Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ov...Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.展开更多
The weathering steel (Corten B) was exposed to out-door atmosphere of Hanoi (urban site) and Donghoi (marine site). The results showed the protective ability of corrosion product layer formed on weathering steel in th...The weathering steel (Corten B) was exposed to out-door atmosphere of Hanoi (urban site) and Donghoi (marine site). The results showed the protective ability of corrosion product layer formed on weathering steel in the initial stage. The SEM-EDX analysis detected the presence of chromium and copper in the inner layers of corrosion product formed on weathering steel. These elements improved corrosion resistance of corrosion product layers. In addition, the dense α-FeOOH phase were appeared early in corrosion product which is detected by X-ray diffraction and Micro Raman investigations. The results of polarization and EIS measurements also demonstrated the protectiveness of the corrosion product of weathering steel.展开更多
Glaucoma is a multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by the damage and death of the retinal ganglion cells.This disease results in vision loss and blindness.Any vision loss resulting from the disease cannot be ...Glaucoma is a multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by the damage and death of the retinal ganglion cells.This disease results in vision loss and blindness.Any vision loss resulting from the disease cannot be restored and nowadays there is no available cure for glaucoma; however an early detection and treatment,could offer neuronal protection and avoid later serious damages to the visual function.A full understanding of the etiology of the disease will still require the contribution of many scientific efforts.Glial activation has been observed in glaucoma,being microglial proliferation a hallmark in this neurodegenerative disease.A typical project studying these cellular changes involved in glaucoma often needs thousands of images- from several animals- covering different layers and regions of the retina.The gold standard to evaluate them is the manual count.This method requires a large amount of time from specialized personnel.It is a tedious process and prone to human error.We present here a new method to count microglial cells by using a computer algorithm.It counts in one hour the same number of images that a researcher counts in four weeks,with no loss of reliability.展开更多
Nucleation of ice by contact takes place when an aerosol particle collides with asurface of supercooled water drop.Aerosol particle may either bounce off the watersurface or be captured on it.McCully et al.(1956) and ...Nucleation of ice by contact takes place when an aerosol particle collides with asurface of supercooled water drop.Aerosol particle may either bounce off the watersurface or be captured on it.McCully et al.(1956) and Rosinski et al.(1963) have shownthat capture of hydrophilic particles was four times larger than of hydrophobic ones.Hydrophobic aerosol particles will nucleate ice preferentially during the brief time ofcontact when they bounce off the surface.Patricles that become captured on the surfacewill float and produce clusters that may nucleate ice at some later time (delayed on surface展开更多
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Research Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-SW-105)
文摘Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.
文摘The weathering steel (Corten B) was exposed to out-door atmosphere of Hanoi (urban site) and Donghoi (marine site). The results showed the protective ability of corrosion product layer formed on weathering steel in the initial stage. The SEM-EDX analysis detected the presence of chromium and copper in the inner layers of corrosion product formed on weathering steel. These elements improved corrosion resistance of corrosion product layers. In addition, the dense α-FeOOH phase were appeared early in corrosion product which is detected by X-ray diffraction and Micro Raman investigations. The results of polarization and EIS measurements also demonstrated the protectiveness of the corrosion product of weathering steel.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Arizona through the Bisgrove Program to PdG,Grant Number:BSP 0529-13the Ophthalmological Network OFTARED(RD12-0034/0002)+5 种基金the Institute of Health Carlos IIIthe PN I+D+i 2008–2011the ISCIII-Subdireccion General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativathe European Programme FEDERthe project SAF2014-53779-Rthe project:“The role of encapsulated NSAIDs in PLGA microparticles as a neuroprotective treatment” funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
文摘Glaucoma is a multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by the damage and death of the retinal ganglion cells.This disease results in vision loss and blindness.Any vision loss resulting from the disease cannot be restored and nowadays there is no available cure for glaucoma; however an early detection and treatment,could offer neuronal protection and avoid later serious damages to the visual function.A full understanding of the etiology of the disease will still require the contribution of many scientific efforts.Glial activation has been observed in glaucoma,being microglial proliferation a hallmark in this neurodegenerative disease.A typical project studying these cellular changes involved in glaucoma often needs thousands of images- from several animals- covering different layers and regions of the retina.The gold standard to evaluate them is the manual count.This method requires a large amount of time from specialized personnel.It is a tedious process and prone to human error.We present here a new method to count microglial cells by using a computer algorithm.It counts in one hour the same number of images that a researcher counts in four weeks,with no loss of reliability.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project(49736200)National Basic Research 973 Project(G1999043503)
文摘Nucleation of ice by contact takes place when an aerosol particle collides with asurface of supercooled water drop.Aerosol particle may either bounce off the watersurface or be captured on it.McCully et al.(1956) and Rosinski et al.(1963) have shownthat capture of hydrophilic particles was four times larger than of hydrophobic ones.Hydrophobic aerosol particles will nucleate ice preferentially during the brief time ofcontact when they bounce off the surface.Patricles that become captured on the surfacewill float and produce clusters that may nucleate ice at some later time (delayed on surface
