaneous scaling behavior of finitely many measures. A self-conformal measure is a measure invariant under a set of conformal mappings. In this paper, we provide a descript.ion of the mixed multifractal theory of finitely many self-conformal measures.