A Model for the Connectivity of Horizontal Wells in Water-Flooding Oil Reservoirs

As current calculation models for inter-well connectivity in oilfields can only account for vertical wells,an updated model is elaborated here that can predict the future production performance and evaluate the connectivity of horizontal wells(or horizontal and vertical wells).In this model,the injection-production system of the considered reservoir is simplified and represented with many connected units.Moreover,the horizontal well is modeled with multiple connected wells without considering the pressure loss in the horizontal direction.With this approach,the production performance for both injection and production wells can be obtained by calculating the bottom-hole flowing pressure and oil/water saturation according to the material balance equation and a saturation front-tracking equation.Some effort is also provided to optimize(to fit known historical production performances)the two characteristic problem parameters,namely,the interwell conductivity and connected volume by means of a SPSA gradient-free algorithm.In order to verify the validity of the model,considering a heterogenous reservoir,three conceptual examples are constructed,where the number ratio between injection and production wells are 1/4,4/1 and 4/5,respectively.It is shown that there is a high consistency between simulation results and field data.

Artificial neural network-based subgrid-scale models for LES of compressible turbulent channel flow

Fully connected neural networks(FCNNs)have been developed for the closure of subgrid-scale(SGS)stress and SGS heat flux in large-eddy simulations of compressible turbulent channel flow.The FCNNbased SGS model trained using data with Mach number Ma=3.0 and Reynolds number Re=3000 was applied to situations with different Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers.The input variables of the neural network model were the filtered velocity gradients and temperature gradients at a single spatial grid point.The a priori test showed that the FCNN model had a correlation coefficient larger than 0.91 and a relative error smaller than 0.43,with much better reconstructions of SGS unclosed terms than the dynamic Smagorinsky model(DSM).In a posteriori test,the behavior of the FCNN model was marginally better than that of the DSM in predicting the mean velocity profiles,mean temperature profiles,turbulent intensities,total Reynolds stress,total Reynolds heat flux,and mean SGS flux of kinetic energy,and outperformed the Smagorinsky model.

A Maxwell Demon Model Connecting Information and Thermodynamics

In the past decades several theoretical Maxwell＇s demon models have been proposed to exhibit effects such as refrigerating, doing work at the cost of information, and some experiments have been carried out to realize these effects. We propose a model with a two-level demon, information represented by a sequence of bits, and two heat reservoirs. The reservoir that the demon is interacting with depends on the bit. When the temperature difference between the two heat reservoirs is large enough, the information can be erased. On the other hand, when the information is pure enough, heat transfer from one reservoir to the other can happen, resulting in the effect of refrigeration. Genuine examples of such a system are discussed.

Optimal Culture Capacity of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Razor Clam (Sinonovacula constricta) in a New Series-Connection Culture Model

To construct an effective circular mix-culture model and investigate its culture capacity,we established one small and one large systems,with white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)and razor clam(Sinonovacula constricta)cultured in separate ponds.The culture water from the L.vannamei was pumped to the S.constricta,and the culture water from the S.constricta overflowed back into the L.vannamei via gravity.In trial I,we tested four culture densities(groups 1–4),and monitored water quality,growth indices,and digestive and immune enzyme activities.From the results,the nitrogen and phosphorus levels generally increased then declined after 56 days,and were lower in groups 1 and 2.The specific growth rate of group 2 was the highest.After 56 days,activities of four digestive enzymes were increased in group 2,and lysozyme activity was significantly decreased in S.constricta in groups 1–4;Alkaline phosphatase activity of L.vannamei was increased in group 3,but decreased in S.constricta in groups 2–4;Acid phosphatase activity was significantly higher in groups 1–3(P<0.05),while SOD and CAT activities were significantly elevated in group 2(P<0.05).Thus,we applied group 2 density for trial II.In trial II,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations declined significantly during the latter stages,and growth indices were higher than the control(P<0.05).The yields of L.vannamei and S.constricta were significantly higher than the control(P<0.05).The results revealed a good circular mix-culture system with the optimal culture capacity for L.vannamei(40 ind m^(−2))and S.constricta(300 ind m^(−2)),which provided a reference for the future culture of them.

MULTI-AXLE VEHICLE STABILITY BASED ON WHOLE VEHICLE MODEL

From the analysis of experiment data of the multi-axle vehicle chassis searching process, it is less accurate to predict multi-axle vehicle dynamic characteristic with simplified two-axle vehicle model. So it is important to find out a more effective modeling method in the study of multi-vehicle stability. In the development of heat transfer fluid（HTF） six-axle vehicle, a whole vehicle multi-body dynamic model is built through collaborate flowchart using Teamcenter Engineering, UG NX3 and MSC.Adams. The modeling method of connected hydragas spring suspension is validated by running test results. Based on this whole vehicle model, a kinematical analysis of suspension is implemented to achieve optimized suspension geometry parameters according to the stable requirement. Then, different handling simulations are carried out with regard to various tire characteristics, driving con- figurations, and equipments. According to the evaluation of whole vehicle handling characteristic, some design rules are summarized to improve the stability of multi-axle vehicle.

Optimization of the Plugging Agent Dosage for High Temperature Salt Profile Control in Heavy Oil Reservoirs

After steam discharge in heavy oil reservoirs,the distribution of temperature,pressure,and permeability in different wells becomes irregular.Flow channels can easily be produced,which affect the sweep efficiency of the oil displacement.Previous studies have shown that the salting-out plugging method can effectively block these channels in high-temperature reservoirs,improve the suction profile,and increase oil production.In the present study,the optimal dosage of the plugging agent is determined taking into account connection transmissibility and inter-well volumes.Together with the connectivity model,a water flooding simulation model is introduced.Moreover,a non-gradient stochastic disturbance algorithm is used to obtain the optimal plugging agent dosage,which provides the basis for the high-temperature salting-out plugging agent adjustment in the field.

Gray Connection Analysis on Grain Yield and Agricultural Fundamental Infrastructure

Although the agriculture in Heilongjiang Province has develope poor historical basis and differences between rural and urban institutional fa d ct effectively in recent years, due to issues such as ors, the backward of the agricultural fundamental infrastructure is always the major obstacle in rural economic development of Heilongjiang Province, which prevents the advantage of agricultural production from being fully developed, leading to the increase rate of the grain yield to grow slowly. The backward reflects in the following aspects, the serious aging of water facilities, insufficient agricultural machinery and equipment, low leve of rural roads, lacking of research equipment, shortage of ecological protection facilities, and so on. Based on the latcr data of Heilongjiang Province, this paper analyzed the connection between agricultural fundamental infrastructure and grain yield by using the gray connected model, differentiated primary rural fundamental infrastructure from the secondary one, and provided some suggestions to develop rural areas

A tour-based analysis of travel mode choice accounting for regional transit service

The aim of this work is to explore the impact of regional transit service on tour-based commuter travel behavior by using the Bayesian hierarchical multinomial logit model, accounting for the spatial heterogeneity of the people living in the same area.With two indicators, accessibility and connectivity measured at the zone level, the regional transit service is captured and then related to the travel mode choice behavior. The sample data are selected from Washington-Baltimore Household Travel Survey in 2007,including all the trips from home to workplace in morning hours in Baltimore city. Traditional multinomial logit model using Bayesian approach is also estimated. A comparison of the two different models shows that ignoring the spatial context can lead to a misspecification of the effects of the regional transit service on travel behavior. The results reveal that improving transit service at regional level can be effective in reducing auto use for commuters after controlling for socio-demographics and travel-related factors.This work provides insights for interpreting tour-based commuter travel behavior by using recently developed methodological approaches. The results of this work will be helpful for engineers, urban planners, and transit operators to decide the needs to improve regional transit service and spatial location efficiently.

Abnormal Effective Connectivity in the Brain is Involved in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations（AVHs） in schizophrenia（SZ） remains unclear. In this study, we used stochastic dynamic causal modeling（s DCM） to quantify connections among the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex（inner speech monitoring）, auditory cortex（auditory processing）, hippocampus（memory retrieval）, thalamus（information filtering）, and Broca＇s area（language production） in 17 first-episode drug-na？¨ve SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic（ROC） analysis and correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms. s DCM revealed an increasedsensitivity of auditory cortex to its thalamic afferents and a decrease in hippocampal sensitivity to auditory inputs in SZ patients with AVHs. The area under the ROC curve showed the diagnostic value of these two connections to distinguish SZ patients with AVHs from those without AVHs. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the strength of the connectivity from Broca＇s area to the auditory cortex and the severity of AVHs. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, augmented AVHspecific excitatory afferents from the thalamus to the auditory cortex in SZ patients, resulting in auditory perception without external auditory stimuli. Our results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying AVHs in SZ. This thalamic-auditory cortical-hippocampal dysconnectivity may also serve as a diagnostic biomarker of AVHs in SZ and a therapeutic target based on direct in vivo evidence.

A New Method of Transmission Network Flexible Planning Using the Connection Number

Because connection number can express and process synthetic uncertainties caused by various uncertainties in the transmission network planning, a connection number model (CNM) was presented to compare the values of connection number logically. This paper proposed a novel model for transmission network flexible planning with uncertainty. In the proposed planning model both certainty and uncertainty information were included, and the cost-benefit analysis method was used to evaluate the candidate schemes in the objective function. Its good adaptability and flexibility were illustrated through two examples.