BACKGROUND Over the past decade,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)has concentrated on brain networks such as the default mode network(DMN),the salience network(SN),and the central executive ne...BACKGROUND Over the past decade,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)has concentrated on brain networks such as the default mode network(DMN),the salience network(SN),and the central executive network(CEN),allowing for a better understanding of cognitive deficits observed in mental disorders,as well as other characteristic psychopathological phenomena such as thought and behavior disorganization.AIM To investigate differential patterns of effective connectivity across distributed brain networks involved in schizophrenia(SCH)and mood disorders.METHODS The sample comprised 58 patients with either paranoid syndrome in the context of SCH(n=26)or depressive syndrome(Ds)(n=32),in the context of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.The methods used include rs-fMRI and subsequent dynamic causal modeling to determine the direction and strength of connections to and from various nodes in the DMN,SN and CEN.RESULTS A significant excitatory connection from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to the anterior insula(aI)was observed in the SCH patient group,whereas inhibitory connections from the precuneus to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and from the aI to the precuneus were observed in the Ds group.CONCLUSION The results delineate specific patterns associated with SCH and Ds and offer a better explanation of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders,and inform differential diagnosis and precise treatment targeting.展开更多
Objective of the study: This study aimed at characterizing output features of the higher-order motor control centers (hoMCCs), including secondary (premotor cortex [Pre] and supplementary motor area [SMA]) and associa...Objective of the study: This study aimed at characterizing output features of the higher-order motor control centers (hoMCCs), including secondary (premotor cortex [Pre] and supplementary motor area [SMA]) and association (prefrontal cortex [PFC]) motor regions to the primary motor cortex (M1) during graded force tasks. It is well known that one of the major roles of the primary motor cortex (M1) is controlling motor output such as muscle force. However, it is unclear how the hoMCCs interact with M1 in regulating voluntary muscle contractions. Methods: fMRI data was acquired during graded force tasks and fMRI-based effective connectivity (EC) and muscle force analyses were performed to study the relationship between hoMCCs-M1 effective connectivity and voluntarily exerted handgrip force. Results: The results show that there is a consistent information flow from the hoMCCs to M1 under all force conditions, suggesting a hierarchical control mechanism in the brain in regulating voluntary muscle force. Only the premotor cortex exhibited a significant role in mediating the level of force production through its EC with M1 but that role diminished when the exerted force was high, suggesting perhaps a ceiling and/or fatigue effect on the EC. A flip in the direction of EC from the primary sensory cortex (S1) to the hoMCCs (PFC, SMA, and Pre) at lower force levels while at higher forces EC was observed from the hoMCCs to S1. Conclusion: The hoMCCs regulate M1 output to produce desired voluntary muscle force. Only the Pre-to-M1 connectivity strength directly correlates with the force level especially from low to moderate levels. The hoMCCs are involved in modulating higher force production likely by strengthening M1 output and downgrad<span style="font-size:12px;line-height:102%;font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-size:12px;line-height:102%;font-family:Verdana;"> inhibition from S1 to M1.</span>展开更多
General Secretary of CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping has stated that education must be emphasized in order to fundamentally eliminate poverty and achieve effective linkage with rural revitalization.According to the O...General Secretary of CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping has stated that education must be emphasized in order to fundamentally eliminate poverty and achieve effective linkage with rural revitalization.According to the Outline of China's Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development(2011-2020),Shaanxi Province has 29 poverty-stricken counties,of which 27 are in southern Shaanxi and 11 are deeply poverty-stricken counties,accounting for nearly 40%of the contiguous poverty-stricken areas in Qinling-Daba mountains.Therefore,the key to poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in Shaanxi lies in southern Shaanxi.Although the current poverty alleviation in southern Shaanxi has achieved remarkable results,there are still high risks and hidden dangers of poverty return.Therefore,taking southern Shaanxi as the field survey point,based on the problem orientation and the main line,this paper deeply explored the common risks and causes of establishing education anti-poverty mechanism to connect with the rural revitalization strategy,and effectively put forward the feasible ideas and countermeasures for establishing long-term mechanism for preventing poverty return through education.展开更多
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms including hyperactivity/impulsivity among children,adolescents,and adults.These ADHD related symptoms are influen...Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms including hyperactivity/impulsivity among children,adolescents,and adults.These ADHD related symptoms are influenced by the complex interaction of brain networks which were under explored.We explored age-related brain network differences between ADHD patients and typically developing(TD) subjects using resting state f MRI(rs-f MRI) for three age groups of children,adolescents,and adults.We collected rs-f MRI data from 184 individuals(27 ADHD children and 31 TD children;32 ADHD adolescents and 32 TD adolescents;and 31 ADHD adults and 31 TD adults).The Brainnetome Atlas was used to define nodes in the network analysis.We compared three age groups of ADHD and TD subjects to identify the distinct regions that could explain age-related brain network differences based on degree centrality,a well-known measure of nodal centrality.The left middle temporal gyrus showed significant interaction effects between disease status(i.e.,ADHD or TD) and age(i.e.,child,adolescent,or adult)(P 0.001).Additional regions were identified at a relaxed threshold(P 0.05).Many of the identified regions(the left inferior frontal gyrus,the left middle temporal gyrus,and the left insular gyrus) were related to cognitive function.The results of our study suggest that aberrant development in cognitive brain regions might be associated with age-related brain network changes in ADHD patients.These findings contribute to better understand how brain function influences the symptoms of ADHD.展开更多
Background:The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models.However,the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this in...Background:The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models.However,the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this inhibitory circuit in humans remains con-troversial.Objective:The main aim of the present study was to determine the causal information flow and critical nodes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical inhibitory circuits and also to examine whether these are modulated by biological factors(i.e.sex)and behavioral performance.Methods:Here,we capitalize on the recent progress in robust and biologically plausible directed causal modeling(DCM-PEB)and a large response inhibition dataset(n=250)acquired with concomitant functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine key nodes,their causal regulation and modulation via biological variables(sex)and inhibitory performance in the inhibitory circuit encompassing the right inferior frontal gyrus(rIFG),caudate nucleus(rCau),globus pallidum(rGP),and thalamus(rThal).Results:The entire neural circuit exhibited high intrinsic connectivity and response inhibition critically increased causal projections from the rIFG to both rCau and rThal.Direct comparison further demonstrated that response inhibition induced an increasing rIFG inflow and increased the causal regulation of this region over the rCau and rThal.In addition,sex and performance influenced the functional architecture of the regulatory circuits such that women displayed increased rThal self-inhibition and decreased rThal to GP modulation,while better inhibitory performance was associated with stronger rThal to rIFG communication.Furthermore,control analyses did not reveal a similar key communication in a left lateralized model.Conclusions:Together,these findings indicate a pivotal role of the rIFG as input and causal regulator of subcortical response inhibition nodes.展开更多
The functional brain network using blood-oxygen-level-dependent(BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) has revealed the potentials for probing brain architecture,as well as for identifying clinical biom...The functional brain network using blood-oxygen-level-dependent(BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) has revealed the potentials for probing brain architecture,as well as for identifying clinical biomarkers for brain diseases.In the general context of Brainnetome,this review focuses on the development of approaches for modeling and analyzing functional brain networks with BOLD fMRI.The prospects for these approaches are also discussed.展开更多
An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic c...An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic causal modeling analyses, we investigated the functional interactions between regions involved in the decision- making process while participants performed temporal discounting tasks in both the gains and losses domains. We found two distinct intrinsic valuation systems underlying temporal discounting in the gains and losses domains: gains were specifically evaluated in the medial regions, including the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and losses were evaluated in the lateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, immediate reward or pun- ishment was found to modulate the functional interactions between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and distinct regions in both the gains and losses domains: in the gains domain, the mesolimbic regions; in the losses domain, the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. These findings suggest that intertemporal choice of gains and losses might involve distinct valuation systems, and more importantly, separate neural interactions may implement the intertemporal choices of gains and losses. These findings may provide a new biological perspective for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal choice of gains and losses.展开更多
Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations(AVHs) in schizophrenia(SZ) remains unclear. In this study, we used stocha...Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations(AVHs) in schizophrenia(SZ) remains unclear. In this study, we used stochastic dynamic causal modeling(s DCM) to quantify connections among the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(inner speech monitoring), auditory cortex(auditory processing), hippocampus(memory retrieval), thalamus(information filtering), and Broca's area(language production) in 17 first-episode drug-na?¨ve SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis and correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms. s DCM revealed an increasedsensitivity of auditory cortex to its thalamic afferents and a decrease in hippocampal sensitivity to auditory inputs in SZ patients with AVHs. The area under the ROC curve showed the diagnostic value of these two connections to distinguish SZ patients with AVHs from those without AVHs. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the strength of the connectivity from Broca's area to the auditory cortex and the severity of AVHs. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, augmented AVHspecific excitatory afferents from the thalamus to the auditory cortex in SZ patients, resulting in auditory perception without external auditory stimuli. Our results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying AVHs in SZ. This thalamic-auditory cortical-hippocampal dysconnectivity may also serve as a diagnostic biomarker of AVHs in SZ and a therapeutic target based on direct in vivo evidence.展开更多
New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by 202...New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by 2025.By 2017,stage 1 of the RBI has been completed,and research is needed to find out the level of usage,proficiency,and productivity achieved by then.Therefore,a survey was carried out to learn whether the rural residents and their communities are making good use of the new fast broadband connection.The survey collected data from 217 rural residents from North Island,and the results indicate that about half of the interview respondents are satisfied with the new broadband speed and the reliability which is offered by RBI stage 1.However,there is about 28%of the respondents disagreed with them.The majority of the Internet uses for rural residents are information searching,reading news,online entertainment,and online banking.Besides that,only a small proportion of respondents know how to utilize the Internet in their work/business and benefit/profit from it,e.g.,using cloud technology capabilities and online marketing campaigns,etc.by then.Therefore,we argue that information and communications technologies(ICT)adoption is not only the availability of the infrastructure but also the beneficial outcomes of Internet availability.In other words,Internet skills in-depth training and education need to catch up with the infrastructure deployment,which is useful to fuel the digital productivity and inclusion for booming rural economies.The survey data-driven findings presented in this paper could serve as a reference to inform government policymakers and those who wish to create,invest,and take actions to speed up the economic and social growth of rural communities in Aotearoa New Zealand through the Internet while shifting from the Internet speed and traffic volume-driven to a more effective Internet connectivity and value-added driven rural economy.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Over the past decade,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)has concentrated on brain networks such as the default mode network(DMN),the salience network(SN),and the central executive network(CEN),allowing for a better understanding of cognitive deficits observed in mental disorders,as well as other characteristic psychopathological phenomena such as thought and behavior disorganization.AIM To investigate differential patterns of effective connectivity across distributed brain networks involved in schizophrenia(SCH)and mood disorders.METHODS The sample comprised 58 patients with either paranoid syndrome in the context of SCH(n=26)or depressive syndrome(Ds)(n=32),in the context of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.The methods used include rs-fMRI and subsequent dynamic causal modeling to determine the direction and strength of connections to and from various nodes in the DMN,SN and CEN.RESULTS A significant excitatory connection from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to the anterior insula(aI)was observed in the SCH patient group,whereas inhibitory connections from the precuneus to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and from the aI to the precuneus were observed in the Ds group.CONCLUSION The results delineate specific patterns associated with SCH and Ds and offer a better explanation of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders,and inform differential diagnosis and precise treatment targeting.
文摘Objective of the study: This study aimed at characterizing output features of the higher-order motor control centers (hoMCCs), including secondary (premotor cortex [Pre] and supplementary motor area [SMA]) and association (prefrontal cortex [PFC]) motor regions to the primary motor cortex (M1) during graded force tasks. It is well known that one of the major roles of the primary motor cortex (M1) is controlling motor output such as muscle force. However, it is unclear how the hoMCCs interact with M1 in regulating voluntary muscle contractions. Methods: fMRI data was acquired during graded force tasks and fMRI-based effective connectivity (EC) and muscle force analyses were performed to study the relationship between hoMCCs-M1 effective connectivity and voluntarily exerted handgrip force. Results: The results show that there is a consistent information flow from the hoMCCs to M1 under all force conditions, suggesting a hierarchical control mechanism in the brain in regulating voluntary muscle force. Only the premotor cortex exhibited a significant role in mediating the level of force production through its EC with M1 but that role diminished when the exerted force was high, suggesting perhaps a ceiling and/or fatigue effect on the EC. A flip in the direction of EC from the primary sensory cortex (S1) to the hoMCCs (PFC, SMA, and Pre) at lower force levels while at higher forces EC was observed from the hoMCCs to S1. Conclusion: The hoMCCs regulate M1 output to produce desired voluntary muscle force. Only the Pre-to-M1 connectivity strength directly correlates with the force level especially from low to moderate levels. The hoMCCs are involved in modulating higher force production likely by strengthening M1 output and downgrad<span style="font-size:12px;line-height:102%;font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-size:12px;line-height:102%;font-family:Verdana;"> inhibition from S1 to M1.</span>
基金Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"Reconstruction and Realization of Social Value of Left-behind Women in Rural Construction of Shaanxi Province"(2021F009)Major Theoretical Issues and Research Project of Social Science in Shaanxi Province"Research on the Realization path of Rural Good Governance after Poverty Alleviation in Qinling-Daba Mountains from the Perspective of Urban-rural Integration"(2021ND0042).
文摘General Secretary of CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping has stated that education must be emphasized in order to fundamentally eliminate poverty and achieve effective linkage with rural revitalization.According to the Outline of China's Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development(2011-2020),Shaanxi Province has 29 poverty-stricken counties,of which 27 are in southern Shaanxi and 11 are deeply poverty-stricken counties,accounting for nearly 40%of the contiguous poverty-stricken areas in Qinling-Daba mountains.Therefore,the key to poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in Shaanxi lies in southern Shaanxi.Although the current poverty alleviation in southern Shaanxi has achieved remarkable results,there are still high risks and hidden dangers of poverty return.Therefore,taking southern Shaanxi as the field survey point,based on the problem orientation and the main line,this paper deeply explored the common risks and causes of establishing education anti-poverty mechanism to connect with the rural revitalization strategy,and effectively put forward the feasible ideas and countermeasures for establishing long-term mechanism for preventing poverty return through education.
基金supported by the Institute for Basic Science[grant No.IBS-R015-D1]the National Research Foundation of Korea(grant No.NRF-2016R1A2B4008545)
文摘Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms including hyperactivity/impulsivity among children,adolescents,and adults.These ADHD related symptoms are influenced by the complex interaction of brain networks which were under explored.We explored age-related brain network differences between ADHD patients and typically developing(TD) subjects using resting state f MRI(rs-f MRI) for three age groups of children,adolescents,and adults.We collected rs-f MRI data from 184 individuals(27 ADHD children and 31 TD children;32 ADHD adolescents and 32 TD adolescents;and 31 ADHD adults and 31 TD adults).The Brainnetome Atlas was used to define nodes in the network analysis.We compared three age groups of ADHD and TD subjects to identify the distinct regions that could explain age-related brain network differences based on degree centrality,a well-known measure of nodal centrality.The left middle temporal gyrus showed significant interaction effects between disease status(i.e.,ADHD or TD) and age(i.e.,child,adolescent,or adult)(P 0.001).Additional regions were identified at a relaxed threshold(P 0.05).Many of the identified regions(the left inferior frontal gyrus,the left middle temporal gyrus,and the left insular gyrus) were related to cognitive function.The results of our study suggest that aberrant development in cognitive brain regions might be associated with age-related brain network changes in ADHD patients.These findings contribute to better understand how brain function influences the symptoms of ADHD.
基金supported by the by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number:2018YFA0701400-BB)National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31530032-KMK,91632117-BB,32200904 Qian Zhuang)Key Technological Projects of Guangdong Province (grant number 2018B030335001-KMK).
文摘Background:The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models.However,the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this inhibitory circuit in humans remains con-troversial.Objective:The main aim of the present study was to determine the causal information flow and critical nodes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical inhibitory circuits and also to examine whether these are modulated by biological factors(i.e.sex)and behavioral performance.Methods:Here,we capitalize on the recent progress in robust and biologically plausible directed causal modeling(DCM-PEB)and a large response inhibition dataset(n=250)acquired with concomitant functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine key nodes,their causal regulation and modulation via biological variables(sex)and inhibitory performance in the inhibitory circuit encompassing the right inferior frontal gyrus(rIFG),caudate nucleus(rCau),globus pallidum(rGP),and thalamus(rThal).Results:The entire neural circuit exhibited high intrinsic connectivity and response inhibition critically increased causal projections from the rIFG to both rCau and rThal.Direct comparison further demonstrated that response inhibition induced an increasing rIFG inflow and increased the causal regulation of this region over the rCau and rThal.In addition,sex and performance influenced the functional architecture of the regulatory circuits such that women displayed increased rThal self-inhibition and decreased rThal to GP modulation,while better inhibitory performance was associated with stronger rThal to rIFG communication.Furthermore,control analyses did not reveal a similar key communication in a left lateralized model.Conclusions:Together,these findings indicate a pivotal role of the rIFG as input and causal regulator of subcortical response inhibition nodes.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Development Program(973) of China(2011CB707800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91132301 and 81101040)
文摘The functional brain network using blood-oxygen-level-dependent(BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) has revealed the potentials for probing brain architecture,as well as for identifying clinical biomarkers for brain diseases.In the general context of Brainnetome,this review focuses on the development of approaches for modeling and analyzing functional brain networks with BOLD fMRI.The prospects for these approaches are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71471171,71071150,91432302,31620103905,31471005,and 71761167001)the Science Frontier Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJSSW-SMC019)+2 种基金the Shenzhen Peacock Plan(KQTD2015033016104926)the Guangdong Pearl River Talents Plan Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team(2016ZT06S220)the CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science,Institute of Psychology(Y5CX052003)
文摘An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic causal modeling analyses, we investigated the functional interactions between regions involved in the decision- making process while participants performed temporal discounting tasks in both the gains and losses domains. We found two distinct intrinsic valuation systems underlying temporal discounting in the gains and losses domains: gains were specifically evaluated in the medial regions, including the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and losses were evaluated in the lateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, immediate reward or pun- ishment was found to modulate the functional interactions between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and distinct regions in both the gains and losses domains: in the gains domain, the mesolimbic regions; in the losses domain, the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. These findings suggest that intertemporal choice of gains and losses might involve distinct valuation systems, and more importantly, separate neural interactions may implement the intertemporal choices of gains and losses. These findings may provide a new biological perspective for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal choice of gains and losses.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973)(2011CB707805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81571651,81301199,and 81230035)the Fund for the Dissertation Submitted to Fourth Military Medical University for the Academic Degree of Doctor,China(2014D07)
文摘Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations(AVHs) in schizophrenia(SZ) remains unclear. In this study, we used stochastic dynamic causal modeling(s DCM) to quantify connections among the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(inner speech monitoring), auditory cortex(auditory processing), hippocampus(memory retrieval), thalamus(information filtering), and Broca's area(language production) in 17 first-episode drug-na?¨ve SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis and correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms. s DCM revealed an increasedsensitivity of auditory cortex to its thalamic afferents and a decrease in hippocampal sensitivity to auditory inputs in SZ patients with AVHs. The area under the ROC curve showed the diagnostic value of these two connections to distinguish SZ patients with AVHs from those without AVHs. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the strength of the connectivity from Broca's area to the auditory cortex and the severity of AVHs. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, augmented AVHspecific excitatory afferents from the thalamus to the auditory cortex in SZ patients, resulting in auditory perception without external auditory stimuli. Our results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying AVHs in SZ. This thalamic-auditory cortical-hippocampal dysconnectivity may also serve as a diagnostic biomarker of AVHs in SZ and a therapeutic target based on direct in vivo evidence.
基金funded by InternetNZ and the original survey report[18]was released by InternetNZ on their official home page.
文摘New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by 2025.By 2017,stage 1 of the RBI has been completed,and research is needed to find out the level of usage,proficiency,and productivity achieved by then.Therefore,a survey was carried out to learn whether the rural residents and their communities are making good use of the new fast broadband connection.The survey collected data from 217 rural residents from North Island,and the results indicate that about half of the interview respondents are satisfied with the new broadband speed and the reliability which is offered by RBI stage 1.However,there is about 28%of the respondents disagreed with them.The majority of the Internet uses for rural residents are information searching,reading news,online entertainment,and online banking.Besides that,only a small proportion of respondents know how to utilize the Internet in their work/business and benefit/profit from it,e.g.,using cloud technology capabilities and online marketing campaigns,etc.by then.Therefore,we argue that information and communications technologies(ICT)adoption is not only the availability of the infrastructure but also the beneficial outcomes of Internet availability.In other words,Internet skills in-depth training and education need to catch up with the infrastructure deployment,which is useful to fuel the digital productivity and inclusion for booming rural economies.The survey data-driven findings presented in this paper could serve as a reference to inform government policymakers and those who wish to create,invest,and take actions to speed up the economic and social growth of rural communities in Aotearoa New Zealand through the Internet while shifting from the Internet speed and traffic volume-driven to a more effective Internet connectivity and value-added driven rural economy.