Effects of heavy metal ions Cu^(2+)/Pb^(2+)/Zn^(2+)on kinetic rate constants of struvite crystallization

Struvite(MAP)crystallization technology is widely used to treat ammonia nitrogen in waste effluents of its simple operation and good removal efficiency.However,the presence of heavy metal ions in the waste effluents causes problems such as slow crystallization rate and small crystal size,limiting the recovery rate and economic value of the MAP.The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrations of three heavy metal ions(Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+),and Pb^(2+))on the crystal morphology,crystal size,average growth rate,and crystallization kinetics of MAP.A relationship was established between the kinetic rate constant Ktcalculated by the chemical gradient model and the concentrations of heavy metal ions.The results showed that low concentrations of heavy metal ions in the solution created pits on the MAP surface,and high level of heavy metal ions generated flocs on the MAP surface,which were composed of metal hydroxides,thus inhibiting crystal growth.The crystal size,average growth rate,MAP crystallization rate,and kinetic rate constant Ktdecreased with the increase in heavy metal ion concentration.Moreover,the Ktdemonstrated a linear relationship with the heavy metal concentration ln(C/C~*),which provided a reference for the optimization of the MAP crystallization process in the presence of heavy metal ions.

Temperature dependence of the absolute rate constant for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide （DMS） were measured in a 200-L Teflon chamber over the temperature range of 283-353 K. Measurements were carried out using DMS in large excess over ozone of 10 to 1 or greater. Over the indicated temperature range, the data could be fit to the simple Arrhenius expression as kDMS = （9.96 ± 3.61） × 10^-11 exp （-（7309.7 ± 1098.2）/T） cm^3/（molecule.s）. A compared investigation of the reaction between ozone and ethene had a kC2H4 value of （1.35 ± 0.11） × 10^-18 cm^3/（molecule.s） at room temperature.

A model for estimating the rate constant between CO_2-CO gas and molten slag containing iron oxides using optical basicity

A simple model for estimating the rate constant between CO2-CO gas and molten slag containing iron oxides was developed using optical basicity only. In this model, the temperature dependence of the rate constant can be described by the Arrhenius law, and the activation energy can be expressed with a linear function of the slag＇s optical basicity. The model was applied to some molten slag systems, such as FeO, FeO-CaO, FeO-SiO2, FeO-Na2O, FeO-CaO-SiO2, FeO-SiO2-P2O5, FeO-SiOE-Na2O, and FeO-CaO-SiOE-P2O5. A comparison between the predicted results and measured data showed that the model worked well.

Rate Constants for the Reactions of NO_3~.and SO_4^(._) Radicals with Oxalic Acid and Oxalate Anions in Aqueous Solution

Rate constants for the reactions of NO3 and SO4 radicals with oxalic acid and oxalate anions in aqueous solution have been measured using pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis.

Key Role of Some Specific Occupied Molecular Orbitals of Short Chain n-Alkanes in Their Surface Tension and Reaction Rate Constants with Hydroxyl Radicals: DFT Study

Basing on the DFT calculations we propose the new theoretical model which describes both the surface tension σ of the short chain n-alkanes at their normal boiling points and their reaction rate constants with hydroxyl radicals OH• (at 297 ± 2 K) on the basis of their molecular orbital electronic characteristics. It has been shown that intermolecular dispersion attraction within the surface liquid monolayer of these compounds, as well as their reaction rate constants k with OH• radicals are determined by the energies Eorb of the specific occupied molecular orbitals which are the same in the determination of both the above physico-chemical characteristics of the studied n-alkanes. The received regression equations confirm the theoretically found dependences between the quantities of σ and k and the module |Eorb|. For the compounds under study this fact indicates the key role of their electronic structure particularities in determination of both the physical (surface tension) and the chemical (reaction rate constants) properties.

Kinetic Rate Constant of Liquid Drainage from Colloidal Gas Aphrons

实验方程适合的一个运动模型被建议了描述液体排水行为。率常数(k 液体排水方程的 d ) 能从上述实验方程被获得。在这篇论文，胶体的煤气的 aphrons ( CGA )的稳定性，钠 dodecyl 苯硫酸盐( SDBS )的集中的效果， dodecyl trimethylammonium 溴化物( HTAB )和 polyoxyethylene 山梨糖醇酐 monolaurate ( Tween-20 )，温度，激动人心的速度，激动人心的时间，并且 k 液体排水的 d 进一步被调查。结果证明 Arrhenius 方程能成功地被用来描述在 k d 和绝对温度(T) ，和表面活化剂，激动人心的速度，激动人心的时间和咸度的集中也在 k d 。最后， CGA 排水机制作为时间的功能从液体排水的率的分析被解释。

QSBR Study on the Biodegradation Rate Constant of Chloro-phenol Compounds

Structural and thermodynamic parameters of 16 chloro-phenol compounds in water solution were calculated and fully optimized by using Onsager model in self-consistent reaction field（SCRF） based on the B3LYP/6-311G＊＊ level.These quantum chemical parameters were used as theoretical descriptors to correlate with the experimental biodegradation rate constant（Kb） of 16 compounds by stepwise multiple linear regression.As a result,a three-parameter model including molecular average polarizability（α）,entropy（Sθ）,and molar heat capacity at constant volume（CVθ） were established for Kb prediction,which was proposed with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.894.α exhibits the most significant effect on Kb.Variance analysis and standard t-value test were applied to validate the model.As expected,this model exhibits good robustness and prediction ability,which can be used in Kb prediction of analogs.

Theoretical prediction of energy dependence for D+BrO→DBr+O reaction:The rate constant and product rotational polarization

A quasi-classical trajectory（QCT） calculation is used to investigate the vector and scalar properties of the D ＋ Br O → DBr ＋ O reaction based on an ab initio potential energy surface（X1A state） with collision energy ranging from 0.1 kcal/mol to 6 kcal/mol. The reaction probability, the cross section, and the rate constant are studied. The probability and the cross section show decreasing behaviors as the collision energy increases. The distribution of the rate constant indicates that the reaction favorably occurs in a relatively low-temperature region（T 〈 100 K）. Meanwhile, three product angular distributions P（θr）, P（φr）, and P（θr, φr） are presented, which reflect the positive effect on the rotational angular momentum j＇ polarization of the DBr product molecule. In addition, two of the polarization-dependent generalized differential cross sections（PDDCSs）, PDDCS00 and PDDCS20, are computed as well. Our results demonstrate that both vector and scalar properties have strong energy dependence.

Constant False Alarm Rate Acquisition Algorithm for Compass B1C Signal

In order to improve the sensitivity of the Compass B1C signal acquisition for the receiver,the principle of constant false alarm rate(CFAR)is applied for the B1C pilot channel acquisition to realize the dynamic adjustment of the threshold of acquisition against the carrier to noise ratio.The non-coherent data/pilot combined acquisition algorithm for B1C signal is analyzed to make full use of the power of the B1C signal under the condition of low carrier to noise ratio.On this basis,to improve the acquisition sensitivity of the receiver,the principle of constant false alarm probability is applied for the non-coherent data/pilot combined acquisition algorithm.Theoretical analysis and simulations show that the non-coherent data/pilot combined acquisition algorithm with CFAR improves the B1C signal acquisition sensitivity of the receiver significantly,and achieves a better Receiver Operating Characteristic compared with the traditional acquisition algorithms.

Reaction-path Dynamics and Theoretical Rate Constants for the Reaction of CH_3CH_2OCF_3 with HOOO Radical

A dynamic method is employed to study the reaction mechanisms of CH3CH2OCF3 with the hydrogen trioxy （HOOO） radical. In our paper, the geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of all the stationary points and minimum energy paths （MEPs） are calculated at the MPW1K/6-31＋G（d,p） level of theory, and the energetic information along MEPs is further refined by the CCSD/6-31＋G（df, p） level of theory. The rate constants are evaluated with the conventional transition-state theory （TST）, the canonical variational transition-state theory （CVT）, the microcanonical variational transition-state theory （μVT）, the CVT coupled with the small-curvature tunneling （SCT） correction （CVT/SCT）, and the μVT coupled with the Eckart tunneling correction μVT/Eckart） based on the ab initio calculations in the temperature range of 200-3000 K. The theoretical results are important in determining the atmospheric lifetime and the feasible pathways for the loss of HFEs.

Estimation of rate constants for polymerization based on Monte Carlo simulation

The application of Monte Carlo method in estimating rate constants for polymerization was described, A general program for Monte Carlo simulation was determined first according to the elementary reactions, after which the rate constants could be automatically adjusted and optimized through comparing of experimental and simulated data with an error expression that meeted a given minimum criterion. Such a process made the rate constants to be estimated without kinetic model in advance. The technique was applied to estimate the rate constants of the bulk polymerization of styrene catalyzed by the rare earth catalyst. The esthnated results showed the Monte Carlo method was feasible and effective for estimating rate constants in polymerization engineering.

Calculation of the Canonical Rate Constant for the Nonadiabatic Trapping Model Based on Unified Statistical Theory:A Test on The Exchange Reaction H_2+H

A new approach was employed to calculate the canonical (thermal) rate constant basedon unified statistical theory. All information for the calculation was obtained from ab initio meth-ods. The flux integral for any point of reaction coordinate was calculated by counting the numberof quantum states and applied to determine the dividing surfaces along the intrinsic reaction coor-dinate (IRC). The classical exchange reaction H2+H, as an example, was investigated. The IRC forthe reaction has been traced and detailed information of IRC was carried out at the QCISD/6-311 G** level .The calculated rate constants are well consistent with the experimental results.

Molecular Orbital Nature of Solubility of Shot Chain n-Alkanes in Water and Their Reaction Rate Constants with Nitronium Cations: A DFT Study

The new theoretical models describe both the solubility S of the shot chain n-alkanes in water at 298.15 K, and their reaction rate constants k with nitronium cation NO2+ at 293.15 K on the basis of their molecular orbital characteristics. It is shown that both the quantities S and k are determined by the energies Eorb of the specific virtual (for S) and occupied (for k) molecular orbitals of these n-alkanes. The obtained regression equations confirm the theoretically found dependences of S and k on the absolute value of Eorb. This fact demonstrates that the electronic structure particularities of the studied n-alkanes play a crucial role in both their above-mentioned physicochemical properties.

THE CALCULATION OF RATE CONSTANT OF ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTION AT ELECTRODES

After the electron transfers from the metal electrode to the Fe3+(H2O)(6) ion, the free energy of activation of this electron transfer reaction is calculated, then using the transition probability which is calculated by the perturbed degeneration theory and the Fermi golden rule,, the rate constant is gotten. Compared with the experimental results, it is satisfactory.

Dependence of Reaction Rate Constants on Density in Supercritical Fluids

A new method,which correlates rate constants of chemical reactions and density or pressure in supercritical fluids,was developed.Based on the transition state theory and thermodynamic principles, the rate constant can be reasonably correlated with the density of the supercritical fluid,and a correlation equation was obtained. Coupled with the equation of state (EOS) of a supercritical solvent,the effect of pressure on reaction rate constant could be represented.Two typical systems were used to test this method.The result indicates that this method is suitable for dilute supercritical fluid solutions.

MCSCF STUDIES ON THE IRC AND REACTION RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE DEHYDROGENATION REACTION OF VINYL RADICAL

The transition state(TS) and Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate (IRC) for the titled reaction were traced by means of MCSCF/6-31G (210 configurations). The reaction activation energy of this reaction is 140.2KJ/mol. The reaction rate constants of five temperetures were calculated by CVT involving the tunneling effects.

Solution of rate constants in pharmacokinetics local model of nuclear medicine

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Measurement and Calculation of Quenching Rate Constants for PCl(b)

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Hydrogen Abstraction Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Constants for Isoflurane with a Cl Atom at 200～2000 K:A Theoretical Investigation

The kinetics and mechanisms of H abstraction reaction between isoflurane and a CI atom have been investigated using DFT and G3（MP2） methods of theory. The geometrical structures of all species were optimized by the wB97XD/6-311＋＋G＊＊ method. Intrinsic reaction coordinate （IRC） analysis has been carried out for the reaction channels. Thermochemistry data have been obtained by utilizing the high accurate model chemistry method G3（MP2） combined with the standard statistical thermodynamic calculations. Gibbs free energies were used for reaction channels analysis. Two channels were obtained, which correspond to P（1） and P（2）. The rate constants for the two channels over a wide temperature range of 200-2000 K were also obtained. The results show that the barriers of P（1） and P（2） reaction channels are 50.36 and 50.34 kJ/mol, respectively, predicting that it exists two competitive channels. The calculated rate constant is in good agreement with the experiment value. Additionally, the results also show that the rate constants also increase from 1.85x10^-16 to 2.16x 10^12 cm3.moleculel.s-1 from 200 to 2000 K