Arc erosion studies are conducted on AgSnO2 contact materials at different stages in the break operation. A resistive load arrangement is used with up to 42 V DC at 24 A and a constant contact opening velocity. The ar...Arc erosion studies are conducted on AgSnO2 contact materials at different stages in the break operation. A resistive load arrangement is used with up to 42 V DC at 24 A and a constant contact opening velocity. The arc current is terminated at different stages as the arc is drawn between the contacts enabling a study of the arcing phenomena up to that point. Surface profiling of the contacts is conducted to determine the extent of erosion at the different stages as the arc is drawn. Spectral analysis is also conducted on the arc and then related to the extent of erosion. The results show that particular features occur at different stages as the arc is drawn. As the arc is initially established, it goes through an ＂Arc Generation＂ regime where the arc roots are small and immobile on both the anode and the cathode. Material transfer occurs mainly from anode to cathode. The spectral analysis indicates that Sn and O species dominate the arc followed by the Ag species. As the arc is drawn further and enters the ＂Arc Degeneration＂ regime, the anode undergoes significantly larger erosion than the cathode. Also, both contacts indicate that multiple arc roots have formed, which are highly mobile in the later stages of the discharge. The spectral analysis indicates that Ag and N species are in high concentrations compared to other species. The mechanisms of erosion and deposition are discussed in relation to the species within the arc discharge. For the complete break operation, it is found that the anode undergoes major erosion, and it is thought that the gaseous ions species do not dominate the arc under these conditions of short arcs and voltage 〈42 V to cause cathode erosion.展开更多
By means of breaking tests on PtIr contact materials via a JF04C contact material testing machine, it was attempted to elucidate the characteristics of the various surface morphology and material transfer after the ar...By means of breaking tests on PtIr contact materials via a JF04C contact material testing machine, it was attempted to elucidate the characteristics of the various surface morphology and material transfer after the arc erosion process caused by break arc. The material transfer characteristics appeared in the experiments were concluded and analyzed. Meanwhile, the morphology of the anode and cathode surface were observed and analyzed by SEM.展开更多
By using a self-developed IF power and a ASTM contact material experimental system of small-capacity and variable frequency,the value of arcing characteristics and the welding force of the silver-based contact materia...By using a self-developed IF power and a ASTM contact material experimental system of small-capacity and variable frequency,the value of arcing characteristics and the welding force of the silver-based contact material are acquired under low voltage,resistive load and small current at 400 Hz and 50 Hz. By means of an electricity-ray analytical balance,SEM and EDAX,the weighing values of the contact materials and the changes of AgCdO,AgNi,AgC and AgW contact material surface profile and micro-area constituent are obtained and analyzed. The arc erosion causes of silver-based alloy contact materials at 400 Hz and 50 Hz are also discussed.展开更多
The erosion behavior of a nanocomposite W-Cu material under arc breakdown was investigated. The arc erosion rates of the material were determined, and the eroded surfaces and arc erosion mechanisms were studied by sca...The erosion behavior of a nanocomposite W-Cu material under arc breakdown was investigated. The arc erosion rates of the material were determined, and the eroded surfaces and arc erosion mechanisms were studied by scanning eleclion microscopy. It is concluded that the nanocomposite W-Cu electrical contact material shows a characteristic of spreading arcs. The arc breakdown of a commercially used W-Cu alloy was limited in a few areas, and its average arc erosion rate is twice as large as that of the former. Furthermore, it is also proved that the arc extinction ability and arc stability of the nanocomposite W-Cu material are excellent, and melting is the major failure modality in the make-and-break operation of arcs.展开更多
A contact zone sandwiched between an arc and an oceanic crust was discoveredin the Laohushan area in the present study. It consists of a series of north-dipping imbricatedthrust sheets and is exposed on the surface as...A contact zone sandwiched between an arc and an oceanic crust was discoveredin the Laohushan area in the present study. It consists of a series of north-dipping imbricatedthrust sheets and is exposed on the surface as a narrow arcuate belt, which extends for about 30 kmin an E-W direction and measures about 1-3 km wide. Lithologically, it can be divided into foursubzones. Subzone 1 consists of meta-andesite and metasandstone; subzone 2, psammitic schists;subzone 3, psammitic and pelitic schists, quartz diorite and hornfelses; and subzone 4, metagabbro,epidote amphibolite and pelitic schists. The metamorphism has the following grading sequence: lowgreenschist facies in subzone 1 - > high greenschist facies in subzone 2 - > low amphibolite fadesin subzone 3 - > epidote amphibolite facies in subzone 4. Petrographic and geochemical evidenceshows that rocks in subzones 1, 2 and 3 are arc rocks, whereas those of subzone 4 are oceaniccrustal rocks. The metamorphic mineral assemblages and especially mineral chemistry of the bluishgreen amphibole from the pelitic schists and epidote amphibolite of subzone 4 suggest that the rocksof the contact zone were metamorphosed at a pressure of up to 0.69 GPa. It is thought that theLate-Mid Ordovician oceanic lithosphere of a back-arc basin was underthrust northerly beneath an arcto a depth of 20-23 km, where the basaltic rocks and gabbro were converted to epidote amphiboliteand metagabbro respectively. Then, the root rocks of the arc and these metamorphosed oceanic rockswere brought up to shallower depths by thrust faults to form a contact zone between the arc and theoceanic crust in the Laohushan area.展开更多
The arc erosion under medium direct currents in the argon flow was tested on tungsten-copper（W-Cu） contacts which were processed by hot extrusion and heat treatment. The scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and trans...The arc erosion under medium direct currents in the argon flow was tested on tungsten-copper（W-Cu） contacts which were processed by hot extrusion and heat treatment. The scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） were used to study the microstructure of the W-Cu powders and compacts. The contact resistance, arcing energy, and arcing time were continuously measured by JF04C contact materials test system. Changes in tungsten-copper contact surface were observed by SEM. The test results showed that the arcing time and arcing energy all increase with current and voltage, but the changes of average contact resistance are more complicated. For a short arcing time, the average contact resistance decreases with increasing current due to the vaporization of Cu. However, for a longer arcing time, it slightly increases due to the formation of high resistant films, compound copper tungsten. The formation of compound copper tungsten was confirmed by the increased Rc kept in the range from 1.1 to 1.6 mΩ. The compound copper tungsten is first exposed with a tungsten and copper-rich surface, and then totally exposed due to evaporation of copper from the surface. At last a stabilized surface is created and the crystals decrease from 8 μm to 2 μm caused by the arc erosion.展开更多
The arcing process greatly affects the breaking ability after current zero.The instability stage is the transition stage from the ignition to the movement stage,which affects the arc movement characteristics.In this p...The arcing process greatly affects the breaking ability after current zero.The instability stage is the transition stage from the ignition to the movement stage,which affects the arc movement characteristics.In this paper,the arc characteristics during the instability stage on spiral-type contacts were investigated using a high-speed video camera.A multi-column parallel instability mode and a single-column instability mode were found during the instability stage.The arc appearance and constriction degree changed rapidly.The arc voltage usually increased accompanied by fluctuations.In addition,it was found that the current significantly influenced the arc mode and duration in the instability stage.With increased peak current,the probability of a single-column instability mode increased,and the fluctuation range and average time decreased.展开更多
The erosion of silver contacts due to break arcs with length proportional to time and of variable duration has been measured by weighing the contacts following 5000 openings at a constant current equal to 40 A.The exp...The erosion of silver contacts due to break arcs with length proportional to time and of variable duration has been measured by weighing the contacts following 5000 openings at a constant current equal to 40 A.The experimental results show that,for arc durations shorter than 60 μs,the transfer of metal from the anode to the cathode occurs,but after passing this stage,when the two electrodes are separated by greater distances,each will display erosion.This is the result of the diffusion of material outside the space between the two electrodes.In order to interpret these results,we have applied a classical model of the physical phenomena occurring at the root of the arc.Analysis of the experimental results shows that for an arc duration of less than15 μs,no distinct cathode root is seen to exist,but beyond this,several spots appear gradually on the cathode for arc duration up to 50 μs,after which they merge into a single spot.The comparison between experiment results and theoretical interpretation is reasonable up to 60 μs.展开更多
基金Barnbrook Systems, UK for their support of this work
文摘Arc erosion studies are conducted on AgSnO2 contact materials at different stages in the break operation. A resistive load arrangement is used with up to 42 V DC at 24 A and a constant contact opening velocity. The arc current is terminated at different stages as the arc is drawn between the contacts enabling a study of the arcing phenomena up to that point. Surface profiling of the contacts is conducted to determine the extent of erosion at the different stages as the arc is drawn. Spectral analysis is also conducted on the arc and then related to the extent of erosion. The results show that particular features occur at different stages as the arc is drawn. As the arc is initially established, it goes through an ＂Arc Generation＂ regime where the arc roots are small and immobile on both the anode and the cathode. Material transfer occurs mainly from anode to cathode. The spectral analysis indicates that Sn and O species dominate the arc followed by the Ag species. As the arc is drawn further and enters the ＂Arc Degeneration＂ regime, the anode undergoes significantly larger erosion than the cathode. Also, both contacts indicate that multiple arc roots have formed, which are highly mobile in the later stages of the discharge. The spectral analysis indicates that Ag and N species are in high concentrations compared to other species. The mechanisms of erosion and deposition are discussed in relation to the species within the arc discharge. For the complete break operation, it is found that the anode undergoes major erosion, and it is thought that the gaseous ions species do not dominate the arc under these conditions of short arcs and voltage 〈42 V to cause cathode erosion.
基金The National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.u0837601)
文摘By means of breaking tests on PtIr contact materials via a JF04C contact material testing machine, it was attempted to elucidate the characteristics of the various surface morphology and material transfer after the arc erosion process caused by break arc. The material transfer characteristics appeared in the experiments were concluded and analyzed. Meanwhile, the morphology of the anode and cathode surface were observed and analyzed by SEM.
基金supported by the Hunan Natural Science Foundation in China (No.05JJ40068)
文摘By using a self-developed IF power and a ASTM contact material experimental system of small-capacity and variable frequency,the value of arcing characteristics and the welding force of the silver-based contact material are acquired under low voltage,resistive load and small current at 400 Hz and 50 Hz. By means of an electricity-ray analytical balance,SEM and EDAX,the weighing values of the contact materials and the changes of AgCdO,AgNi,AgC and AgW contact material surface profile and micro-area constituent are obtained and analyzed. The arc erosion causes of silver-based alloy contact materials at 400 Hz and 50 Hz are also discussed.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50071043) the Natural Science Foundation ofShaanxi Province, China (No. 2004E105).
文摘The erosion behavior of a nanocomposite W-Cu material under arc breakdown was investigated. The arc erosion rates of the material were determined, and the eroded surfaces and arc erosion mechanisms were studied by scanning eleclion microscopy. It is concluded that the nanocomposite W-Cu electrical contact material shows a characteristic of spreading arcs. The arc breakdown of a commercially used W-Cu alloy was limited in a few areas, and its average arc erosion rate is twice as large as that of the former. Furthermore, it is also proved that the arc extinction ability and arc stability of the nanocomposite W-Cu material are excellent, and melting is the major failure modality in the make-and-break operation of arcs.
基金financially supportedby National Science Council.
文摘A contact zone sandwiched between an arc and an oceanic crust was discoveredin the Laohushan area in the present study. It consists of a series of north-dipping imbricatedthrust sheets and is exposed on the surface as a narrow arcuate belt, which extends for about 30 kmin an E-W direction and measures about 1-3 km wide. Lithologically, it can be divided into foursubzones. Subzone 1 consists of meta-andesite and metasandstone; subzone 2, psammitic schists;subzone 3, psammitic and pelitic schists, quartz diorite and hornfelses; and subzone 4, metagabbro,epidote amphibolite and pelitic schists. The metamorphism has the following grading sequence: lowgreenschist facies in subzone 1 - > high greenschist facies in subzone 2 - > low amphibolite fadesin subzone 3 - > epidote amphibolite facies in subzone 4. Petrographic and geochemical evidenceshows that rocks in subzones 1, 2 and 3 are arc rocks, whereas those of subzone 4 are oceaniccrustal rocks. The metamorphic mineral assemblages and especially mineral chemistry of the bluishgreen amphibole from the pelitic schists and epidote amphibolite of subzone 4 suggest that the rocksof the contact zone were metamorphosed at a pressure of up to 0.69 GPa. It is thought that theLate-Mid Ordovician oceanic lithosphere of a back-arc basin was underthrust northerly beneath an arcto a depth of 20-23 km, where the basaltic rocks and gabbro were converted to epidote amphiboliteand metagabbro respectively. Then, the root rocks of the arc and these metamorphosed oceanic rockswere brought up to shallower depths by thrust faults to form a contact zone between the arc and theoceanic crust in the Laohushan area.
文摘The arc erosion under medium direct currents in the argon flow was tested on tungsten-copper（W-Cu） contacts which were processed by hot extrusion and heat treatment. The scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） were used to study the microstructure of the W-Cu powders and compacts. The contact resistance, arcing energy, and arcing time were continuously measured by JF04C contact materials test system. Changes in tungsten-copper contact surface were observed by SEM. The test results showed that the arcing time and arcing energy all increase with current and voltage, but the changes of average contact resistance are more complicated. For a short arcing time, the average contact resistance decreases with increasing current due to the vaporization of Cu. However, for a longer arcing time, it slightly increases due to the formation of high resistant films, compound copper tungsten. The formation of compound copper tungsten was confirmed by the increased Rc kept in the range from 1.1 to 1.6 mΩ. The compound copper tungsten is first exposed with a tungsten and copper-rich surface, and then totally exposed due to evaporation of copper from the surface. At last a stabilized surface is created and the crystals decrease from 8 μm to 2 μm caused by the arc erosion.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51777153)
文摘The arcing process greatly affects the breaking ability after current zero.The instability stage is the transition stage from the ignition to the movement stage,which affects the arc movement characteristics.In this paper,the arc characteristics during the instability stage on spiral-type contacts were investigated using a high-speed video camera.A multi-column parallel instability mode and a single-column instability mode were found during the instability stage.The arc appearance and constriction degree changed rapidly.The arc voltage usually increased accompanied by fluctuations.In addition,it was found that the current significantly influenced the arc mode and duration in the instability stage.With increased peak current,the probability of a single-column instability mode increased,and the fluctuation range and average time decreased.
文摘The erosion of silver contacts due to break arcs with length proportional to time and of variable duration has been measured by weighing the contacts following 5000 openings at a constant current equal to 40 A.The experimental results show that,for arc durations shorter than 60 μs,the transfer of metal from the anode to the cathode occurs,but after passing this stage,when the two electrodes are separated by greater distances,each will display erosion.This is the result of the diffusion of material outside the space between the two electrodes.In order to interpret these results,we have applied a classical model of the physical phenomena occurring at the root of the arc.Analysis of the experimental results shows that for an arc duration of less than15 μs,no distinct cathode root is seen to exist,but beyond this,several spots appear gradually on the cathode for arc duration up to 50 μs,after which they merge into a single spot.The comparison between experiment results and theoretical interpretation is reasonable up to 60 μs.
