Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Power Consumption and Metzner-Otto Constant for Impeller of 6PBT

Majority of non-Newtonian fluids are pseudoplastic with shear-thinning property, which means that the viscosity will be different in different parts of the stirred tank. In such mixing process, it is difficult to predict accurately the power consumption and mean shear rate for designing novel impeller. Metzner-Otto method is a widely accepted method to solve these questions in mixing non-Newtonian fluids. As a result, Metzner-Otto constant will become a key factor to achieve an optimum way of economical mixing. In this paper, taking glycerine and xanthan gum solutions as research system, the power consumption, stirred by the impeller composed of perturbed six-bent-bladed turbine （6PBT） with differently geometrical characteristics in a cylindrical vessel, is studied by means of computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. The flow is modeled as laminar and a multiple reference frame （MRF） approach is used to solve the discretized equations of motion. In order to determine the capability of CFD to forecast the flow process, the torque test experiment is used to measure the glycerine solution power consumption. The theological properties of the xanthan gum solutions are determined by a Brookfleld rheometer. It is observed that the power consumption predicted by numerical simulation agrees well with those measured using torque experiment method in stirring glycerine solution, which validate the numerical model. Metzner-Otto constant is almost not correlated with the flow behavior index of pseudoplastic fluids. This paper establishes the complete correlations of power constant and Metzner-Otto constant with impeller geometrical characteristics through linear regression analysis, which provides the valuable instructions and references for accurately predicting the power consumption and mean shear rate of pseudoplastic fluids in laminar flow, comparatively.

A Computational Study on the Discharge Characteristics of Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharges at a Constant Power

The study on homogeneous DBDs at atmospheric pressure has attracted much attention for their advantages in applications. Tremendous work has been conducted both experimentally and numerically at a constant applied voltage or driving frequency. However the investigation of dielectric barrier discharges is still scarce for a constant power or power density. In this work, a new computational approach for DBDs is developed to explore atmospheric DBDs at a constant power based on a one-dimensional fluid model. The frequency and gap spacing effects on the atmospheric plasmas are systematically analyzed based on computational data. The computational results show that at a constant power both the current density and the amplitude of the applied voltage decrease, whereas the current pulse width increases, with increasing frequency. The simulation also indicates that as the gap spacing is raised with a fixed power and frequency, the current density and electron density increase initially, then reach their peak values, and then decrease, which means that there are maximum values for both of them. These results are significant for many industrial applications, as they can be used to optimize plasma devices of DBDs with the consideration of power consumption.

State-of-charge Balance Control and Safe Region Analysis for Distributed Energy Storage Systems with Constant Power Loads

This paper presents a fully distributed state-of-charge balance control (DSBC) strategy for a distributed energy storage system (DESS). In this framework, each energy storage unit (ESU) processes the state-of-charge (SoC) information from its neighbors locally and adjusts the virtual impedance of the droop controller in real-time to change the current sharing. It is shown that the SoC balance of all ESUs can be achieved. Due to virtual impedance, voltage deviation of the bus occurs inevitably and increases with load power. Meanwhile, widespread of the constant power load (CPL) in the power system may cause instability. To ensure reliable operation of DESS under the proposed DSBC, the concept of the safe region is put forward. Within the safe region, DESS is stable and voltage deviation is acceptable. The boundary conditions of the safe region are derived from the equivalent model of DESS, in which stability is analyzed in terms of modified Brayton-Moser's criterion. Both simulations and hardware experiments verify the accuracy of the safe region and effectiveness of the proposed DSBC strategy.

基于频率切换实现恒流/恒压输出的电场耦合无线电能传输系统

电场耦合无线电能传输(electric-field coupled wireless power transfer,EC-WPT)技术的实际应用中,有些用电设备需要系统具有不同的恒定输出特性(恒流/恒压),即系统输出电压或输出电流与负载解耦,此外,系统还需具备在恒流、恒压模式间按需切换的功能。针对该需求,基于LC-CLC谐振网络提出1种具有恒流/恒压输出特性的EC-WPT系统,分析LC-CLC谐振网络特性,推导恒流/恒压输出特性的实现条件以及恒流频率和恒压频率的计算方法,并给出系统参数设计方法,分析系统对工作频率的敏感性。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提出的EC-WPT系统恒流/恒压输出特性及其参数设计方法的正确性和有效性。实验结果表明所提出的系统在输入电压恒定的不同负载工况下分别实现2 A的恒流输出以及96 V的恒压输出,其最大传输效率分别为87.83%及88.17%。

带恒功率负载多电平Buck变换器逆解耦自适应滑模控制

针对带恒功率负载(CPL)多电平Buck变换器的强耦合问题及负阻抗特性引起的不稳定问题,提出一种逆解耦自适应滑模控制策略。建立带CPL多电平Buck变换器的非线性数学模型,基于逆系统方法证明系统的可逆性,并推导逆系统表达式,将模型线性化解耦为多个伪线性子系统,抵消负阻抗特性的影响。通过选取线性滑模面和指数趋近律以减弱滑模抖振,并将自适应机制引入到滑模控制中,进而为线性子系统分别设计自适应滑模控制器,进一步提高系统控制性能。基于李雅普诺夫理论对控制系统的稳定性和鲁棒性进行验证。与现有控制方法进行比较,仿真结果表明,所提控制策略具有更强的鲁棒性和优越性。最后,搭建原理样机进行实验对比,实验结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。

A Review of State-of-the-art Flexible Power Point Tracking Algorithms in Photovoltaic Systems for Grid Support:Classification and Application

To maximize conversion efficiency,photovoltaic(PV)systems generally operate in the maximum power point tracking(MPPT)mode.However,due to the increasing penetra tion level of PV systems,there is a need for more developed control functions in terms of frequency support services and voltage control to maintain the reliability and stability of the power grid.Therefore,flexible active power control is a manda tory task for grid-connected PV systems to meet part of the grid requirements.Hence,a significant number of flexible pow er point tracking(FPPT)algorithms have been introduced in the existing literature.The purpose of such algorithms is to real ize a cost-effective method to provide grid support functional ities while minimizing the reliance on energy storage systems.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of grid support functionalities that can be obtained with the FPPT control of PV systems such as frequency support and volt-var control.Each of these grid support functionalities necessitates PV sys tems to operate under one of the three control strategies,which can be provided with FPPT algorithms.The three control strate gies are classified as:①constant power generation control(CP GC),②power reserve control(PRC),and③power ramp rate control(PRRC).A detailed discussion on available FPPT algo rithms for each control strategy is also provided.This paper can serve as a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art FPPT algorithms that can equip PV systems with various grid support functionalities.

具备故障重构能力的双极直流接口变换器最优运行区域

中低压直流配电系统中,现有的双极直流接口变换器通常无法在进入单极运行模式下实现故障阻断与重构功能。基于一种互联分布式电源与双极直流系统的故障重构型直流接口变换器拓扑,分析单双极性运行模式的工作性能。在正常的双极运行模式下,变换器通过最小峰值电流控制策略,实现开关器件电流应力有效降低。在短路故障导致的单极运行模式下,变换器通过故障重构策略与恒功率传输控制策略,消除短路故障对正常端口的不利影响,维持关键负荷的连续供电。同时给出变换器在单双极模式的优化控制策略下的软开关运行区域,从而精确刻画出变换器的最优运行区域。实验结果证明理论分析的正确性,研究工作有助于指导中低压直流配电系统的工程实践。

基于元件原理解析的掘进机液压系统故障诊断

当前矿用掘进机已向智能化和掘锚探一体化方向发展,使得其液压系统更加复杂。针对掘进机液压系统中关键元件结构原理复杂、故障机理分析专业性强、故障排查与处理难度大、效率低等问题,阐述了关键、复杂元件的功能特征,分析了其结构与工作原理。在此基础上总结了掘进机液压系统典型故障现象与特征,详细分析了故障的诱因及处理方法,提出了故障预防的措施,可为掘进机液压系统设计、使用、维护者在系统优化、故障高效判断及排除方面提供参考。

考虑构网型和跟网型变流器的孤岛微电网小信号稳定性分析

由电力电子设备主导的孤岛微电网面临系统惯量小、无频率支持而导致的稳定性问题,恒功率负荷的渗透也加剧了系统的失稳风险。研究了由构网型变流器和跟网型变流器为主导的,计及恒功率负荷的孤岛微电网稳定性。首先,建立了孤岛微电网系统的全阶小信号模型,通过特征值分析法研究了构网型变流器控制中下垂系数对稳定性的影响并得到了下垂系数的数值上界;其次,通过参与因子法揭示了系统参数和控制参数对小信号稳定性的影响;最后,在Matlab Simulink中建立了该孤岛微电网的开关模型,仿真验证了小信号分析结果的准确性。

脉冲恒功率负载直流系统的切换稳定性分析

带脉冲恒功率负载的直流供电系统(DC power supply system with pulse constant power load,PCPL-DCPS)运行过程随脉冲参数的变化包含多种不同运行状态。目前电力系统单模态大信号稳定性分析方法无法适用于中高频状态脉冲负载的稳定性分析。为此,提出了一种结合切换理论和混合势函数法的统一大信号稳定性分析方法。该方法以快慢切换驻留时间为界,划分了切换系统快慢切换稳定域,并以满足不同驻留时间为条件,提出不同域的大信号稳定性分析原则。以PCPL-DCPS为研究对象进行仿真试验,对比单模态稳定性判据和渐进稳定域域界,验证了快慢切换稳定域界划分和分析方法更合理,并进一步将切换系统稳定性与脉冲频率关联,得到了更为统一和直观的表达式。所述方法适用于全时段的切换电力系统,也可扩展应用到带脉冲负载的交流供电系统的稳定性研究中,进一步指导脉冲负载的峰值功率、脉冲频率等参数的选取。

基于PI控制的内燃动车组柴油机恒功率控制技术

柴油机在非恒功率输出时,不仅燃料效率低,而且可能会产生较大的机械应力,导致机械部件的磨损和破坏。为确保内燃动车组柴油机高效运行,基于内燃动车组柴油发电机组恒功率输出的运行模式,文章提出了一种比例-积分控制方法,实现了负载侧牵引系统功率稳定跟随柴油发电机组的输出功率目标值,通过负载侧恒功率运行保障发电机组的恒功率稳定输出,从而提高柴油机燃油经济性。经过仿真及试验测试验证,采用此控制方法,负载功率稳态波动在±2%以内,实现了内燃动车组柴油机恒功率运行及负载功率对目标值的实时跟随。

提升新型电力系统调频能力的受控负荷阻尼因子控制器

建设以新能源为主体的新型电力系统是实现碳达峰和碳中和的有效途径。随着可再生能源发电的大规模建设并入网,常规以化石能源为燃料的大型发电机组将会被逐步替换,这种情况将导致新型电力系统的调频与调峰面临着巨大的压力。同时随着用电负荷设备中电力电子的渗透和自动化水平的提升,在电力系统调频中使用的负荷阻尼常数D,即负荷有功对系统频率变化的自然响应,也发生了相当大的改变。很多单个家用电器及其组合对系统频率的变化不响应或基本不响应,这意味着负荷阻尼常数D会变得很小。由此,提出1种受控负荷阻尼因子的新概念、控制器的设计理论和实现方法,将大幅提升负荷有功功率对系统频率变化的受控响应,有效增强了新型电力系统的调频能力。根据2021年全国负荷水平计算,按照所提理论,可以给全国电网增加的调频容量达到(15000~20000)MW/0.1Hz,为解决大规模可再生能源发电接入电网面临的调频难题提供理论和技术支撑。

基于恒压源的等效负载功率稳定控制电路

为解决负载波动对远程供电系统带来的不利影响,增强系统的稳定性,研究设计了基于恒压源的等效负载功率稳定控制电路基本模型,可在实际负载阻值发生任意变化时使相对于电源的等效负载保持稳定。通过对电路进行分析建模、仿真模拟与实验,验证了该基本模型电路的可行性和有效性。

基于负载变流器控制带宽的直流系统稳定性分析

针对负载变流器经线路聚合至共母线直流系统后,其线路电感与负载变流器输入滤波电容构成的LC振荡环节落入负载变流器控制带宽内,从而导致整个共母线直流系统发生非预期失稳的现象,提出了负载子系统自稳性判据。首先,建立了负载侧计及线路影响的恒功率负载模型,研究了负载变流器控制带宽对共母线直流系统稳定性的影响。然后,确定了负载变流器的控制带宽选取范围,使得计及线路影响的恒功率负载阻抗在LC振荡频率处的阻尼为正,进而确保整个共母线直流系统稳定。最后,硬件在环仿真的实验结果验证了负载变流器控制带宽对系统稳定性影响理论分析的有效性。

基于固定时间滑模的直流微电网系统电压控制

针对含有恒功率负载的直流微电网系统,为了抑制恒功率负载的负阻抗性造成的系统直流母线电压振荡现象,采用固定时间滑模控制方法研究直流母线电压的控制问题。首先,建立含恒功率负载和储能单元的直流微电网系统的数学模型;其次,结合固定时间稳定性理论,设计积分型滑模面,在此基础上构造固定时间滑模控制器,通过对系统状态进行可达性分析,给出系统收敛时间上界的估计值;然后,通过对滑动模态进行稳定性分析,结合线性矩阵不等式求解得到控制器增益;最后,以含有2个恒功率负载和1个储能单元的直流微电网系统为例进行仿真实验,仿真结果表明,所设计控制器能够有效抑制恒功率负载扰动对直流母线电压带来的不良影响。

多中继无线供电系统线圈-电路参数优化设计研究

多中继无线供电系统包含线圈自感、互感、内阻、工作频率、补偿电容等众多设计参数。在满足负载功率需求的前提下,如何优化这些参数来设计系统输入输出特性并提升系统效率仍不明确。为此,该文以系统传输效率最优为目标,以同时实现恒压输出和零相角(zero phase angle,ZPA)输入特性为约束条件,提出了一种多中继无线供电系统线圈-电路参数优化设计方法。首先,基于二端口网络模型分析了恒压输出和ZPA输入的实现条件,以及传输效率的关键影响因素;其次,基于耦合系数与品质因数乘积指标对宽频率范围内的线圈最优匝数进行了分析;并根据所得到的最优线圈参数,提出了考虑恒压输出与ZPA输入特性的系统电路参数优化设计方法;最后,基于优化的线圈和电路参数搭建了一套五线圈无线供电系统样机,对线圈特性、输入输出特性以及系统效率进行了实验,验证了所提出参数优化设计方法的有效性。

基于斯皮尔曼相关系数和系统惯量的中国电网停电事故趋势预测

在能源形势紧张和绿色发展的背景下,全球范围内的新能源发电规模在不断扩大。然而近年来国外发生的几起大规模停电事故说明了新能源的广泛接入给电力系统的安全运行带来了新的挑战。与此同时,中国提出“3060”双碳目标和建设以新能源为主的新型电力系统目标,使得电网中新能源装机发展迅猛,导致电力系统惯量水平下降,电网运行的风险水平进一步提高。为更好地认识电网的停电事故和惯量水平之间的关系,该文分析中国电网年均停电事故损失负荷与系统惯性常数之间的相关性。首先,基于斯皮尔曼相关系数对中国电网年均停电事故损失负荷绝对值和相对值与系统惯性常数进行相关性分析。其次,分析随着时间推移,中国电网年均停电事故损失负荷与系统惯性常数两者相关性的变化情况。然后,在宏观层面,预测中国电网未来年均停电事故损失负荷的发展趋势。

Active stabilization methods of electric power systems with constant power loads:a review

Modern electric power systems have increased the usage of switching power converters.These tightly regulated switching power converters behave as constant power loads(CPLs).They exhibit a negative incremental impedance in small signal analysis.This negative impedance degrades the stability margin of the interaction between CPLs and their feeders,which is known as the negative impedance instability problem.The feeder can be an LC input filter or an upstream switching converter.Active damping methods are preferred for the stabilization of the system.This is due to their higher power efficiency over passive damping methods.Based on different sources of damping effect,this paper summarizes and classifies existing active damping methods into three categories.The paper further analyzes and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each active damping method.

Covert Communication in Integrated High Altitude Platform Station Terrestrial Networks

In recent years,Internet of Things(IoT)technology has emerged and gradually sprung up.As the needs of largescale IoT applications cannot be satisfied by the fifth generation(5G)network,wireless communication network needs to be developed into the sixth generation(6G)network.However,with the increasingly prominent security problems of wireless communication networks such as 6G,covert communication has been recognized as one of the most promising solutions.Covert communication can realize the transmission of hidden information between both sides of communication to a certain extent,which makes the transmission content and transmission behavior challenging to be detected by noncooperative eavesdroppers.In addition,the integrated high altitude platform station(HAPS)terrestrial network is considered a promising development direction because of its flexibility and scalability.Based on the above facts,this article investigates the covert communication in an integrated HAPS terrestrial network,where a constant power auxiliary node is utilized to send artificial noise(AN)to realize the covert communication.Specifically,the covert constraint relationship between the transmitting and auxiliary nodes is derived.Moreover,the closed-form expressions of outage probability(OP)and effective covert communication rate are obtained.Finally,numerical results are provided to verify our analysis and reveal the impacts of critical parameters on the system performance.

计及储能的低惯量电力系统频率特性分析

双碳目标下,电源结构清洁低碳转型将成为我国未来电力系统必然发展趋势,随着风光资源大规模开发利用,新能源发电装机比例持续快速增长,系统逐步呈现“低惯量”特征,频率安全稳定面临挑战。该文首先阐述系统惯量的重要量化表征指标之一——惯性时间常数的物理意义。基于电源装机结构,分析我国电力系统惯性时间常数的演化趋势。基于经典频率响应模型,给出计及储能的电力系统频率响应模型,借助传递函数推导开展频率稳态及动态特性分析,并给出功率缺额扰动下系统频率输出表达式;在此基础上,围绕频率跌落最低点,剖析储能及系统惯性时间常数对于抑制低惯量电力系统频率下降风险的作用规律,并结合时域仿真开展不同惯量水平下场景仿真论证。研究表明,储能通过直接减小系统不平衡功率,可快速有效抑制频率变化,且惯性时间常数越小的系统,效果越为显著。