Optimal mining sequence for coal faces under a bedding slope:insight from landslide prevention

Repetitive mining beneath bedding slopes is identified as a critical factor in geomorphic disturbances, especially landslides and surface subsidence. Prior research has largely concentrated on surface deformation in plains due to multi-seam coal mining and the instability of natural bedding slopes, yet the cumulative impact of different mining sequences on bedding slopes has been less explored. This study combines drone surveys and geological data to construct a comprehensive three-dimensional model of bedding slopes. Utilizing FLAC3D and PFC2D models, derived from laboratory experiments, it simulates stress, deformation, and failure dynamics of slopes under various mining sequences. Incorporating fractal dimension analysis, the research evaluates the stability of slopes in relation to different mining sequences. The findings reveal that mining in an upslope direction minimizes disruption to overlying strata. Initiating extraction from lower segments increases tensile-shear stress in coal pillar overburdens, resulting in greater creep deformation towards the downslope than when starting from upper segments, potentially leading to localized landslides and widespread creep deformation in mined-out areas. The downslope upward mining sequence exhibits the least fractal dimensions, indicating minimal disturbance to both strata and surface. While all five mining scenarios maintain good slope stability under normal conditions, recalibrated stability assessments based on fractal dimensions suggest that downslope upward mining offers the highest stability under rainfall, contrasting with the lower stability and potential instability risks of upslope downward mining. These insights are pivotal for mining operations and geological hazard mitigation in multi-seam coal exploitation on bedding slopes.

Stability of bedded rock slopes subjected to hydro-fluctuation and associated strength deterioration

Reservoir-induced earthquakes(RIEs)occur frequently in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA)and the rock mass strength of the hydro-fluctuation belt(HFB)deteriorates severely due to the reservoirinduced seismic loads.Three models of typical bedded rock slopes(BRSs),i.e.gently(GIS),moderately(MIS),and steeply(SIS)inclined slopes,were proposed according to field investigations.The dynamic response mechanism and stability of the BRSs,affected by the rock mass deterioration of the HFB,were investigated by the shaking table test and the universal distinct element code(UDEC)simulation.Specifically,the amplification coefficient of the peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the slope was gradually attenuated under multiple seismic loads,and the acceleration response showed obvious“surface effect”and“elevation effect”in the horizontal and vertical directions,respectively.The“S-type”cubic function and“steep-rise type”exponential function were used to characterize the cumulative damage evolution of the slope caused by microseismic waves(low seismic waves)and high seismic waves,respectively.According to the dynamic responses of the acceleration,cumulative displacement,rock pressure,pore water pressure,damping ratio,natural frequency,stability coefficient,and sliding velocity of the slope,the typical evolution processes of the dynamic cumulative damage and instability failure of the slope were generalized,and the numerical and experimental results were compared.Considering the dynamic effects of the slope height(SH),slope angle(SA),bedding plane thickness(BPT),dip angle of the bedding plane(DABP),dynamic load amplitude(DLA),dynamic load frequency(DLF),height of water level of the hydro-fluctuation belt(HWLHFB),degradation range of the hydro-fluctuation belt(DRHFB),and degradation shape of the hydro-fluctuation belt(DSHFB),the sensitivity of factors influencing the slope dynamic stability using the orthogonal analysis method(OAM)was DLA>DRHFB>SA>SH>DLF>HWLHFB>DSHFB>DABP>BPT.

Model test and numerical simulation on the dynamic stability of the bedding rock slope under frequent microseisms

Shake table testing was performed to investigate the dynamic stability of a mid-dip bedding rock slope under frequent earthquakes. Then, numerical modelling was established to further study the slope dynamic stability under purely microseisms and the influence of five factors, including seismic amplitude, slope height, slope angle, strata inclination and strata thickness, were considered. The experimental results show that the natural frequency of the slope decreases and damping ratio increases as the earthquake loading times increase. The dynamic strength reduction method is adopted for the stability evaluation of the bedding rock slope in numerical simulation, and the slope stability decreases with the increase of seismic amplitude, increase of slope height, reduction of strata thickness and increase of slope angle. The failure mode of a mid-dip bedding rock slope in the shaking table test is integral slipping along the bedding surface with dipping tensile cracks at the slope rear edge going through the bedding surfaces. In the numerical simulation, the long-term stability of a mid-dip bedding slope is worst under frequent microseisms and the slope is at risk of integral sliding instability, whereas the slope rock mass is more broken than shown in the shaking table test. The research results are of practical significance to better understand the formation mechanism of reservoir landslides and prevent future landslide disasters.

Experimental study on seismic response and progressive failure characteristics of bedding rock slopes

Bedding rock slopes are common geological features in nature that are prone to failure under strong earthquakes. Their failures induce catastrophic landslides and form barrier lakes, posing severe threats to people’s lives and property. Based on the similarity criteria, a bedding rock slope model with a length of3 m, a width of 0.8 m, and a height of 1.6 m was constructed to facilitate large-scale shaking table tests.The results showed that with the increase of vibration time, the natural frequency of the model slope decreased, but the damping ratio increased. Damage to the rock mass structure altered the dynamic characteristics of the slope;therefore, amplification of the acceleration was found to be nonlinear and uneven. Furthermore, the acceleration was amplified nonlinearly with the increase of slope elevation along the slope surface and the vertical section, and the maximum acceleration amplification factor(AAF) occurred at the slope crest. Before visible deformation, the AAF increased with increasing shaking intensity;however, it decreased with increasing shaking intensity after obvious deformation. The slope was likely to slide along the bedding planes at a shallow depth below the slope surface. The upper part of the slope mainly experienced a tensile-shear effect, whereas the lower part suffered a compressive-shear force. The progressive failure process of the model slope can be divided into four stages, and the dislocated rock mass can be summarized into three zones. The testing data provide a good explanation of the dynamic behavior of the rock slope when subjected to an earthquake and may serve as a helpful reference in implementing antiseismic measures for earthquake-induced landslides.

Effect of the inclined weak interlayers on the rainfall response of a bedded rock slope

Engineering experience shows that outward dipping bedded rock slopes, especially including weak interlayers, are prone to slide under rainfall conditions. To investigate the effect of inclined weak interlayers at various levels of depth below the surface on the variation of displacements and stresses in bedded rock slopes, four geo- mechanical model tests with artificial rainfall have been conducted. Displacements, water content as well as earth pressure in the model were monitored by means of various FBG （Fiber Bragg Grating） sensors. The results showed that the amount of displacement of a slope with a weak interlayer is 2.8 to 6.2 times larger than that of a slope without a weak interlayer during one rainfall event. Furthermore, the position of the weak interlayer in terms of depth below the surface has a significant effect on the zone of deformation in the model. In the slope with a high position weak interlayer, the recorded deformation was larger in the superficial layer of the model and smaller in the frontal portion than in the slope with a low position weak interlayer. The slope with two weak interlayers has the largest deformation at all locations of all test slopes. The slope without a weak interlayer was only saturated in its superficial layer, while the displacement decreased with depth. That was different from all slopes with a weak interlayer in which the largest displacement shifted from the superficial layer to the weak interlayer when rainfall persisted. Plastic deformation of the weak interlayer promoted the formation of cracks which caused more water to flow into the slope, thus causing larger deformation in the slope with weak interlayers. In addition, the slide thrust pressure showed a vibration phenomenon o.5 to 1 hour ahead of an abrupt increase of the deformation, which was interpreted as a predictor for rainfall-induced failure of bedded rock slopes.

Dynamic damage evolution of bank slopes with serrated structural planes considering the deteriorated rock mass and frequent reservoirinduced earthquakes

To investigate the dynamic damage evolution characteristics of bank slopes with serrated structural planes,the shaking table model test and the numerical simulation were utilized.The main findings indicate that under continuous seismic loads,the deformation of the bank slope increased,particularly around the hydro-fluctuation belt,accompanying by the pore water pressure rising.The soil pressure increased and then decreased showed dynamic variation characteristics.As the undulation angle of the serrated structural planes increased(30°, 45°, and 60°),the failure modes were climbing,climbinggnawing,and gnawing respectively.The first-order natural frequency was used to calculate the damage degree(Dd)of the bank slope.During microseisms and small earthquakes,it was discovered that the evolution of Dd followed the“S”shape,which was fitted by a logic function.Additionally,the quadratic function was used to fit the Dd during moderately strong earthquakes.Through the numerical simulation,the variation characteristics of safety factors(Sf)for slopes with serrated structural planes and slopes with straight structural planes were compared.Under continuous seismic loads,the Sf of slopes with straight structural planes reduce stalely,whereas the Sf for slopes with serrated structural planes was greater than the former and the reduction rate was increasing.

Physical Modeling of Landslide Mechanism in Oblique Thick-Bedded Rock Slope: A Case Study

The Jiweishan landslide illustrates the failure pattern of an apparent dip slide of an oblique thick-bedded rockslide. Centrifugal modeling was performed using a model slope consisting of four sets of joints to investigate the landslide initiation mechanism. Crack strain gauges pasted between the slide blocks and the base failed in sequence from the rear to the front as the centrifugal acceleration increased. When the acceleration reached 16.3g, the instantaneous failure of the key block in the front triggered the apparent dip slide of all blocks. The physical modeling results and previous studies suggest that the strength reduction in the weak layer and the failure of the key block are the main reasons for the Jiweishan landslide. The centrifuge experiment validated the previously proposed driving-blocks-key-block model of apparent dip slide in oblique with inclined bedding rock slopes. In addition, the results from limit equilibrium method and centrifuge test suggest that even though the failure of the key block in the front is instantaneous, a progressive stable-unstable transition exists.

基于Geo-slope软件的码头陆域顺层岩质高边坡分级加固计算

针对山区河流码头陆域开挖形成高30~50 m顺层岩质边坡的加固处理问题,根据加固设计方案中格构锚索和抗滑桩的排间距,采用Geo-slope软件,在摩根斯坦-普拉斯法的基础上,建立顺层岩质高边坡加固计算模型,计算多组不同排间距不同工况下的边坡稳定安全系数,从而选定经济安全的边坡加固组合方案。结果表明,格构锚索与抗滑桩加固对边坡整体安全系数的影响大小取决于支护结构在整个滑面上产生抗力的大小。

断层斜交岩质高边坡开挖变形特征及其治理效果评价--以陕南地区某岩质高边坡为例

为厘清断层斜交岩质高边坡开挖变形特性以及边坡治理后的时变特性,以陕南地区某断层斜交岩质高边坡为例,综合采用现场调查、数值模拟以及多点位移监测等方法分析断层斜交岩质高边坡破坏机制,归纳了断层斜交岩质高边坡的主要致灾因子,分析了边坡开挖过程中的变形特性,并探讨了边坡治理的时效性。结果表明:研究区域地形陡峭,受断层和坡脚开挖影响呈现出典型临空地形地貌,且受地质构造影响,出露岩体破碎程度较高,节理裂隙发育;基于数值仿真论证了断层斜交岩质高边坡采用“上部锚索锁固+中部坡体刷方+下部锚索和抗滑桩加固”方案治理的可行性,现场调查和监测数据结果表明边坡治理效果明显;断层处流土溶蚀效应明显,强降雨诱发岩质高边坡后缘断层附近平台发生塌陷,在断层和坡脚部位增设排水措施后坡体病害得到有效缓解,整体变形速率得到有效控制。研究成果对断层斜交岩质高边坡的治理及破坏机制分析具有参考意义。

含建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系振动台模型试验研究

基于Bockinghamπ定理,对具有建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系开展振动台模型试验,通过分析预应力锚索、建筑桩基的应变以及边坡坡顶加速度,研究支护体系的动力响应规律。结果表明,预应力锚索的应变在地震波加速度达到峰值时达到最大值,且上排锚索受力大于下排锚索,随着地震幅值的增大,最上排锚索锚固段率先发生滑移破坏失去锚固作用;建筑桩基应变最大值点位于滑动面以下一定深度,且远离边坡坡面的建筑桩基受力大于邻近边坡坡面的建筑桩基;坡顶各点峰值加速度随地震波幅值增大整体表现为线性增大,但在Wenchuan-Wolong波(0.55g)和Sin波(0.4g)工况时,各点峰值加速度相对有所下降,随着地震波幅值增大,各点峰值加速度放大系数在汶川波和正弦波作用下并非单调变化,而是表现为先减小后增大波动变化特点。

渝利铁路绿春坝隧道危岩体整治防护设计

以渝利铁路绿春坝隧道陡坡危岩体为例,通过现场调研得到危岩体发育特征及其稳定性,进行现场滚石试验,然后采用ROCKFALL软件对危岩落石滚落轨迹及能量分布进行数值模拟。根据数值分析结果采取分区清除、分级防护、拦石墙与消能措施相结合的综合处理措施。

陡倾反向岩质边坡变形破坏机理及处治措施

随着公路建设规模增大,陡倾反向岩质边坡变形破坏在建设中逐渐增多,勘察设计人员往往忽略该类边坡的工程地质分析及综合处治措施,本文以贵州某道路陡倾反向岩质边坡变形破坏及处治措施为例,对边坡岩体结构、环境地质条件、变形破坏特征等进行综合分析,重点讨论了边坡变形产生的主要影响因素及重点加固处治措施,为同类项目提供工程经验。

冀中坳陷文安斜坡顺向及反向断层侧向封闭性差异分析

为揭示含油气盆地中断层对油气成藏与分布的控制作用,以冀中坳陷文安斜坡为研究靶区,从顺向及反向断层控制油气富集部位及规模的差异出发,综合滑入断裂带内围岩成分及断裂带内部结构的不对称性等特征,分析不同配置类型断层的泥质含量与风险断距的差异及其对侧向封闭性的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)在地层沉积环境相近的情况下,断层断距小于单层砂泥岩厚度和断层断距为单层砂泥岩层厚度的奇数倍时,反向断层目的点的泥质成分明显高于顺向断层;断层断距为单层砂泥岩层厚度的偶数倍时,反向断层目的点的泥质成分与顺向断层相等;在文安斜坡沙一段内反向断层的断层岩泥质含量平均值较顺向断层高6%。(2)为封闭较厚的上盘破碎带,顺向断层形成封闭时所需的临界断距明显大于反向断层,文安斜坡顺向断层风险断距的平均值约为反向断层的1.8倍。(3)理论与实例分析共同证实,反向断层更容易形成侧向封闭,这与油气主要富集在反向断层附近相吻合,但在文安斜坡内断层断距约为单层砂泥岩层厚度的偶数倍,断层岩泥质含量近似相等。这可能是导致文安斜坡顺、反向断层封闭烃柱高度近于一致的主要原因。上述结论可为油气田勘探开发提供有利的指导。

降雨开挖诱发顺层岩质滑坡稳定性与堆积特征

在自然环境与工程建设中,顺层岩质滑坡因其易发、频发、突发等特征,一直是地质灾害领域研究热点之一。以湖北省建始县大包山滑坡为例,综合现场调查、无人机(UAV)摄影等手段,开展含软弱夹层结构面强度弱化规律试验,考虑强度弱化的降雨-开挖联合作用,进行边坡动态稳定性与堆积特征数值模拟分析,探讨边坡破坏诱因,揭示边坡变形机制。主要结论如下:①自然边坡在天然、暴雨工况下稳定性系数分别为1.35和1.20,开挖边坡在天然、暴雨工况下稳定性系数分别为1.04和0.90;最不利工况下,边坡第四级开挖后,发生失稳破坏,诱因为降雨-开挖联合作用;②大包山滑坡破坏模式为典型的滑移-拉裂破坏,即滑坡体前缘侧向隆起,中后缘牵引式滑动,后缘发生拉裂破坏,滑坡体沿软弱结构面整体性顺层平面滑动;③大包山滑坡的变形破坏和启滑运动堆积过程可划分为5个阶段,即裂缝发展贯通阶段、启滑动态响应阶段、整体高速滑动阶段、平台碰撞制动阶段、堆积侧向挤滑阶段;滑坡前缘于坡脚处堆积,堆积距离约15~25 m,整体滑移水平距离约15 m,滑坡最大位移量高达30 m。研究成果对类似顺层岩质滑坡研究具有一定参考价值。

珠海市南水镇金龙边坡变形破坏特征及稳定性评价

边坡稳定性分析评价是边坡调查评价过程中一个不可或缺的环节。以珠海市金龙边坡为研究对象,分析了边坡的发育特征、影响因素、形成机制。在查明边坡岩土体出露及结构特征基础上,根据典型断面C、ϕ值反演分析及敏感性分析结果,确定金龙边坡岩土体物理力学参数,采用极限平衡法对金龙边坡进行稳定性分析评价。评价结果表明:金龙边坡在天然工况下处于欠稳定状态,在饱和及饱和+地震工况下处于不稳定状态。

结构面岩体边坡在循环动力扰动下力学响应特性

为了研究动力扰动下含软弱夹层岩体边坡的稳定性的问题,通过动力扰动下不同倾角结构面岩石试件的室内实验和构建动力扰动下岩体结构面动力学模型,研究了在动力循环扰动下不同倾角结构面岩体的动力响应特性。结果表明:循环扰动下应力-应变曲线是1条封闭的滞后环曲线,它的总的阶段特征为疏-密-疏;当扰动幅值恒定时,岩石变形量随倾角的增大而增大;对同一静载应力作用下同倾角结构面岩石试件而言,岩石结构面扰动破坏应力幅值存在扰动阈值;在扰动幅值小于该阈值的情况下,岩体的塑性变形相对稳定;一旦扰动幅值超过该阈值,试件结构面发生破坏,塑性变形失稳,具体表现为塑性累积与循环次数曲线呈现“S”形;当结构面倾角大于30°时,结构面岩体破坏不仅为材料破坏,还在岩体结构面的交界位置发生剪切破坏导致整个结构面岩石系统的不稳定破坏。

地震荷载下唐家山滑坡动力响应特征及破坏机理研究

为分析北川唐家山滑坡地震动力响应特征和变形破坏机理,通过振动台模型试验和FLAC 3D数值模拟开展研究。研究表明:地震作用下,中缓倾角顺层岩质边坡加速度响应表现出“高程效应”和“趋表效应”。地震波加载频率达20~30 Hz时,坡面各测点加速度响应峰值和坡脚监测点加速度峰值的比值即PGA放大系数呈现显著递增趋势;加载不同振幅地震波,坡面各测点PGA放大系数均呈现递增趋势。坡体失稳表现出明显时间和空间上的差异性,具有多次滑动现象,出现层间错动的多个滑动面。地震作用下该类边坡的破坏模式主要为“拉裂-剪切-滑移”型,破坏过程主要分为层间结构面拉裂、松弛阶段,竖向拉裂缝形成阶段,结构面剪切阶段和整体滑移阶段。研究成果对进一步认识此类边坡动力稳定性影响规律具有一定参考意义,可为防灾减灾和抗震设计提供科学依据。

西藏扎拉水电站陡倾层状岩质边坡稳定性分析及支护设计

为探究陡倾层状岩质边坡支护设计及稳定计算方法,结合扎拉水电站边坡开挖支护工程,通过分析边坡结构类型,研究边坡整体失稳破坏模式,分别考虑锚杆抗拉和抗剪作用,分析锚固力对边坡稳定性的影响规律,探究该边坡顺层滑移稳定性及支护设计方案。计算结果表明:不同规范推荐的安全系数计算方法得到的边坡稳定分析结论基本一致,考虑锚杆抗剪作用计算得到的边坡抗滑稳定安全系数较大,且数值计算分析结果验证了支护设计方案的合理性。研究成果可为类似边坡治理工程提供参考。

老河口市红层边坡崩塌危岩体运动轨迹及冲击能量分析

本文以汉丹铁路沿线切坡形成的陡崖边坡为研究对象,分析危岩段的边坡特征,对危岩体特征进行分类,运用Rockfall软件模拟滚石崩落轨迹,综合预测滚石冲击能量,对老河口地区及同类型红层边坡变形破坏的防治具有指导意义及参考价值。研究表明:区内多数落石的最大水平运动距离在15m左右,最远运动距离接近32m,沿线危岩体直接威胁平台处的汉丹铁路和下方居民建筑安全,不威胁S302省道及省道过往行人和车辆;建议加强沿线专业监测,局部辅以喷浆防护。

安徽铜陵典型岩质顺层滑坡治理方法研究

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