An Experimental Study on Constant Current Load Test of Reinforced Concrete based on 3D Paraffin Isolation

Aiming at the complex corrosion degradation factors of reinforced concrete and clearing the deterioration mechanism in the constant stress state,a new type of constant current accelerated corrosion method in the saline soil environment was developed.The three-dimensional paraffin isolation specimens and the three-dimensional penetration specimens were taken as the research objects,and the Cl−content and AC impedance Bode diagram were measured.The macro morphology and micro analysis were also used to evaluate the corrosion degradation laws of the two groups of specimens.A constant current three-factor system accelerated model was established for the current acceleration factor,chloride ion,and sulfate ion acceleration factor.The experimental results show that,in the constant stress test of the saline soil environmental conditions,the paraffin isolation layer can effectively isolate corrosive chloride ions,which is a brand-new research method of single factor variable control in the constant stress test.According to the basic corrosion data,the law of constant current acceleration test is summarized and divided into five corrosion degradation stages,and each stage has significant changes in the accelerated corrosion efficiency.The corrosion degradation of a constant stress test is the combined effect of constant current,positive and negative penetration of chloride ions and sulfate ions.

Soil-water characteristics and shear strength in constant water content triaxial tests on Yunnan red clay

The shear strength parameters for geotechnical designs are obtained mainly from consolidated drained （CD） or consolidated undrained （CU） triaxial tests. However, during construction, the excess pore-air pressure generally dissipates instantaneously while the excess pore-water pressure dissipates with time. This condition needs to be simulated in a constant water content （CW） triaxial test. The study on Yunnan red clay is carried out to investigate the soil-water characteristics and the shear strength characteristics under the constant water content condition. Osmotic technique is used to obtain the soil-water characteristic curve. A series of CW triaxial tests are conducted on statically compacted specimens. The experimental results show that the soil-water characteristic curve has a low air entry value of 7 kPa due to large pores in non-uniform pore size distribution, and a high residual value exceeding 10 MPa. In addition, the initial degree of saturation and net confining stress play an important role in affecting the shear characteristics under the constant water content condition. Finally, a new semi-empirical shear strength model in terms of degree of saturation is proposed and then applied to Yuunan red clay. Simulation result shows that the model is capable of capturing some key features of soils. The model can be used in whole engineering practice range, covering both unsaturmed and saturated soils.

Empirical Approach for Planning and Designing Constant Stress Accelerated Life Tests

Accelerated life testing(ALT)has been widely used to obtain information about the product's life characteristics at normal conditions in a relatively short period of time.Two key issues with ALT are test design and data analysis.The test design of constant stress ALT was studied in this paper.The test design usually combines engineering experiences with optimization models.Such approaches are hard to be implemented by practitioners.A"pure"empirical approach was presented to address this issue.With the proposed approach,some of the decision variables are determined based on the results from the literature,some of the other variables are determined based on engineering analysis and /or judgment,and the remaining variables are determined based on the empirical relations developed in this paper.A real-world example is included to illustrate the appropriateness of the proposed approach.

Constant Stress Accelerated Life Tests for Vacuum Fluorescent Display Based on Least Square Method

To estimate the life of vacuum fluorescent display （VFD） more accurately and reduce test time and cost, four constant stress accelerated life tests （CSALTs） were conducted on an accelerated life test model. In the model, statistical analysis of test data is achieved by applying lognormal function to describe the life distribution, and least square method （LSM） to calculate the mean value and the standard deviation of logarithm. As a result, the accelerated life equation was obtained, and then a self-developed software was developed to predict the VFD life. The data analysis results demonstrate that the VFD life submits to lognormal distribution, that the accelerated model meets the linear Arrhenius equation, and that the precise accelerated parameter makes it possible to acquire the life information of VFD within one month.

恒压下GIS固体绝缘界面气隙缺陷放电严重程度评估

为了研究GIS绝缘子界面气隙缺陷的放电发展过程,文中设计了空洞气隙缺陷模型,搭建了一套GIS气隙缺陷放电长期测试平台。基于缺陷模型的击穿电压对带有缺陷的试品施加90%Ub、60%Ub、30%Ub的交流恒压,使用UHF检测系统采集放电数据直至试品击穿。提取放电次数、放电幅值、放电时间间隔分析放电状态特征,发现GIS气隙缺陷放电发展过程存在两个阶段,前期放电幅值缓慢增大,放电脉冲逐渐稀疏,放电发展较为平稳;后期放电幅值急剧减小,放电脉冲密集,放电发展剧烈,采用k⁃means聚类算法及BP神经网络建立了气隙缺陷局放发展阶段的划分规则。研究表明,放电次数、放电幅值、放电时间间隔3种统计参量呈现阶段式单调性的趋势,可以用3种统计参量前向差分绝对值作为特征参量来评估GIS气隙放电严重程度;对GIS恒压试验进行聚类分析将放电过程划分为平稳劣化阶段和加速劣化阶段,随着外施电压水平的降低,平稳劣化阶段被压缩,加速劣化阶段占比升高。

Inference for constant-stress accelerated life test with Type-I progressively hybrid censored data from Burr-XII distribution

This paper proposes a simple constant-stress accel- erated life test （ALT） model from Burr type XII distribution when the data are Type-I progressively hybrid censored. The maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） of the parameters is obtained through the numerical method for solving the likelihood equations. Approxi- mate confidence interval （CI）, based on normal approximation to the asymptotic distribution of MLE and percentile bootstrap Cl is derived. Finally, a numerical example is introduced and then a Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to illustrate the pro- posed method.

复合扩管式锚索恒阻器的研发与试验研究

深部高应力、软弱围岩、强烈采动影响等条件下的巷道围岩频繁出现大变形,此类围岩大变形支护可控性普遍较差,常规锚索因其较低的延伸率无法适应巷道大变形而大量破断或锚固失效,导致巷道出现冒顶隐患。针对此类问题,研发了一种与常规锚索配合使用的复合扩管式恒阻器,其结构主要由止进端盖、扩径管、一体式托盘和锥式锁具组成,通过锥式锁具克服扩径管“扩胀—摩削”所产生的近似恒定的复合阻力,实现围岩大变形过程中的锚索支护阻力恒定,通过理论分析、数值模拟和静力拉伸试验等综合研究方法,系统分析和试验了复合扩管式恒阻器的力学特性和工作稳定性,掌握了该恒阻器扩径增量、锁具锥角对扩径管变形及恒阻器复合阻力的影响规律。试验结果表明:恒阻器复合阻力主要分为阻力快升段和近恒定阻力段2个过程,且近恒定阻力段作为主要阶段达到试验全程的85%~90%;锁具锥角、扩径增量直接影响了扩径管变形及恒阻器力学特性,锁具锥角小于20°时,扩径管变形均匀且恒阻器复合阻力发挥稳定,而扩径增量则决定了恒阻器复合阻力的大小,可通过调整扩径增量获取需要的锚索恒阻力;Ф17.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°、扩径增量为5 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为265.92 kN,Ф21.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°,扩径增量为8 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为424.15 kN,且工作状态稳定可靠,可较好的符合大变形巷道的恒阻支护要求。此外,该恒阻器还具有工作稳定性强、恒阻行程及阻力可调、结构简单、安装便捷等特点,是大变形巷道围岩控制技术的有效补充。

基于恒热流法和恒温法的岩土热物性试验分析研究

目前岩土热物性测试仪采用的方法包括两种:恒热流法和恒温法,通过介绍两种测试方法的区别及模型算法,以北京市某公建项目岩土热物性测试结果为基准,利用TRNSYS软件分别模拟了恒热流法和恒温法的测试工况,针对模拟结果展开分析研究。经对比,试验时间至48 h时,两种测试方法利用软件模拟出的延米换热量与现场测试结果的误差在10%以内,表明若已知项目周边的地层热物性参数如地层的导热系数、热扩散率等,可将软件模拟结果作为前期地埋管系统设计的依据,并作为后续热物性勘察结果验证的参考数据。此外,根据模拟结果,由于夏季地埋管流体在设计工况下与土壤的温差值较大,为了使流体尽快达到设计工况点,恒温法测试时应选用较大的功率,否则48 h内的测试值结果与实际值偏差较大。

考虑含水率变化的路基压实填料介电特性试验研究

研究介电特性是路基电磁法无损检测技术的基础,为分析路基填料介电特性及其与含水率关系,采用TDR测试砂土、黏性土、改良土、盐渍土等6种典型填料在不同压实度、含水率状态下的介电常数。结果表明:压实填料的介电常数主要受含盐量、含水率、土质类型、压实度等影响;一般路基填料的介电常数主要受控于含水率,压实度在90.0%~96.0%变化时对填料的介电常数影响不显著;一般黏性土、砂性土、改良土的含水率-介电常数关系采用Alharathi模型拟合可满足工程应用精度要求;不同压实度下的Alharathi模型参数较为接近,a=0.100~0.140、b=-0.270~-0.140;掺灰改良土不同压实度的拟合参数差别较大,实际应用中应考虑掺灰比及压实度对介电常数-含水率关系模型的影响。

黄土地基阶梯型截面桩承载模型试验与计算

为研究黄土地基阶梯型截面桩的荷载传递机理,通过室内模型试验与有限元计算,分析阶梯型截面桩竖向静荷载下的桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力、桩顶沉降和桩身不同深度荷载分担比,并探索了变径比对其工作性能的影响,并对其进行优化设计。结果表明:在相同荷载下,阶梯型截面桩的桩顶沉降明显小于等截面桩,当变径比在0.8~0.9时,沉降控制效果最佳,其材料利用率最高;若二者极限承载力相同时,阶梯型截面桩的最高材料利用率为等截面桩的1.06倍。阶梯型截面桩为摩擦型桩,变截面位置土体对桩体具有支承作用,其变径处底面土体能承担部分桩顶荷载。桩侧能够分担更多桩顶荷载,减轻桩端土体承载,当变径比在0.8~0.9时,侧摩阻力发挥程度更高。在桩体用料相同时,与等截面桩相比,阶梯型截面桩能大幅度提高承载能力。

“精密测量物理”重大研究计划结题综述

国家自然科学基金“精密测量物理”重大研究计划于2013年立项,执行期限为2014年1月至2021年12月,国家自然科学基金委员会于2023年3月对“精密测量物理”重大研究计划进行了结束评估,评估结果为“优秀”。本文介绍了“精密测量物理”重大研究计划的立项背景、总体科学目标、总体布局、实施思路及总体完成情况,并概述了该领域下一步发展的建议。

一种双工位NEG吸气性能测试装置设计

文章设计了可选择定压法或定容法测量非蒸散型吸气剂(NEG)吸气性能的测试装置,装置设计有两个结构对称的测试工位,可同时对两个测试样品进行预处理和性能测试,装置结构设计合理紧凑,测试效率高。测试装置可直接通过软件输出吸气速率和吸气量等性能参数。测试结果表明该装置本底真空度高,其中样品室真空度优于1×10^(−7) Pa,漏放气速率小于3×10^(−7) Pa·L/s;测试数据精度高且可靠,其中吸气速率测量精度达1 mL/s,吸气量测量精度达1 Pa·mL。

定载荷条件下树脂基材料高温收缩量实时测量

为研究树脂基材料高温收缩量,提出一种测量定载荷条件下复合材料高温收缩量的方法,根据此方法自行设计搭建了复合材料高温收缩过程试验测量装置。以不同树脂基复合材料为研究对象,进行定载荷条件下树脂基复合材料高温收缩过程试验测量,获得碳板热面处及压头冷面处位移变化,得出树脂基复合材料的高温收缩量及冷却后收缩量。研究结果表明:试验装置能够实现定载荷条件下树脂基材料高温收缩量实时测量;无论加热过程或冷却后,试验件最大变形绝对量不超过0.37 mm;加热过程中编织石英酚醛复合材料最大变形率不超过6.43‰,石英杂化酚醛复合材料最大变形率不超过3.76‰;冷却后编织石英酚醛复合材料最大变形率不超过4.57‰,石英杂化酚醛复合材料不超过6.87‰;试验结果验证了该测量方法的正确性及有效性,并为该类材料的高温收缩及匹配分析提供了基础物性数据。

非通航孔桥梁防船撞系统恒阻力装置研究

为给非通航孔桥梁防船撞系统拦截过程提供稳定持续的阻力,提出了一种利用耗能索持续协同大变形和连续破断输出稳定阻力的恒阻力装置。恒阻力装置由主绳、耗能索、破断环及其它连接件组成,与自适应浮筒、拦截网、系泊浮体等装置共同组成非通航孔桥梁自适应恒阻力船舶拦阻系统,有效拦截偏航船舶,保护非通航孔桥梁和来撞船舶的安全。通过理论分析研究该装置的阻力输出特性,建立该装置的阻力输出力学模型与计算方法,并通过拉伸破坏试验验证计算方法的准确性,进一步对影响装置阻力输出的耗能索的初始间距、长度及伸长率进行分析。结果表明:恒阻力装置能够有效地输出稳定且持续的阻力;耗能索初始间距越小,恒阻力装置阻力输出越大,阻力输出越稳定;耗能索长度或伸长率越大,恒阻力装置阻力输出越大,阻力输出越稳定。该装置已应用于力洋港大桥非通航孔区桥梁防撞中,有效地保护了大桥的安全。

基于电测法的沙柳、柠条生材静态力学性能测试研究

为探究沙生灌木的静态力学性能,通过电测法对沙生灌木沙柳和柠条的12个弹性常数进行测定,并经过计算检验弹性常数均满足正交各向异性模型的限制条件。试验结果表明,沙柳和柠条的三个主方向弹性模量差异较大,且满足E_L>E_R>E_T的关系,泊松比在不同方向上存在差异且很大程度上取决于加载方向。由于这两种沙生灌木茎秆笔直的部位相对较短,在测量G_(LR)、G_(TL)时采用45°偏轴试样进行了测定,沙柳和柠条的剪切模量均满足G_(LR)>G_(TL)>G_(RT)关系。两种材料的弹性常数的变异系数分别在2.46%~15.52%和3.41%~16.54%范围内波动,均小于20%,所得结果有效。

Flow-Slip Stability Behavior of Calcareous Sand Treated by Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation Technology

Flow-slip damage commonly destabilizes coastal slopes.Finding a slope stabilization method for calcareous sands in the South China Sea is crucial.Microbially induced calcite precipitation is a promising,eco-friendly method for soil stabilization.This study investigates the effect of microbial treatments,initial relative density,initial cell pressure,and initial stress ratio on the flow-slip stability of calcareous sand specimens by using constant shear drained tests.These tests lay the foundation to study the mechanical instability of sand slopes.Results show that the microbial-treated specimens maintain stable stresses longer,take longer to reach the instability,and withstand larger volumetric strains.Microbial treatment effectively enhances sand stability under constant shear drainage,with improvements amplified by higher initial relative density and initial cell pressure.In addition,a smaller initial stress ratio reduces shear effects on the specimen and increases resistance to flow slides.Microanalysis reveals that the flow-slip stability of calcareous sand slopes is enhanced by contact cementation,particle coating,void filling,and mutual embedment of calcium carbonate crystals.

缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆抗冲击特性及其治理岩爆潜力研究

深部岩体非线性大变形特性引发的岩爆灾害一直是岩土工程的世界性难题,严重制约了工程建设的施工进度和工程安全,加强对岩爆防治措施的深入研究刻不容缓。基于钢管挤压变形原理,提出了一种新型的缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆,该种锚杆可在容许较大的变形量的同时提供较高的恒阻力。在前期研究的基础上,通过落锤冲击试验探索了缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆的抗冲击性能。试验结果表明:在整个冲击过程中,缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆的工作阻力稳定在150~180 kN范围内,恒阻特性显著;缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆吸收能量大、效率高,单次可吸收冲击能量为53kJ;在冲击过程中,试件压缩率仅减小了0.54%~1.43%,变形情况较为稳定。缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆具有良好的抗冲击特能,可为地下工程建设过程中岩爆灾害的治理提供有力的技术支撑。

速度阶跃试验的新认知

速度阶跃试验(velocity step test,VST)是一种评估前庭功能的旋转试验,能够反映水平半规管前庭眼反射功能和速度存储机制。我们对VST的机制、检查方法、临床表现及影响因素进行了综述。在VST中,衰减时间常数(time constant,Tc)与峰值增益是两个主要参数,较短的Tc常见于单侧或双侧外周病变,而较长的Tc可能与中枢处理缺陷有关。虽然峰值增益重要性略逊于Tc,但其可以为Tc提供补充信息。Tc与正弦谐波加速试验的相位可进行换算,这两种方法可在临床上互为补充。在实际应用中,Tc会受到检查顺序、转椅速度、头部位置、适应性和警觉性、乙醇作用和视觉条件等因素的影响。目前,VST在前庭领域的研究主要限于描述前庭双温和晕动症的表现,对于其在其他领域的应用,仍需要进一步的研究。

考虑应力路径效应的堆石料剪胀方程研究

为揭示堆石料应力路径和剪胀特性相互影响机理,分析了等向压缩试验、常规三轴试验以及等p试验之间的应力应变响应关系。采用理论分析和试验验证的方法,在弹塑性本构模型框架下,提出一种新的考虑应力路径效应的剪胀方程构建方法,并通过多种应力路径堆石料三轴试验对新的剪胀方程进行验证。预测结果表明:构建的剪胀方程可以考虑应力路径的影响,尤其是等应力比加载路径的影响。研究结论揭示了等向压缩试验和等p试验的重要性,建议在建立考虑应力路径影响的剪胀方程和本构模型时利用这两类试验。

基于栅极限流的SiC MOSFET栅电荷测试方案

SiC MOSFET是一种高性能的电力电子器件,其开通/关断过程中积累/释放的栅电荷Q_(g)对MOSFET的开关速度、功率损耗等参数有重要影响。通常采用在栅极设置恒流源驱动,对时间进行积分的方法来测量Q_(g)。为了降低驱动复杂度,提高测试结果精度和可视性,基于双脉冲测试平台的感性负载回路,改用耗尽型MOSFET限制栅极电流实现恒流充电,对SiC MOSFET进行测试。同时利用反馈电阻将较小的栅极电流信号转换为较大的电压信号。实验结果表明:在误差允许范围(±5%)内该测试方案能较为准确地测得SiC MOSFET的Q_(g),测试结果符合器件规格书曲线。