An Efficient MMI SOI Splitter with Multimode Input/Output Waveguides

A 1×8 multimode interference power splitter with multimode input/output waveguides in SOI material is designed by the beam propagation method and fabricated by the inductive coupled plasma etching technology for use in fiber optics communication systems.The fabricated device exhibits low loss and good coupling uniformity.The excess loss is lower than 0 8dB,and the uniformity is 0 45dB at the wavelength of 1550nm.Moreover,the polarization dependent loss is lower than 0 7dB at 1550nm.The device size is only 2mm×10mm.

Metabolic Cycles: Effect of a Simultaneous Input and Output of Two Substrates

The metabolic cycle firstly considered here is composed of a unique initial substrate, six enzymes, and five empty boxes to accommodate the substrates derived from the transformation of the initial substrate. This cycle was considered as a pre-Closed Metabolic Cycle (CMC). Using this model, the influence of changing the kinetic constant values of any enzyme on the substrate concentration was explored. This model was transformed into an open metabolic cycle (OMC) by the input and output of two metabolites catalyzed by two external enzymes. In this case, the relative rates of input and output of metabolites were also examined;it can be concluded that the OMC cycles form delicate and fragile structures which can be theoretically disrupted, making them metabolically unfeasible.

A Multi Input Multi Output Converter for Hybrid Energy Systems

Multi input and multi output converters are becoming popular because they are cost effective and compact. This paper proposes a multi input multi output converter for Grid-Solar power integration for uninterrupted power supply. The proposed converter uses four winding transformer with two primary windings and two secondary windings. The grid supply is connected to the first winding of transformer through rectifier-inverter for controlled power transfer. The solar energy is inverted and applied to the second winding of primary. Two output ports are considered. The circuit is designed to get zero current switching during turn-off and zero voltage switching during turn-on to alleviate the switching losses. The simulation results for the proposed configuration are presented in this paper.

BLIND EQUALIZATION OF MIMO SYSTEMS BASED ON ORTHOGONAL CONSTANT MODULUS ALGORITHM

This paper investigates adaptive blind source separation and equalization for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. To effectively recover input signals, remove Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and suppress Inter-User Interference (IUI), the array input is first transformed into the signal subspace, then with the derived orthogonality between weight vectors of different input signals, a new orthogonal Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) is proposed. Computer simulation results illustrate the promising performance of the proposed method. Without channel identification, the proposed method can recover all the system inputs simultaneously and can be adaptive to channel changes without prior knowledge about signals.

Design of Power Amplifier for mm Wave 5G and Beyond

With targets of cost reduction per bit and high energy efficiency,5G and beyond call for innovation in the mmWave transmitter architecture and the power amplifier(PA)circuit.To illustrate these points,this paper firstly explains the benefits and design implications of the hybrid beamforming structure in terms of the mmWave spectrum characteristics,energy efficiency,data rate,communication capacity,coverage and implementation technology choices.Then after reviewing the techniques to improve the power amplifier(PA)output power and efficiency,the design considerations and test results of 60 GHz and 90 GHz mmWave PAs in bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)process are shown.

Validity and Reproducibility of the Garmin Vector Power Meter When Compared to the SRM Device

Mobile power meters allow for cyclists to monitor power output （PO） during training and competition. The Garrnin Vector power meter （VPM） measures PO at the pedal compared to the crank and has been tested in only a few limited studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reproducibility of the VPM by comparing it to the SRM. The VPM validity was tested by （1） a submaximal incremental test, （2） submaximal constant power test, （3） sprint test, and （4） a field test. The reliability of the VPM was tested by repeating the laboratory tests 10 times over a 6 week span. Significant differences （P = 0.046） were found between the mean POSRM （178 ± 1.8 W） and POVPM （163.5 ± 14.7 W） for the submaximal constant-power test. No significant differences were found between the POMAX SRM and the POMAx VPM. The reproducibility of the VPM was lower than the SRM （CV = 8.52 ±4.0 vs 3.48 ± 1.9, 10.66% vs 5.50%, and 67.7% vs 55.3% for the submaximal incremental test, submaximal constant-power test, and field test respectively）. The POVPM appears to underestimate the POSRM and is less valid and reliable across various cycling efforts.

OPTIMAL POWER ALLOCATION WITH AF AND SDF STRATEGIES IN DUAL-HOP COOPERATIVE MIMO NETWORKS

Dual-hop cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) network with multi-relay cooperative communication is introduced. Power allocation problem with Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Selective Decode-and-Forward (SDF) strategies in multi-node scenario are formulated and solved respectively. Optimal power allocation schemes that maximize system capacity with AF strategy are presented. In addition, optimal power allocation methods that minimize asymptotic Symbol Error Rate (SER) with SDF cooperative protocol in multi-node scenario are also proposed. Furthermore, performance comparisons are provided in terms of system capacity and approximate SER. Numerical and simulation results confirm our theoretical analysis. It is revealed that, maximum system capacity could be obtained when powers are allocated optimally with AF protocol, while minimization of system's SER could also be achieved with optimum power allocation in SDF strategy. In multi-node scenario, those optimal power allocation algorithms are superior to conventional equal power allocation schemes.

基于谐波通讯的无线电能与反向信号同步传输技术

针对现有无线电能与反向信号同步传输(simultaneous wireless power and reverse signal transmission,SWPRST)系统存在较大无功功率、负载电压易受信号传输发生波动或需要额外增加高频信号源等问题,提出一种基于谐波通讯的SWPRST技术,通过利用逆变器输出方波电压中的基波分量传输电能,三次谐波分量传输信号。不需要外加高频信号发射电路,实现了可靠的电能与反向信号同步传输。首先,给出基于谐波通讯的SWPRST系统结构,对其工作模式和基本原理进行分析;接着,建立系统等效数学模型,分析系统参数取值对信号与电能传输之间的互扰影响;然后,对信号的调制解调电路进行设计,分析信号检测通道参数对信号传输速率的影响;最后,搭建实验平台对理论分析进行验证,实验结果表明,该方法在有效实现了无线电能与反向信号同步传输的同时,信号无误码率传输速率可达5 kbps,同时系统具有无功小,输出负载电压几乎无波动(电压波动率0.33%)等优点。该方法采用谐波作为信号载体,为多频利用式实现电能与反向信号同步传输系统提供一种新的思路,具有较好的理论意义与实际工程应用价值。

基于DDPG的智能反射面辅助无线携能通信系统性能优化

针对智能反射面(IRS, intelligent reflecting surface)辅助的多输入单输出(MISO, multiple input singleoutput)无线携能通信(SWIPT, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer)系统,考虑基站最大发射功率、IRS反射相移矩阵的单位膜约束和能量接收器的最小能量约束,以最大化信息传输速率为目标,联合优化了基站处的波束成形向量和智能反射面的反射波束成形向量。为解决非凸优化问题,提出了一种基于深度强化学习的深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG, deep deterministic policy gradient)算法。仿真结果表明,DDPG算法的平均奖励与学习率有关,在选取合适的学习率的条件下,DDPG算法能获得与传统优化算法相近的平均互信息,但运行时间明显低于传统的非凸优化算法,即使增加天线数和反射单元数,DDPG算法依然可以在较短的时间内收敛。这说明DDPG算法能有效地提高计算效率,更适合实时性要求较高的通信业务。

无线电能传输系统最大效率追踪及恒压输出复合控制方法

针对无线电能传输(WPT)系统的传输效率受耦合线圈之间的互感以及负载影响的特点,该文提出一种基于阻抗匹配技术的最大效率追踪及基于前馈PI控制的恒压输出复合控制方法。首先,对双边LCC型WPT系统的参数和传输效率进行分析,通过调整系统参数优化系统的传输效率。其次,在二次侧使用DC-DC变换器采用阻抗匹配的方法实现最大效率追踪,同时在一次侧采用DC-DC变换器利用前馈PI控制器闭环控制负载端电压实现恒压输出。该方法中,效率追踪和电压控制之间相互独立,互不干扰。此外,该方法还通过系统工作时的电路参数来估算线圈间的互感值,并通过线性拟合的方法对该估算互感值进行修正,得到更精确的互感估算值。最后,通过搭建实验平台验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。与PI控制相比,前馈PI控制方法在快速性和抗扰动性上均具有明显优势。

基于SWIPT的无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统能量效率研究

无小区大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)与非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)都是未来6G的使能技术。无线携能通信(Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer,SWIPT)技术在进行信息解码的同时收集能量,与无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA优势互补。文中基于SWIPT研究无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统中的能量效率问题,通过联合优化功率分配系数和SWIPT的时隙切换(Time Switching,TS)系数,提高系统的能量效率。为了最大化能量效率,采用布谷鸟算法设计功率分配系数。考虑一种特殊情况,将所有终端的TS系数设置相同,进而推导了最佳TS系数的封闭表达式。仿真结果表明,相较于几种已有方案,文中提出的优化方案可以显著提升系统的能量效率。

具有无线携能技术的MIMO-NOMA系统

用户干扰降低了毫米波大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)非正交多址接入(NOMA)系统的频谱效率和能量效率,针对这一问题,提出将无线携能技术(SWIPT)引入基于混合预编码(HP)的MIMO-NOMA系统,并设计了用户分组、混合预编码以及功率分配方案。首先,提出了簇头选择算法,以设计模拟预编码,基于等效信道相关性进行用户分组,并最大化等效信道增益设计数字预编码;其次,为追求用户间的公平性,提出一种基于二分的功率分配方案,以实现最小可达速率最大化。理论分析和仿真结果表明,信噪比(SNR)为5dB时,相较于现有的具有无限携能的正交多址方案,所提方案在全连接架构下频谱效率提升约24.8%,在子连接架构下能量效率提升约24.6%。

基于等价输入干扰的分布式光伏电源出力控制策略

分布式电源能够改善配电网潮流分布,使得电力系统具有更高的能源利用率以及灵活性,然而分布式电源的不合理出力则难以充分发挥自身优势,并且死区效应、电网电压畸变及系统参数不确定性等不确定性扰动也会对电力系统的可靠性构成严重威胁。针对此问题,提出了基于改进的等价输入干扰方法(improvedequivalentinputdisturbance,IEID)的分布式电源出力控制方法。其中上层优化结构以配电网网损最小为目标,建立配电网优化降损模型并求解得到分布式电源出力值;下层控制结构基于所提IEID设计分布式电源控制策略,把模型耦合项、死区效应、网压畸变及系统参数不确定性等干扰对系统输出的影响等价到输入通道上,并对其进行估计和补偿,能够有效地抑制未知扰动并高精度跟踪上层输出的出力值,极大地改善并网电能质量。以某21节点真实居民配电网为算例,仿真结果表明所提方法具有较好的扰动抑制能力,能够自主平稳出力,降低配电网网损。

基于白箱树突网络的电压灵敏度实时计算方法

由于传统电压灵敏度计算需要以知晓精确网络参数为前提,近年来各类基于数据驱动的电压灵敏度拟合方法被相继提出。但现有方法针对新运行场景需要重复所有回归操作才能获得精确的灵敏度值,因此无法真正应用于灵敏度的实时计算。该文提出一种基于树突网络(dendrite net,DN)的电压灵敏度实时计算方法,基于DN拟合等价于泰勒展开的白箱性质,建立适用于任意运行场景的系统状态参数至节点电压的端到端映射。通过对基于DN的节点电压显性表达式进行提取和求导,最终形成只包含极少计算量的电压灵敏度显性表达式,将灵敏度计算速度提升至微秒级。其次,在基于DN的节点电压显性表达式中,各输入的一阶分量系数在任意运行场景下均保持恒定,可直接作为评判节点电压与状态参数相关性的评价指标。基于IEEE 118节点系统等3个不同规模算例的仿真计算结果证明该文方法的正确性和优越性。

面向混合波束成形结构的改进SLM算法

在大规模多输入多输出系统中,峰均功率比(PAPR)是影响发射机性能的主要因素之一。传统的PAPR降低方法都是基于全数字编码结构,无法有效地降低混合波束成形结构中发射天线端信号的PAPR。为解决这一问题,提出一种改进选择性映射(SLM)算法,该方法对输入信号进行独立的相位旋转并计算发射天线端信号的PAPR,最后选取PAPR最小的一组信号进行发送。此外,还分析了使用该算法下发射天线端信号PAPR的上界和下界。理论分析与仿真结果显示,改进SLM算法能够有效地降低混合波束成形结构发射天线端信号的PAPR。

一种防空服务质量模型下的集中式多输入多输出雷达三维机动跟踪功率分配方法

针对防空作战中现有多功能雷达功率资源利用率低的问题,提出一种基于服务质量(Quanlity of Service,QoS)模型的三维机动跟踪功率分配方法以差异化标准提升多目标跟踪性能。将目标三维机动模型建立为自适应当前统计模型,通过将加速度协方差与估计误差协方差矩阵相关联以实现自适应调整。在此基础上,对三维跟踪下的贝叶斯克拉美罗下界进行推导,并将其作为跟踪误差衡量指标。通过构建关于目标威胁度与期望跟踪精度的函数关系,建立防空QoS模型下的闭环功率优化分配机制。证明所构建功率优化分配模型是凸优化问题,并进一步转化为半正定规划问题进行求解。仿真结果表明,相对于传统功率分配方法,所提方法能显著提高全局跟踪效能。

带有LC串联谐振功率自均衡单元的模块化光伏直流升压变换器

该文基于半有源桥(SAB)结构,提出一种带有LC串联谐振功率自均衡单元的输入独立输出串联(IIOS)型光伏直流升压变换器。该变换器采用半有源桥隔离变换器作为子模块单元,实现输入输出电气隔离以及最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制,并通过多个子模块单元输出串联实现端口电压匹配以满足直流并网要求。在LC功率均衡支路作用下,该变换器能实现各子模块输出端口的均压控制,控制方法简单,二次侧通过器件复用进一步减少了开关管使用数量,且原二次侧所有开关管均能实现零电压开通(ZVS),效率较高。针对起动时可能产生的系统过电流及谐振电容过电压问题,提出软起动控制策略,保证了系统的可靠性。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真证明了所提变换器工作原理和子模块输出均压方法的可行性,最后通过搭建输出功率600 W三模块小型样机进行了实验验证。

高抗偏移集成LCC-S型无线电能传输系统研究

为了进一步提高LCC-S型无线电能传输(WPT)系统的抗偏移性能,设计了一种高抗偏移集成LCC-S型的WPT系统。首先,通过对集成LCC-S型电路进行分析,得出集成LCC-S型电路内3个耦合系数与电压增益的关系。其次,在Ansys Maxwell软件上对所选耦合机构进行仿真,初步证明了集成LCC-S型具有优越的抗偏移特性。最后,搭建了一台150 W的实验样机,实验结果证明了集成LCC-S型系统能够在偏移较大范围内实现恒压输出,证明了系统抗偏移特性的有效性。

单相无桥功率因数校正变换器拓扑族推演回顾与性能分类总结

随着多种节能标准与低碳政策的实施,单相无桥功率因数校正(power factor correction,PFC)拓扑受到更多关注。目前,虽然多种无桥拓扑已被提出并被应用于不同应用场合,但尚未有文献系统地概述这类无桥PFC拓扑结构特点并开展拓扑性能分析。该文通过将双变换单元进行输入并联输出并联(input-parallel output-parallel,IPOP)、输入并联输出串联(input-parallel output-series,IPOS),提出无桥拓扑族系统推演方法以及无桥拓扑IPOP与IPOS的分类。同时,以6种变换单元为例,推演28种无桥拓扑并作相关拓扑概述,说明无桥拓扑族系统推演方法的普适性。其次,通过对称性与对偶性,进一步简化无桥拓扑族的器件数量。然后,筛选出12种主要无桥拓扑与传统有桥拓扑比较,并分别介绍12种无桥拓扑性能特点。最后,基于性能对比结果,归纳IPOS与IPOP两类拓扑的优缺点与适用场景。

虚拟多输入多输出无线电能与信息同步传输技术

在无线通信系统中,多输入多输出(MIMO)天线技术可有效提高信号传输速率和信道利用率。传统的能量调制式无线电能与信息同步传输(SWPIT)技术主要依赖单输入单输出线圈实现系统的供电和通信,难以实现多路并行通信。该文针对需要多信号接收器的无线供电场景,提出一种虚拟MIMO-SWPIT技术以满足多端通信的需求。所提系统可在两种状态下工作:当仅需无线供电时,系统工作在谐振状态进行高效电能传输;当需要通信时,通过控制逆变器开关信号的相移角和频率,在发射线圈中构造非标准正弦多载波(即虚拟多输入),以其中的基波和谐波分量作为通信载波传输信息。系统接收回路对基波和谐波所携带的信息进行解调(即虚拟多输出),同时谐波分量可用于负载供电。搭建的实验样机实现了稳定的电能与双通道信息并行同步传输,通信时电压波动低于3%,每路通道信息传输速率为4.0 kbit/s,验证了所提方案的可行性。