A New Model for Ice Forces on A Conical Structure

The ice force is an important factor to be taken into account for offshore structures in cold regions, and the calculation method of the ice force is meaningful for the offshore structure design. The cone is now used as an optimal ice-resistant structure because it can cause bending failure of the ice sheet. The interaction between an ice sheet and a conical structure is studied in this paper and Croasdale's model is modified based on field observations. The newly built model separates the ice sheet into the emersed part and the floating part, and the equilibrium analyses are carried out respectively. The bending moment distribution of the ice sheet is analyzed for the determination of the position of bending failure, which serves as a supplementary restraint. The analytic solution of the ice force on a conical structure is obtained and it is verified with the experimental data of previous researches.

Hydrodynamics of three-phase fluidization of homogeneous ternary mixture in a conical conduit-Experimental and statistical analysis

Hydrodynamics of conical fluidized bed differ from that of columnar beds by the fact that a velocity gradient exists along the axial direction of the bed.The gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed has emerged in recent years as one of the most promising devices for three-phase operations.Such a device is of considerable industrial importance as evident from its wide applications in chemical,refining,petrochemical,biochemical processing,pharmaceutical and food industries.To explore this,a series of experiments have been carried out for homogeneous well-mixed ternary mixtures of dolomite of varying compositions in a three-phase conical fluidized bed.The hydrodynamic characteristics determined included the bed pressure drop,bed fluctuation and bed expansion ratios.The single and combined effects of operating parameters such as superficial gas velocity,superficial liquid velocity,initial static bed height,average particle size and cone angle on the responses have been analyzed using response surface methodology(RSM).A 25 full factorial central composite experimental design has been employed.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value and satisfactory prediction second-order regression models have been derived.Experimental values of bed pressure drop,bed fluctuation and bed expansion ratios have been found to agree well with the developed correlations.

A Hierarchical Conical Array with Controlled Adhesion and Drop Bounce Ability for Reducing Residual Non-Newtonian Liquids

As a result of frequent food waste and environmental pollution,there has been an increasing demand for the development of packaging materials that intrinsically inhibit and reduce likelihood of non-Newtonian liquids adherence.In this work,inspired from ciliary structures on the leg of water strider,the hierarchical conical array was formed by magnetic field control and laser etching without any mask.Due to the tapered geometry of the cones and the multiscale surface roughness of the array,the droplets would bounce many times after impacting with the superhydrophobic surface(SHS)and roll off.By changing the spaces and apex angles of conical microcolumns the SHS has controlled adhesion,superior self-cleaning property and droplets bounce performance for a variety of non-Newtonian viscous liquids.After suffering from various types of damage including repeated tape tearing,finger touch and folding test,the SHS still maintained excellent superhydrophobic property,which may have potential application as all kinds of packaging interface materials.We demonstrate that the excellent droplets bounce behavior of the hierarchical array enables the efficient and robust prevention of food liquids adhesion.

Atomization mechanism of a charged viscoelastic liquid sheet

In order to study atomization mechanism of a viscoelastic liquid sheet in an electric field, the spatial-temporal stability analysis of a viscoelastic liquid sheet injected into a dielectric station- ary ambient gas in the presence of a vertical electric field is conducted. The dispersion relations of both sinuous and varicose disturbance modes are solved to explore the spatial-temporal instability of a charged viscoelastic sheet, by setting both the wave number and frequency complex. A para- metric study is performed to test the influence of the dimensionless parameters on the absolute instability of the sheet. The results show that the increase of liquid Weber number and time constant ratio, or decrease of gas to liquid density ratio and Reynolds number, can damp the absolute insta- bility. The effect of the liquid elasticity depends on the value of time constant ratio： when time con- stant ratio is small, the increase of liquid elasticity could amplify absolute growth rate, but the effect is weak when the elasticity number is relatively large; when time constant ratio is large, the increase of liquid elasticity cannot affect the absolute growth rate. Moreover, the variation of electrical Euler number can hardly influence the absolute instability of a charged viscoelastic sheet.

Approximate solutions for the problem of liquid film flow over an unsteady stretching sheet with thermal radiation and magnetic field

The proposed method is based on replacement of the unknown function by a truncated series of the shifted Legendre polynomial expansion. An approximate formula of the integer derivative is introduced. Special attention is given to study the convergence analysis and derive an upper bound of the error for the presented approximate formula. The introduced method converts the proposed equation by means of collocation points to a system of algebraic equations with shifted Legendre coefficients. Thus, after solving this system of equations, the shifted Legendre coefficients are obtained. This efficient numerical method is used to solve the system of ordinary differential equations which describe the thin film flow and heat transfer with the effects of the thermal radiation, magnetic field, and slip velocity.

Transport Behaviour of La^（3＋） with Flat－Sheet－Sandwich Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction System

This paper suggested a modified model of SLM which could improve its stability.In the model, an organic solution was sandwiched between two layers of supported film,which we called sandwich supported liquid membrane(SSLM).The transport experiments of La3+ were performed with SSLM containing HEH(EHP)as a carrier. The permeability coefficient (p) of La3+ were measured and some factors affecting the p were investigated. The results showed that if the pH of the feed was below 4.0,the p was increased with increasing in pH. The p was also increased when the strip acidity increases.Inspite of not enough satisfactory reproducibility on test result, the stability of the model was improved.

Analysis of the record-breaking August 2021 rainfall over the Greenland Ice Sheet

Rainfall was witnessed for the first time at the highest area of the Greenland Ice Sheet on 14 August,2021.The thermodynamic mechanisms supporting the rainfall are revealed by ERA5 reanalysis,in-situ and satellite data.We find that a strong southward intrusion of the polar vortex favored the maintenance of a deep cyclone over Baffin Island and an amplification of anticyclonic circulation over the southeastern ice sheet,which pumped warm and moist air toward Greenland from anomalously warm waters south of Greenland.Across a wide swath of the ice sheet,atmospheric uplift maintained above-melting and rainfall conditions via condensation and enhanced downward infrared irradiance.Without the low-level liquid clouds,the spatial extent and duration of the rainfall would have been smaller.Over the ice sheet topographic summit,the air temperature from the ground to 250 hPa level was~2℃higher than the previous record set on 12 July,2012.Such events may occur more frequently with the decreased temperature contrast between the Arctic and the mid-latitude regions that drives highly amplified jet streams.Thus,this extreme event serves as a harbinger of a more likely wet surface condition across all elevations of the ice sheet.

The Stamping Formability of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet Improved by Equal-channel Angular Pressing

Equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） processing and annealing were applied to the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets to evaluate the potential improvement in the mechanical properties and formability. The ECAP experiment was conducted at 300 ℃ in a die having an included angle of 90o between two channels by the BCZ route with the sheets rotated by 90°about the normal axis of plate plane. The tensile tests and conical cup tests were conducted at various temperatures from 20 to 250 ℃. The experimental results indicated that improving the working temperatures could lead to the soft in the material and the enhancement of ductility. Comparatively, the ECAPed AZ31 alloy sheets showed the lower yield strength and smaller conical cup value （CCV） than the unECAPed counterpart in the room temperature. The difference in yield strength between them became small in the elevated temperature, but the ECAPed samples still had the smaller CCV value, implying the improved formability. The texture of the AZ31 alloy sheets could be modified by ECAP and the decrease in the yield strength and more uniform deformation realized in the material, so the formability of AZ31 alloy sheets was improved.

离子液体电喷推力器工作机理研究进展

离子液体电喷推力器易于小型化,具有比冲高、推力精度高的特点,适用于微小卫星、太空引力波探测等领域,具有较大发展潜力。对电喷工作机理的认识与研究,不仅能够促进离子液体电喷推力器在工程中的应用,同时也为未来的进一步发展奠定基础。基于此,本文首先回顾了电喷推力器的发展历程及现状;其次以离子液体电喷推力器3个基础工作过程为出发点,对其锥射流形成及发射机理、束流模式及引出特性、羽流自中和机制进行了基础理论介绍与研究现状的总结;最后对离子液体电喷推力器未来的工作机理研究方向和工程应用发展方向提出展望。

基于鼓泡-引射耦合的柴油初次雾化

针对斯特林发动机小负荷燃油雾化不良问题,提出了基于鼓泡-引射耦合的雾化方式.基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)仿真研究了鼓泡喷嘴内气液流态,并依据时间线性稳定性分析,对射流液膜失稳和破碎进行数学描述,建立了鼓泡-引射耦合下的初次雾化模型.分析了气液质量比RGL(gas-liquid mass ratio)、负荷对初次雾化的影响,并与传统雾化方式比较.结果表明:增大RGL会促进射流失稳、减小液滴粒径.相较于传统雾化方式,鼓泡-引射耦合下小负荷索特平均直径SMD减小约62%,雾化质量显著提高.

Dimensional and Mechanical Similarity Analysis of the Flow in Rotating Liquid Film Reactor

A rotating liquid film reactor (RLFR) is a device of two coaxial rotating conical cylinders with the inner cone rotating and the outer one stationary. A complete mathematical model for the flow between the conical cylinders is built and a dimensional analysis is carried out. It is proved that at each point of the flow field the dimensionless pressure and velocity of the flow are determined by parameters: Reynolds number (Re), aspect ratio (Γ), radius ratio (η) and wall inclination angle (α). Furthermore, a sufficient and a necessary condition are derived from mechanical similarity between RLFR and a manufacturing equipment geometrically similar to RLFR. Finally, a numerical simulation for the distribution of pressure and velocity is performed. The results may provide a theoretical basis for experiment method and numerical simulation of the flow in a RLFR-like device.

不等径开放式撞击流雾化特征及二乙二醇/水体系混合研究

采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对不等径开放式撞击流中质量分数60%的甘油‑水溶液雾化性能进行了研究,探讨韦伯数We(51≤We≤1605)、入射速度u(2.12 m·s^(-1)≤u≤6.37 m·s^(-1))、喷嘴直径(喷嘴1:左侧喷嘴直径(D_(1))=1.5 mm,右侧喷嘴直径(D_(2))=2 mm;喷嘴2:D_(1)=2 mm,D_(2)=3 mm)对液膜破碎特征及液滴行为的影响,并对复合含能材料粘结剂溶剂二乙二醇与水混合过程的液滴分布进行了研究。结果表明:随着We增大,液膜破碎长度先增大,当液膜破碎模式到达无边缘模式后减小,且液膜厚度与液滴直径逐步减小,液滴速度逐步增大;随喷嘴直径增大,液膜破碎模式变化不显著,液膜破碎长度、厚度、液滴直径均增大,液滴速度则逐步减小。同时,拟合得到液膜破碎长度、液膜厚度、液滴索特平均直径D[3,2]与喷嘴直径、韦伯数间的经验关联式,采用二乙二醇与水体系验证后发现,随入射速度增大,二乙二醇与水撞击混合后液滴直径减小,分布变窄,D[3,2]数值在经验关联式±15%误差范围内与理论预测结果一致。

退火温度对液-固铸轧1070A/7075复合板组织与性能的影响

通过金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等检测设备以及拉伸和剪切等试验方法,研究了退火温度对液-固铸轧1070A/7075复合板材组织与性能的影响。结果表明:随着退火温度的不断提高,复合板材界面7075固态基板一侧开始出现连续的带状结构组织,抗拉强度与屈服强度不断下降,延伸率不断增加,剪切强度不断增大。当退火温度为400℃时,元素扩散距离与剪切强度均达到最大值,分别为37μm与114.3 MPa。

NUMERICAL VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR SHEET CAVITATING FLOWS

A computational modeling for the sheet cavitating flows is presented. The cavitation model is implemented in a viscous Navier-Stokes solver. The cavity interface and shape are determined using an iterative procedure matching the cavity surface to a constant pressure boundary. The pressure distribution, as well as its gradient on the wall, is taken into account in updating the cavity shape iteratively. Numerical computations are performed for the sheet cavitating flows at a range of cavitation numbers across the hemispheric headform/cylinder body with different grid numbers. The influence of the relaxation factor in the cavity shape updating scheme for the algorithm accuracy and reliability is conducted through comparison with other two cavity shape updating numerical schemes. The results obtained are reasonable and the iterative procedure of cavity shape updating is quite stable, which demonstrate the superiority of the proposed cavitation model and algorithms.

蒸汽在过冷液体喷雾上直接接触相变换热过程实验研究

以水为工质,通过实验研究了饱和水蒸汽与过冷水喷雾逆流直接接触冷凝换热过程,考察了不同入口液相温度下液膜厚度及破碎长度变化、液膜轴向及径向的温度分布;基于实验数据计算出了液膜局部传热系数及总传热系数。实验研究的结果表明,直接接触冷凝换热过程中,低入口液相温度时的液膜厚度和破碎长度更大;液膜在径向方向上存在温度梯度变化,液膜表面的温度较高,中心存在1个最低温度;随着液膜运动轴向距离的增大,液膜温度逐渐升高,喷嘴出口处液膜的温升最快,在整个喷雾的冷凝换热过程中,液膜温升占喷雾换热总温升的80%~85%,因此相比液滴,液膜起主要换热作用;喷嘴出口处的局部传热系数最大,并随着轴向距离增大逐渐减小。实验得到总传热系数的值远大于传统的膜状冷凝传热系数,体现了蒸汽-过冷液体喷雾这类直接接触换热方式的优势。

浇铸温度对液-固铸轧1070A/7075铝合金复合板材界面组织与性能的影响

采用立式双辊铸轧机液-固铸轧1070A/7075铝合金复合板材,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、硬度计和剪切机、拉伸试验机等检测仪器,探讨了1070A铝溶体浇铸温度对液-固铸轧1070A/7075铝合金复合板材界面组织与性能的影响。结果表明:随着浇铸温度的升高,复合板材界面处元素扩散宽度不断增大,复合板剪切强度不断增高,7075铝合金固态基板一侧的高硬度分布区域变窄。当浇铸温度为690℃时,复合板材界面无明显缺陷,元素扩散距离约为15μm,显微硬度变化趋势较为缓和,剪切强度达79.3 MPa,抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率分别达到139.6 MPa、70.3 MPa、24.2%。

不同喷口扩张比下离心喷嘴雾化特性研究

为研究喷口扩张比对航空发动机离心喷嘴雾化特性的影响,对多种结构离心喷嘴开展试验研究。用工业相机捕捉油雾场形态;用多普勒激光粒度仪测量喷嘴出口液膜速度、雾化粒径;结合数值模拟得到的液膜流动情况,对雾化性能进行详细分析。研究结果表明:随着喷口扩张比的增加,雾化锥角增大,雾化粒径减小,液膜轴向速度减小;当扩张比一定时,不同压差下雾化锥角基本一致;喷嘴下游存在三个流动区域,分别为燃油射流区、射流内侧空气区及射流外侧空气区,射流内侧形成对称的空气涡;在扩张段处液膜与壁面之间会形成分离区,当扩张比较大时,液膜可绕过分离区重新靠近壁面,且扩张比越大,液膜与壁面贴合程度越高。

旋转锥形液膜喷雾形态与表面波动实验研究

为了全面加深对旋转锥形液膜一次破碎机理的认识,采用高速阴影法对离心喷嘴的喷雾场进行了试验拍摄,并基于喷雾场形态特征详细描述了7种喷雾形态随压降的变化过程,分析了液膜表面波动与液膜穿孔的关系以及导致液膜破碎的机理,重点关注了波动、穿孔和湍流这三种锥形喷雾形态,并对其表面波动特征随压降的变化规律进行了研究。研究表明:液膜的表面波动和液膜穿孔均是由初始速度波动引起的液体聚集从而形成波峰和波谷导致的,在三种锥形喷雾形态中这两种特征一直存在;随着压降增大,在波动锥形喷雾形态中液膜表面波动的波长、振幅和频率均逐渐变大,在穿孔锥形和湍流锥形喷雾形态中液膜表面波动的波长和振幅逐渐减小,频率逐渐增大,且在湍流锥形喷雾形态中,频率组成随压降增大越加混乱。

不同液压条件下锥形液膜破碎的实验研究(英文)

An experimental study on the breakup of a conical liquid sheet from a pressure swirl atomizer was conducted by using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The variation of wavelength, wave speed and amplitude of wave versus liquid pressure was obtained. The results indicate that the cone half angle increases with liquid pressure. The stripped half wavelength liquid fragment seems to break into a series of drops immediately and no obvious contraction from liquid fragment to ligament is seen. The recorded images also show that both short and long wavelength waves exist simultaneously, and influence the breakup of the conical liquid sheet. The result of this study is useful for the purpose of developing and verifying the atomization model of spray produced by a pressure swirl atomizer.

银行风险管理与金融体系稳定性——基于美国硅谷银行的案例分析

为应对美国国内的高通胀压力,美联储持续加息,全球市场流动性收紧,金融市场为适应新的通胀中枢和利率中枢或出现剧烈震荡。在此宏观背景下,2023年3月有欧美银行开始出现“倒闭”危机。基于此,本文以美国硅谷银行为例,结合US-GAAP会计准则和商业银行经营与风险管理的一般原则,从资产负债管理和内部风险控制等角度分析其发生风险事件的原因。另外,根据期限错配、流动性风险和利率风险等问题进一步分析其对于科技行业、金融行业以及中国经济的外溢影响。最后,本文结合我国金融业的发展现状和法律法规,从商业银行自身和监管机构两个角度进行总结性评述,为不断提升我国银行的金融风险管理水平提供有益参考。