Chinese Medicine,Acupuncture and Science

Ever since the introduction of Western biomedicine into China, there has been friction between proponents of this new approach, and proponents of the traditional medical practices that had evolved over thousands of years in China. For the most part, this friction has been couched in the unexamined assumption that Western medicine is based on science, while Chinese medicine is not. This article will examine that assumption, which in this author’s opinion is unjustified and incorrect. Having practiced acupuncture for the past 50 years, after receiving my doctoral degrees in medicine and physiology, my thinking on this topic has also evolved over time. I will begin this article with some historical information that bears on the topic under discussion, followed by my personal ideas about how to resolve the confiicts that have arisen.

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

Discussion on depression by thinking of t raditional Chinese medicine

Depression is a common mental disease characterized by abnormal emotional changes,which belongs to the category of“melancholia syndrome”and Chinese emotion medicine.The main clinical manifestations are mood depression,loss of interest,hallucinations,self-harm,and even suicide.Etiology and pathogenesis can be divided into“inner depression”and“outer depression”,and is related to the susceptibility of the constitution.The diagnosis can be combined with four diagnoses and new techniques.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)treatment methods include TCM,psychotherapy,acupuncture,music therapy and so on.TCM treatment of depression has a long history,strong symptomatic,little side effects.It is forward-looking to explore new ideas of understanding and treating depression syndrome with TCM theory,which is helpful to better“prevention before disease”.TCM therapy will certainly play an important role in the treatment of depression in the future.

Comparative Study on Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Through the Perspective of Constitution Theory in Huangdi Neijing and Hippocrates Corpus

This article compares the constitution theory of Huangdi Neijing 《黄帝内经》 and Hippocrates Corpus 《希波克拉底文集》 from three aspects:theory,philosophical ideas,and influence on later generations,to analyze the similarities and differences between two medical systems representing TCM and Western medicine in their early stages of origin.From the comparison and analysis of two books’ history,specific theories in constitution,philosophical characteristics and values in history,we can have a deeper perspective to compare TCM and Western medicine,and have a clearer idea for the development of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

内燥与内湿的实验研究(Ⅲ)——病理形态学观察

内燥与内湿在临床上是十分常见的,但从体质病理学观点进行实验研究,迄今国内外未见报道。因此,我们在已完成的“寒体与热体的研究”基础上分别用辛燥食物喂热体动物和用甘肥食物喂寒体动物以复制内燥与内湿的动物模型。现将光镜下所见主要病理形态变化报道如下。材料与方法内燥与内湿的造模方法,见文献。病理切片制作方法:实验动物处死后立即剖取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺、胃、小肠、直肠、甲状腺。

宪法概念的起源及其流变

constitution一词,首先经由英国政治实践固化为一个确定的政治概念;接着通过美国的政治试验成为一个地地道道的法律性概念;而那些社会契约论的信奉者们则运用“社会契约”方法,重新赋予了它新的含义,使其演变为一个优越于其他政治类型的现代立宪体制的代名词。近世以降,constitution一词东渐吾国,复又激活了“宪法”这一古老的汉语词汇。被深深地嵌入中国特定历史情境中的宪法概念由此获得了西方现代政制与中国本土性的双重蕴义。

从设议院到立宪法——晚清“Constitution”汉译与立宪思潮形成考论

在中国,英文"Constitution"一词早期曾被译为"国例"、"例制"、"国法"、"章程"、"国律"等中文词。中国近代立宪意义上的"宪法"一词,最早见于王韬和郑观应的著作,但他们只是一提而过,并未作深入的阐述。维新期间的康有为、梁启超也多次提到"宪法"一词,但他们只是把宪法当作一般的律法看待,并无立宪涵义的认知,更谈不上提出了立宪的主张。学界长期使用的史料、康有为《请定立宪开国会折》中"立宪法"、"三权鼎立"的内容是后来改窜添加的。戊戌时期康、梁的政治主张主要集中在兴民权、设议院上,并非如学界长期认为的那样,已经成为了立宪主义者。康、梁真正成为立宪主义者,要在逃亡日本、大量阅读日译或日著的宪法著作之后。在日本,"Constitution"早期也被译为"国宪"、"政体"等词。日本近代立宪主义上的"宪法"一词,最早出现在明治初年对西方宪法的翻译中,后经立宪进程的推展而成为公定用语。中国近代对宪法概念首次展开深入分析的,是流亡日本后的梁启超于1899年撰写的《各国宪法异同论》一文。英文"Constitution"和具有立宪主义涵义之"宪法"概念,正是经"同文同种"之日本学者的翻译、梁启超以及留日学生的转述而在中国真正广泛传播开来。随着日俄战争中日本取胜,"立宪救国论"随之而起,中国立宪的进程才真正得以开启。

比较法与法律文化——中国法学会比较法学研究会2013年年会学术综述

中国法学会比较法学研究会2013年年会于10月19日~20日在江苏省南京市召开。本次会议由中国法学会比较法学研究会主办,南京师范大学法学院承办。来自理论界和实务界的130余位专家学者参加了会议,大会共提交论文90余篇,在参会人数和提交论文数量上均创下历史新高。本次会议的主题为＂比较法与法律文化＂,分为＂比较法的基本理论＂、＂法律文化与法律现代化＂、＂比较法、法律文化与部门法＂、＂法律文化与宪政＂四个分议题。与会专家学者围绕主题展开了深入的讨论和交流,现将本次会议讨论的内容综述如下。

园林景观构成与古代诗词绘画关系探讨(英文)

From the perspective of culture-based source,the author considered that the ancient Chinese poetry and paintings not only embodied the harmony and unity thought of man and nature,but also were the emotional attachment of Chinese literati.As a diverse and comprehensive aesthetic art,landscape expressed material and spiritual culture doubly,the spiritual connotation of which was inextricably linked within ancient Chinese poetry and paintings.In addition,ancient Chinese poetry and paintings can be directly used in landscape composition,such as the widely used in plaques,inscriptions,couplets,poems and inscriptions,carved beams and painted pillars,painting with words and so on.Chinese literati integrated the ethereal realm of poetry and paintings into garden art,making landscape endow with poetic charm.Therefore,the landscape revealed the traces of literature and arts in aesthetic idea and taste,pushing Chinese garden to a higher aesthetic realm.This study pointed the right way to the future of modern landscape which advocated ecological and harmonious development.

思想史视域下的宪政主义——兼议“constitutionalism”的译法

"宪政"是否有一种"主义",目前在国内尚存争议,但从思想史或概念史的角度去审视"宪政"的英文对应词"constitutionalism",在"制度"和"思想史"两种维度上将"constitutionalism"分别译为"宪政"和"宪政主义"既科学合理,也符合学界的一贯用法。并且,理解作为一种思想观念的宪政主义也能辨识作为制度实践的"宪政"在我国政治或法律进程中的历史方位。

EFFECT OF LASER SCANNING SPEED ON PHASE CONSTITUTION AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF LASER CLADDING HARD FACING ALLOY STELLITE 12

Effect of laser scanning speed on phase constitution,microstructure,microhardness and wearresistance of laser-cladding hard facing alloy Stellite 12 has been investigated by means of across-flow-type CO2 laser of 1.5 kW.The laser-cladding layer on the alloy consists of ma-trix phase of suppersaturated solid solution γ（Co,Cr）and complex hexagonal carbideM7C3.Under certain condition,at higher laser scanning speed,the suppersaturated solubilityof elements increases in γ（Co,Cr）,and the precipitation of the complex carbtde M7C3 de-creases,so the microhardness increases and the wear resistance decreases.But at slower laserscanning speed,more complex carbide M7C3 may precipitate,and the wear resistance may beimproved.Therefore,it is believed that the principal factor in improving wear resistance is theprecipitation of carbide M7C3,while increment of microhardness is the suppersaturated solu-bility of elements in matrix phase γ（Co,Cr）.

Constitution Water in Mantle-derived Megacryst and Xenolith Pyroxene of an Ultrabasic Pipe in Anyuan, Jiangxi

This paper studies the hydrous facies of mantle-derived megacryst clinopyroxenes and pyroxenes of xeno-liths of pyroxenolite and spinel peridotite as well as garnet pyroxenolite in a kimberlitic lamprophyre pipe in Anyuan,Jiangxi, by Fourier Transform Infrared (FlIR). It explores the relationship between the water content of pyroxene on theone hand and its composition and source depths on the other hand. All the samples contain constitution water. Spectra ofthe clinopyroxene are dominated by two groups of bands: 3607-3630 cm-1 and 3522-3542 cm-1. Spectra of the orthopy-roxene are dominated by three groups of bands: 3410-3424 cm-1, 3510-3516 cm-1 and 3560-3595 cm-1. The water contentof the clinopyroxenes has a positive correlation with their FeO and Al2O3 contents. The source depths of mantle-derivedclinopyroxene megacrysts, pyroxenolite, spinel peritotite and garnet pyroxenelite increase gradually in order. The Al2O3and water contents of four pyroxenes have similar correlation with the source depths.

EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING SPECTRA OF COLLOIDAL SILVER

The effect of solvent on surface enhanced Raman scattering [SERS) of colloidal silver has been studied. Experiments show that the intensity of SERS is related to the polarity and molecular constitution of the solvent. The influence of solvent is due to the change of the adsorption quantity and adsorption intensity.

STUDY ON PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE EFFECTS OF LIU WEI DI HUANG TANG ON TUMORS

Liu Wei Di Huang Tang (LWDHT), a Chinese Prescription for strengthening the body re-sistance, restoring the normal functions of the body to consolidate the constitution, and nour-ishing and invigorating the kidney yin, has been used to prevent and treat severe hypeplasiaof esophageal epithelium for many years. The results of this experiment show that LWDHTcan increase markedly the number of lymphocytes, mainly T lymphocytes, in tumor--bearingmice. Free--flow electrophoresis shows that in tumor--bearing mice the electrophoretic char-acteristics of T lymphocytes are changed, i.e., reduction of the number of T lymphocyteswith a higher electrophoretic rate, but LWDHT can alleviate this disorder. Study on the cellmembrane fluidity of carcinoma cells in EAC mice demonstrates that LWDHT can decreasethe cell membrane fluidity. suggesting that it can inhibit division of carcinoma

Classification of traditional Chinese medicine constitution based on facial features in color images

Objective:To explore the possible correlation between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution and facial features in color images and to improve the accuracy of automated constitution classification.Methods:Color images were taken of 5150 individuals of different professions.Automated face detection and key point positioning were performed on the collected images,which were then transformed into a standard size.The relationship between facial features and TCM constitution based on the red,green,blue(RGB)pixel and the local binary pattern(LBP)texture features was explored.Results:The overall accuracy rate and robustness of TCM constitution classification based on RGB features were low.Classification results of the phlegm-dampness,damp-heat,blood stasis,and balance constitutions achieved high accuracy rates.Classification accuracy rate using the LBP texture feature was higher than that of the RGB feature,with the best accuracy observed for the balance constitution.Conclusion:Application of computer image acquisition and processing of facial features may serve as an adjunct to the TCM diagnostic method of inspection.

Association between metabolic syndrome and body constitution of traditional Chinese medicine:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:The constitution theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)states that body constitution and disease are associated;therefore,the identification of body constitution can provide reference for disease prevention and treatment.A series of clinical studies evaluating the association between TCM constitution and metabolic syndrome(MetS)have been conducted in recent years.The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and evaluate the clinical evidence of the relationship between constitution and MetS.Methods:The PubMed,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Chongqing VIP,and Wanfang Data electronic databases were searched from April 2009 to July 2020.The search terms included“metabolic syndrome,”“constitution,”and“Chinese medicine.”Observational studies evaluating the relationship between body constitution of TCM and MetS were included.The primary outcome included the distribution of constitutional types in the MetS population,and odds ratio(OR)or relative risk(RR)between constitution and MetS.Effect size was expressed as proportion or OR with 95%confidence interval(CI).Methodological quality of included studies was evaluated by the NewcastleeOttawa Scale(NOS)or the American Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(AHRQ)criteria.Results:Three caseecontrol and 26 cross-sectional studies involving 30435 cases were included.Phlegm-dampness,qi-deficiency,and damp-heat were the main constitution types in patients with MetS,accounting for 29%(22%e39%),18%(13%e24%),and 12%(9%e17%)of the population,respectively;the risk of MetS in people with phlegm-dampness and qi-deficiency constitution was 1.74[1.27,2.38]and 1.29[1.01,1.65]times higher than that in those with other constitutions.There were sex-and age-related differences in the distribution of TCM constitution in patients with MetS.Conclusion:Phlegm-dampness and qi-deficiency were associated with the occurrence of MetS.Welldesigned cohort and caseecontrol studies are needed to provide evidence for the use of TCM to prevent and treat MetS.

Effect of Electrode Constitution on the Discharge Properties of Ni-MH Battery

The discharge capacities for Ni-MH batteries with different electrode constitutions are analyzedby chemical pattern recognition method, and some criteria for improving synthetical dischargeproperties are obtained. The results show that the thicknesses of positive and negative electrodeare significant in influencing the discharge capacities at both of low and high discharge current,the influence of resistance of positive electrode on discharge capacity is less significant comparedwith other factor5 in electrode constitution and the effect of electrolyte on discharge capacity atlow discharge current is more significant than that at high discharge current.

Study on Carbonation Damage Constitutive Curve and Microscopic Damage Mechanism of Tailing Recycled Concrete

To improve the resource utilization of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and make use of the unique pozzolanic activation characteristics of iron ore tailing(IOT),the constitutive curves of tailing recycled concrete(TRC)before and after carbonization were analyzed theoretically,experimentally and microscopically.Firstly,according to the experimental data,the damage constitutive and related damage parameters of TRC were theoretically established by Weibull probability distribution function.Secondly,the comprehensive damage parameter b under different working conditions was studied.Finally,the damage mechanism was formed by EDS and SEM.The results showed that the damage constitutive model based on Weibull probability distribution function was in good agreement with the experimental results.Under each carbonization period,the b first decreased and then rose with the increase of tailings content.When its content was 30%,the b values of TRC were minimized,which were 22.14%,20.99%,25.39%lower than those of NAC,and 41.09%,34.89%,35.44%lower than those of RAC,indicating that IOT had a relatively good optimization effect on the constitutive curve of RAC.The microscopic analysis results also proved that the IOT addition with a proper amount would improve the matrix structure of RAC and increased its compactness,but when the content was higher,it would also cause harmful cracks in its matrix structure and reduced its density.Therefore,the optimal tailing content was about 30%.This paper provided a new method for damage constitutive calculation and analysis of TRC before and after carbonization.

Potential mechanism of Huatan Qushi decoction on improving phlegm-dampness constitution using microRNA array and RT-qPCR targeting on hsa-miR-1237e3p

Background:Metabolic diseases pose considerable burden on the healthcare system worldwide,indicating the significance of prevention and treatment.In constitution theory of traditional Chinese medicine,phlegm-dampness constitution(PDC)is the common basis of metabolic diseases.In clinical practice,Huatan Qushi(HTQS)decoction targeting on PDC can effectively improve metabolic indicators.However,its underlying biochemical mechanism still remains unclear.Methods:Eight PDC participants received HTQS decoction for three months.Their blood was collected at baseline and 1 and 3 months after intervention started.Related biomedical indicators were detected.High-throughput sequencing and RT-qPCR were used for validation.Due to the missing data,repeated measures with missing values in mixed models were used.Results:After 3-month treatment,HDL-C level increased(P<.001)and FBG,FINS,and HbA1c all showed decreasing trend at different time points(all P<.05).After miRNA high-throughput sequencing,compared with the baseline,differential miRNAs at 1 and 3 months were screened,and target gene prediction and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed.The results displayed that metabolic disease-related pathways mainly included pathways in cancer,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,etc.Further,RT-qPCR showed that hsa-miR-1237e3p differed statistically(P=.008).Then we validated the target genes of hsa-miR-1237e3p in the“Pathways in Cancer”pathway including SDF1,AC,CRK,and HGF,also known as upstream target genes of PI3K/AKT pathway.The results showed that two indicators of CRK and HGF were in statistical significance(P=.045 and P=.036,respectively).Conclusion:PDC serves as a common basis for various metabolic diseases.Through adjusting PDC,HTQS decoction can improve biomedical indicators including blood glucose,HbA1c,insulin,and HDL-C.The target pathway is“Pathways in cancer”.Specifically,HTQS decoction acts on targets of CRK and HGF by regulating hsa-miR-1237e3p,and probably exerts effects on their downstream PI3K/AKT pathway.

Consistency between traditional Chinese medicine constitution-based classification and genetic classification

Background:We studied the consistency between two classification systems for categorizing patients:traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution-based methods,versus genetic clustering.Genetic classification in constitutional identification was also evaluated.Methods:A TCM physician evaluated the constitution of each patient,according to four examinations(inspection,auscultation-olfaction,interrogation,and palpation).Those who met the criteria for Yang-deficient,Yin-deficient,and balanced constitutions were enrolled in the study.Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the participants,and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated from the samples within 2 hours.Total RNA extraction from the white blood cells was performed;and an Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus2.0 array was used to determine the peripheral blood gene expression profiles.The samples were classified using a support vector machine genetic classifier,and the“leave-one-out”method was used for validation.Results:The global gene expression profiles of 32 samples were grouped into three categories,and the samples in each of the gene categories corresponded with the three constitution categories.The three constitution types were distinguished using the genetic classifier with 165 genes.The accuracy of the prediction classification was greater than 95%using mathematical method.Conclusions:Participants with Yin-deficient,Yang-deficient,and balanced constitutions have varying physical characteristics and gene expression patterns.Additionally,the results from TCM constitution classification matched those obtained by genetic classification.Finally,our preliminary gene classifier distinguishes among Yin-deficient,Yang-deficient,and balanced constitutions,and provides a methodological basis for identifying the different constitutions.