Agricultural Investment Project Decisions Based on an Interactive Preference Disaggregation Model Considering Inconsistency

Agricultural investment project selection is a complex multi-criteria decision-making problem,as agricultural projects are easily influenced by various risk factors,and the evaluation information provided by decisionmakers usually involves uncertainty and inconsistency.Existing literature primarily employed direct preference elicitation methods to address such issues,necessitating a great cognitive effort on the part of decision-makers during evaluation,specifically,determining the weights of criteria.In this study,we propose an indirect preference elicitation method,known as a preference disaggregation method,to learn decision-maker preference models fromdecision examples.To enhance evaluation ease,decision-makers merely need to compare pairs of alternatives with which they are familiar,also known as reference alternatives.Probabilistic linguistic preference relations are employed to account for the presence of incomplete and uncertain information in such pairwise comparisons.To address the inconsistency among a group of decision-makers,we develop a pair of 0-1mixed integer programming models that consider both the semantics of linguistic terms and the belief degrees of decision-makers.Finally,we conduct a case study and comparative analysis.Results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed model in solving agricultural investment project selection problems with uncertain and inconsistent decision information.

Decoding the inconsistency of six cropland maps in China

Accurate cropland information is critical for agricultural planning and production,especially in foodstressed countries like China.Although widely used medium-to-high-resolution satellite-based cropland maps have been developed from various remotely sensed data sources over the past few decades,considerable discrepancies exist among these products both in total area and in spatial distribution of croplands,impeding further applications of these datasets.The factors influencing their inconsistency are also unknown.In this study,we evaluated the consistency and accuracy of six cropland maps widely used in China in circa 2020,including three state-of-the-art 10-m products(i.e.,Google Dynamic World,ESRI Land Cover,and ESA WorldCover)and three 30-m ones(i.e.,GLC_FCS30,GlobeLand 30,and CLCD).We also investigated the effects of landscape fragmentation,climate,and agricultural management.Validation using a ground-truth sample revealed that the 10-m-resolution WorldCover provided the highest accuracy(92.3%).These maps collectively overestimated Chinese cropland area by up to 56%.Up to 37%of the land showed spatial inconsistency among the maps,concentrated mainly in mountainous regions and attributed to the varying accuracy of cropland maps,cropland fragmentation and management practices such as irrigation.Our work shed light on the promotion of future cropland mapping efforts,especially in highly inconsistent regions.

Mathematical Modeling of the Co-Infection Dynamics of HIV and Tuberculosis Incorporating Inconsistency in HIV Treatment

A non-linear HIV-TB co-infection has been formulated and analyzed. The positivity and invariant region has been established. The disease free equilibrium and its stability has been determined. The local stability was determined and found to be stable under given conditions. The basic reproduction number was obtained and according to findings, co-infection diminishes when this number is less than unity, and persists when the number is greater than unity. The global stability of the endemic equilibrium was calculated. The impact of HIV on TB was established as well as the impact of TB on HIV. Numerical solution was also done and the findings indicate that when the rate of HIV treatment increases the latent TB increases while the co-infected population decreases. When the rate of HIV treatment decreases the latent TB population decreases and the co-infected population increases. Encouraging communities to prioritize the consistent treatment of HIV infected individuals must be emphasized in order to reduce the scourge of HIV-TB co-infection.

About the Strange Tree Paradox and Possible Inconsistency of Set Theory

The existence of “strange trees” is proven and their paradoxical nature is discussed, due to which set theory is suspected of being contradictory. All proofs rely on informal set-theoretic reasoning, but without using elements that were prohibited in axiomatic set theories in order to overcome the difficulties encountered by Cantor’s naive set theory. Therefore, in fact, the article deals with the possible inconsistency of existing axiomatic set theories, in particular, the ZFC theory. Strange trees appear when uncountable cardinals appear.

Individual consistency in spatiotemporal characteristics of migratory Whimbrels in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway

Many migratory birds exhibit interannual consistency in migration schedules,routes and stopover sites.Detecting the interannual consistency in spatiotemporal characteristics helps understand the maintenance of migration and enables the implementation of targeted conservation measures.We tracked the migration of Whimbrel(Numenius phaeopus)in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway and collected spatiotemporal data from individuals that were tracked for at least two years.Wilcoxon non-parametric tests were used to compare the interannual variations in the dates of departure from and arrival at breeding/nonbreeding sites,and the inter-annual variation in the longitudes when the same individual across the same latitudes.Whimbrels exhibited a high degree of consistency in the use of breeding,nonbreeding,and stopover sites between years.The variation of arrival dates at nonbreeding sites was significantly larger than that of the departure dates from nonbreeding and breeding sites.Repeatedly used stopover sites by the same individuals in multiple years were concentrated in the Yellow Sea coast during northward migration,but were more widespread during southward migration.The stopover duration at repeatedly used sites was significantly longer than that at sites used only once.When flying across the Yellow Sea,Whimbrels breeding in Sakha(Yakutia)exhibited the highest consistency in migration routes in both autumn and spring.Moreover,the consistency in migration routes of Yakutia breeding birds was generally higher than that of birds breeding in Chukotka.Our results suggest that the northward migration schedule of the Whimbrels is mainly controlled by endogenous factors,while the southward migration schedule is less affected by endogenous factors.The repeated use of stopover sites in the Yellow Sea coast suggests this region is important for the migration of Whimbrel,and thus has high conservation value.

Differentiating consistency of meningioma based on grey-level histogram analysis of T2WI

Objective To observe the value of grey-level histogram analysis based on T2WI for differentiating consistency of meningioma.Methods Data of 109 patients with meningioma were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into hard group(n=71)and soft group(n=38)according to the consistency of tumors.Tumor ROI was outlined on axial T2WI showing the largest tumor section,gray levels were extracted and histogram analysis was performed.The value of each histogram parameter were compared between groups.Then receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn,and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated to evaluate the efficiency for differentiating soft and hard meningioma.Results P 1,P 10,P 50,P 90,P 99 and the mean grey levels on T2WI in soft group were all higher than those in hard group(all P<0.05),while the variance,the kurtosis and the skewness were not significantly different between groups(all P>0.05).The differentiating efficiency of P 1,P 10,P 50,P 90,P 99 and the mean grey levels on T2WI were all fine,with AUC of 0.774 to 0.833,and no significant difference was found(all P>0.05).Conclusion Parameters of grey-level histogram analysis such as P 1,P 10,P 50,P 90,P 99 and the mean values based on T2WI were all valuable for differentiating soft and hard meningioma.

Cross-Modal Consistency with Aesthetic Similarity for Multimodal False Information Detection

With the explosive growth of false information on social media platforms, the automatic detection of multimodalfalse information has received increasing attention. Recent research has significantly contributed to multimodalinformation exchange and fusion, with many methods attempting to integrate unimodal features to generatemultimodal news representations. However, they still need to fully explore the hierarchical and complex semanticcorrelations between different modal contents, severely limiting their performance detecting multimodal falseinformation. This work proposes a two-stage detection framework for multimodal false information detection,called ASMFD, which is based on image aesthetic similarity to segment and explores the consistency andinconsistency features of images and texts. Specifically, we first use the Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training(CLIP) model to learn the relationship between text and images through label awareness and train an imageaesthetic attribute scorer using an aesthetic attribute dataset. Then, we calculate the aesthetic similarity betweenthe image and related images and use this similarity as a threshold to divide the multimodal correlation matrixinto consistency and inconsistencymatrices. Finally, the fusionmodule is designed to identify essential features fordetectingmultimodal false information. In extensive experiments on four datasets, the performance of the ASMFDis superior to state-of-the-art baseline methods.

Identifying Brand Consistency by Product Differentiation Using CNN

This paper presents a new method of using a convolutional neural network(CNN)in machine learning to identify brand consistency by product appearance variation.In Experiment 1,we collected fifty mouse devices from the past thirty-five years from a renowned company to build a dataset consisting of product pictures with pre-defined design features of their appearance and functions.Results show that it is a challenge to distinguish periods for the subtle evolution of themouse devices with such traditionalmethods as time series analysis and principal component analysis(PCA).In Experiment 2,we applied deep learning to predict the extent to which the product appearance variation ofmouse devices of various brands.The investigation collected 6,042 images ofmouse devices and divided theminto the Early Stage and the Late Stage.Results show the highest accuracy of 81.4%with the CNNmodel,and the evaluation score of brand style consistency is 0.36,implying that the brand consistency score converted by the CNN accuracy rate is not always perfect in the real world.The relationship between product appearance variation,brand style consistency,and evaluation score is beneficial for predicting new product styles and future product style roadmaps.In addition,the CNN heat maps highlight the critical areas of design features of different styles,providing alternative clues related to the blurred boundary.The study provides insights into practical problems for designers,manufacturers,and marketers in product design.It not only contributes to the scientific understanding of design development,but also provides industry professionals with practical tools and methods to improve the design process and maintain brand consistency.Designers can use these techniques to find features that influence brand style.Then,capture these features as innovative design elements and maintain core brand values.

Mathematical Modeling of HIV Investigating the Effect of Inconsistent Treatment

HIV is a retrovirus that infects and impairs the cells and functions of the immune system. It has caused a great challenge to global public health systems and leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), if not attended to in good time. Antiretroviral therapy is used for managing the virus in a patient’s lifetime. Some of the symptoms of the disease include lean body mass and many opportunistic infections. This study has developed a SIAT mathematical model to investigate the impact of inconsistency in treatment of the disease. The arising non-linear differential equations have been obtained and analyzed. The DFE and its stability have been obtained and the study found that it is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than unity. The endemic equilibrium has been obtained and found to be globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is greater than unity. Numerical solutions have been obtained and analyzed to give the trends in the spread dynamics. The inconsistency in treatment uptake has been analyzed through the numerical solutions. The study found that when the treatment rate of those infected increases, it leads to an increase in treatment population, which slows down the spread of HIV and vice versa. An increase in the rate of treatment of those with AIDS leads to a decrease in the AIDS population, the reverse happens when this rate decreases. The study recommends that the community involvement in advocating for consistent treatment of HIV to curb the spread of the disease.

Is inconsistency of α-fetoprotein level a good prognosticator for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence?

AIM: To identify the clinical outcomes of hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with inconsistent α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels which were initially high and then low at recurrence.METHODS: We retrospectively included 178 patients who underwent liver resection with high preoperative AFP levels (≥ 200 ng/dL). Sixty-nine HCC patients had recurrence during follow-up and were grouped by their AFP levels at recurrence: group Ⅰ, AFP ≤ 20 ng/dL (n = 16); group Ⅱ, AFP 20-200 ng/dL (n = 24); and group Ⅲ, AFP ≥ 200 ng/dL (n = 29). Their preoperative clinical characteristics, accumulated recurrence rate, and recurrence-to-death survival rate were compared. Three patients, one in each group, underwentliver resection twice for primary and recurrent HCC. AFP immunohistochemistry of primary and recurrent HCC specimens were examined.RESULTS: In this study, 23% of patients demon-strated normal AFP levels at HCC recurrence. The AFP levels in these patients were initially high. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the three groups except for the mean recur-rence interval (21.8 ± 14.6, 12.3 ± 7.7, 8.3 ± 6.6 mo, respectively, P < 0.001) and survival time (40.2 ± 19.9, 36.1 ± 22.4, 21.9 ± 22.0 mo, respectively, P = 0.013). Tumor size > 5 cm, total bilirubin > 1.2 mg/dL, vessel invasion, Child classification B, group Ⅲ, and recurrence interval < 12 mo, were risk factors for survival rate. Cox regression analysis was performed and vessel invasion, group Ⅲ, and recurrence interval were independent risk factors. The recurrence inter-val was significant longer in group Ⅰ (P < 0.001). The recurrence-to-death survival rate was significantly bet-ter in group Ⅱ (P = 0.016). AFP staining was strong in the primary HCC specimens and was reduced at recur-rence in group Ⅰ specimens.CONCLUSION: Patients in group Ⅰ with inconsistent AFP levels had a longer recurrence interval and worse recurrence-to-death survival rate than those in group Ⅱ. This clinical presentation may be caused by a delay in the detection of HCC recurrence.

Discrete Event System Framework for Fault Diagnosis with Measurement Inconsistency:Case Study of Rogue DHCP Attack

Fault detection and diagnosis(FDD) facilitates reliable operation of systems. Various approaches have been proposed for FDD like Analytical redundancy(AR), Principal component analysis(PCA), Discrete event system(DES) model etc., in the literature. Performance of FDD schemes greatly depends on accuracy of the sensors which measure the system parameters.Due to various reasons like faults, communication errors etc.,sensors may occasionally miss or report erroneous values of some system parameters to FDD engine, resulting in measurement inconsistency of these parameters. Schemes like AR, PCA etc.,have mechanisms to handle measurement inconsistency, however,they are computationally heavy. DES based FDD techniques are widely used because of computational simplicity, but they cannot handle measurement inconsistency efficiently. Existing DES based schemes do not use Measurement inconsistent(MI)parameters for FDD. These parameters are not permanently unmeasurable or erroneous, so ignoring them may lead to weak diagnosis. To address this issue, we propose a Measurement inconsistent discrete event system(MIDES) framework, which uses MI parameters for FDD at the instances they are measured by the sensors. Otherwise, when they are unmeasurable or erroneously reported, the MIDES invokes an estimator diagnoser that predicts the state(s) the system is expected to be in, using the subsequent parameters measured by the other sensors. The efficacy of the proposed method is illustrated using a pumpvalve system. In addition, an MIDES based intrusion detection system has been developed for detection of rogue dynamic host configuration protocol(DHCP) server attack by mapping the attack to a fault in the DES framework.

Atomic Entailment and Atomic Inconsistency and Classical Entailment

In this paper we put forward a new solution of the well-known problem of relevant logics, i.e., we construct an atomic entailment. Hence, we construct a system of predicate calculus based on the atomic entailment. Next, we establish the definition of atomic inconsistency. The atomic inconsistency establishes an infinite class of inconsistent, but non-trivial systems. In this paper we construct the new definition of the classical entailment, into the bargain.

TIME INCONSISTENCY AND REPUTATION IN MONETARY POLICY: A STRATEGIC MODELLING IN CONTINUOUS TIME

This article develops a model to examine the equilibrium behavior of the time inconsistency problem in a continuous time economy with stochastic and endogenized distortion. First, the authors introduce the notion of sequentially rational equilibrium, and show that the time inconsistency problem may be solved with trigger reputation strategies for stochastic setting. The conditions for the existence of sequentially rational equilibrium are provided. Then, the concept of sequentially rational stochastically stable equilibrium is introduced. The authors compare the relative stability between the cooperative behavior and uncooperative behavior, and show that the cooperative equilibrium in this monetary policy game is a sequentially rational stochastically stable equilibrium and the uncooperative equilibrium is sequentially rational stochastically unstable equilibrium. In the long run, the zero inflation monetary policies are inherently more stable than the discretion rules, and once established, they tend to persist for longer periods of the time.

Pitfall of genome-wide association studies: Sources of inconsistency in genotypes and their effects

Personalized medicine will improve heath outcomes and patient satisfaction. However, implementing personalized medicine based on individuals’ biological information is far from simple, requiring genetic biomarkers that are mainly developed and used by the pharmaceutical companies for selecting those patients who benefit more, or have less risk of adverse drug reactions, from a particular drug. Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) aim to identify genetic variants across the human genome that might be utilized as genetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. During the last several years, high-density genotyping SNP arrays have facilitated GWAS that successfully identified common genetic variants associated with a variety of phenotypes. However, each of the identified genetic variants only explains a very small fraction of the underlying genetic contribution to the studied phenotypic trait. The replication studies demonstrated that only a small portion of associated loci in the initial GWAS can be replicated, even within the same populations. Given the complexity of GWAS, multiple sources of Type I (false positive) and Type II (false negative) errors exist. The inconsistency in genotypes that caused either by the genotypeing experiment or by genotype calling process is a major source of the false GWAS findings. Accurate and reproducible genotypes are paramount as inconsistency in genotypes can lead to an inflation of false associations. This article will review the sources of inconsistency in genotypes and discuss its effect in GWAS findings.

Effective Context Inconsistency Elimination Algorithm Based on Feedback and Reliability Distribution for loV

In recent years,context aware technology has been widely used in many fields,such as internet of vehicles(IoV).Consistent context information plays a vital role in adapting a system to rapidly changing situations.However,sensor's precision variance,equipment heterogeneity,network delay and the difference of statistical algorithms can lead to inconsistency context and inappropriate services.In this paper,we present an effective algorithm of context inconsistent elimination which is based on feedback and adjusted basic reliability distribution.Through feedback,each sensor's perception precision can be obtained,and with the adjusted basic reliability distribution scheme,we can make full use of all context information by adjusting the influence of every context on whole judgment based on sensor's perception precision and threshold of sensor's perception precision,and then eliminate context inconsistency.In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed context inconsistency elimination algorithm,context aware rate is defined.The simulation results show that the proposed context inconsistency elimination algorithm can obtain the best context aware rate in most cases for the varied error rates of sensors.

Inconsistency between overall and subgroup analyses

Suppose we have a sample of subjects in two treatment groups.To study the difference of the treatment effects,we can analyse the data using all subjects(overall analysis).We may also divide the subjects into several subgroups based on some covariates of interest(eg,gender),and study the treatment effects within each subgroup.The results of these two analyses may be different or even in opposite directions.In this paper,we give a general sufficient condition of consistency between the overall and subgroup analyses.

Resolving Electron Mass Inconsistency Using Negative Mass

In a previous publication, the author discussed the electron mass and charge inconsistencies resulting from classical models. A model was proposed using classical equations and two opposite charges to resolve the charge inconsistency. The model proposed in that article is modified herein using classical equations to define a model that also resolves the mass inconsistency. The positive mass of the outer shell of the electron core is replaced with a negative mass. The small negatively-charged core at the center still has positive mass.

Inconsistency Quality Products （on Six Sigma Programs） Effect on Customer Loyality： Case Study of Industry ＂Tahu＂

Product ＂Tahu＂ is a traditional food of Sumedang city in Indonesia, and becomes an icon of the city. This study aims to see how consistent the quality of the products developed by small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs） in the prosess six sigma program compliance effect on customer loyalty. The method used in this paper is descriptive exploratory. Based on a sample of 30 SMEs and 143 end-consumers, it showed that inconsistency in the quality common among SMEs with small production capacity size that gives discomfort to the consumer. Inconsistency in the quality values at each of SMEs which are distinguished by the production capacity is 3.301 or unclassified often inconsistent on a small scale SMEs, 3.460 or unclassified SMEs are often inconsistent in size and capacity being 4.227 or inconsistent unclassified rare or likely to be consistent on SMEs the size of the production capacity. Based on calculations using simple regression, suggest that the effect of dimensional consistency of product quality to customer loyalty is at 34%, while the balance of 66% is influenced by other variables such as promotion, competition level, location of the company etc.. It is recommended for further research is to be able to analyze the causes of the high product quality inconsistencies SMEs.

The Inconsistency Between The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

This paper compares Mark Twain’s The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg,in terms of their stylistic and semantic inconsistency,specifically,their narrative technique and moral vision.

On the Inconsistency of Classical Propositional Calculus

The classical propositional calculus(often called also as“zero-order logic”),is the most fundamental two-valued logical system.It is necessary to construct the classical calculus of quantifiers(often called also as“classical calculus of predicates”or“first-order logic”),which is necessary to construct the classical functional calculus.This last one is being used for formalization of the Arithmetic System.At the beginning of this paper,we introduce a notation and we repeat certain well-known notions(among others,the notions of operation of consequence,a system,consistency in the traditional sense,consistency in the absolute sense)and certain well-known theorems.Next,we establish that classical propositional calculus is an inconsistent theory.