The Effect of Contact-Based Interventions on the Attitudes and Behaviors of Nursing Students towards People with Mental Illness: A Literature Review

Background: Student nurses and other healthcare students are the future mental health professionals and have the potential for changing the future of mental healthcare. Therefore, their negative attitudes and behaviors should be screened and corrected by effective anti-stigma interventions. Otherwise, they would likely withhold some health services and practice coercive treatments once planning care to people with mental illness. However, little is known on effective approaches to correct these negative attitudes and behaviors, despite the previous reviews that have shown that contact-based interventions have demonstrated positive attitudinal and behavioral changes for nursing students towards people with mental illness. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to compile the available research evidence on contact-based interventions that have targeted the attitudes and behaviors of nursing students towards people with mental illness. Methods: The relevant literature was extracted by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) and by hand checking reference lists of past similar reviews. Results: Eleven studies were retrieved and included in this review. The included studies in this review either have employed social contact interventions, video-based social contact interventions, or both types for the aim of combining or comparing. Furthermore, the included studies either have targeted the attitudes of nursing students towards people with mental illness (including prejudice), or a combination of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (including behavioral intentions and social distance). No studies have targeted behavioral outcomes solely. Conclusions: From the available literature, the current authors cannot draw conclusions on the most effective type, form, or ingredients of contact-based interventions among nursing students, as previous literature has large variations. No consistency was found in the previous studies regarding the types or contents of effective contact-based interventions. The compiled evidence in this review, has suggested that contact-based interventions (both social contact and video-based social contact) have been effective in changing the attitudes and behaviors of nursing students favorably, similarly to what previous reviews have found.

Machine Vision Based Measurement of Dynamic Contact Angles in Microchannel Flows

When characterizing flows in miniaturized channels, the determination of the dynamic contact angle is important. By measuring the dynamic contact angle, the flow properties of the flowing liquid and the effect of material properties on the flow can be characterized. A machine vision based system to measure the contact angle of front or rear menisci of a moving liquid plug is described in this article. In this research, transparent flow channels fabricated on thermoplastic polymer and sealed with an adhesive tape are used. The transparency of the channels enables image based monitoring and measurement of flow variables, including the dynamic contact angle. It is shown that the dynamic angle can be measured from a liquid flow in a channel using the image based measurement system. An image processing algorithm has been developed in a MATLAB environment. Images are taken using a CCD camera and the channels are illuminated using a custom made ring light. Two fitting methods, a circle and two parabolas, are experimented and the results are compared in the measurement of the dynamic contact angles.

Reliability-Based Shape Optimization of Tenon/Mortise in Aero-engines with Contact

Based on the theory of reliability-based structural shape optimization, exact expressions of the sensibility using the stochastic finite element method for contact problems were derived in detail, and the basic steps of structural optimization were given. A coattail-type tenon/mortise of an aero-engine was optimized. In this model, the maximum equivalent stress of the nodes on the boundary of the tenon was the objective function; the width of tooth’s neck and the side surface’s slope angle of a tenon were design variables, with constraints of tension stress, extrusion stress and reliability index. The result showed that the distributions of the contact pressure between tenon and mortise, the equivalence stress and reliability index were more reasonable. It validates the correctness of the optimization model and the reliability-based structural shape optimization, and provides valuable references for structural design of the tenon/mortise.

Ti/Al Based Ohmic Contact to As-Grown N-Polar GaN

Ti/Al based Ohmic contacts to as-grown N-polar GaN are investigated by cross-section transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Due to the higher oxygen background doping in the N- polar GaN, the A1 metal in Ohmic stacks is found to react with background oxygen more easily, resulting in more AlOe. In addition, the formation of AlOx is affected by the A1 layer thickness greatly. The AlOx combined with the presence of AIN is detrimental to the Ohmic contacts for N-polar GaN compared with Ga-polar GaN. With the reduction of the AI layer thickness to some extent, less AlOx and AIN are formed, and lower Ohmic contact resistance is obtained. The lowest contact resistivity p of 1.97 × 10-6 Ω·cm2 is achieved with the AI layer thickness of 80 nm.

Research on arc erosion of silver-based alloy contact materials under low voltage,resistive load and small current at 400 Hz and 50 Hz

By using a self-developed IF power and a ASTM contact material experimental system of small-capacity and variable frequency,the value of arcing characteristics and the welding force of the silver-based contact material are acquired under low voltage,resistive load and small current at 400 Hz and 50 Hz. By means of an electricity-ray analytical balance,SEM and EDAX,the weighing values of the contact materials and the changes of AgCdO,AgNi,AgC and AgW contact material surface profile and micro-area constituent are obtained and analyzed. The arc erosion causes of silver-based alloy contact materials at 400 Hz and 50 Hz are also discussed.

Oxidized film on C_p/Cu-Cd electrical contact material

Constituents of the oxidized surface film on diamond particles reinforced Cu-Cd alloy matrix composite （Cp/Cu-Cd） were investigated by XPS. The results show that Cu2O is the main constituent when the oxidized film is thin; CuO appears only after the film is rather thick. The originally formed oxidized film on the Cp/Cu-Cd is about 10nm in thickness and is mainly composed of Cu2O and Cu. After oxidized at 120℃ over 30h, CuO is detected in the film.

Transition from tunneling regime to local point contact realized on Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 surface

Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we studied the transition from tunneling regime to local point contact on the iron-based superconductor Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. By gradually reducing the junction resistance, a series of spectra were obtained with the characteristics evolving from single-particle tunneling into Andreev reflection. The spectra can be well fitted to the modified Blonder–Tinkham–Klapwijk（BTK） model and exhibit significant changes of both spectral broadening and orbital selection due to the formation of point contact. The spatial resolution of the point contact was estimated to be several nanometers, providing a unique way to study the inhomogeneity of unconventional superconductors on such a scale.

A semi-spring and semi-edge combined contact model in CDEM and its application to analysis of Jiweishan landslide

Continuum-based discrete element method(CDEM)is an explicit numerical method used for simulation of progressive failure of geological body.To improve the efficiency of contact detection and simplify the calculation steps for contact forces,semi-spring and semi-edge are introduced in calculation.Semispring is derived from block vertex,and formed by indenting the block vertex into each face(24semisprings for a hexahedral element).The formation process of semi-edge is the same as that of semi-spring(24semi-edges for a hexahedral element).Based on the semi-springs and semi-edges,a new type of combined contact model is presented.According to this model,six contact types could be reduced to two,i.e.the semi-spring target face contact and semi-edge target edge contact.By the combined model,the contact force could be calculated directly(the information of contact type is not necessary),and the failure judgment could be executed in a straightforward way(each semi-spring and semi-edge own their characteristic areas).The algorithm has been successfully programmed in C++program.Some simple numerical cases are presented to show the validity and accuracy of this model.Finally,the failure mode,sliding distance and critical friction angle of Jiweishan landslide are studied with the combined model.

Meaningful Contact Estimates among Children in a Childcare Centre with Applications to Contact Matrices in Infectious Disease Modelling

We present a mathematical model of a day care center in a developed country (such as Canada), in order to use it for the estimation of individual-to-individual contact rates in young age groups and in an educational group setting. In our model, individuals in the population are children (ages 1.5 to 4 years) and staff, and their interactions are modelled explicitly: person-to-person and person-to-environment, with a very high time resolution. Their movement and meaningful contact patterns are simulated and then calibrated with collected data from a child care facility as a case study. We present these calibration results as a first part in the further development of our model for testing and estimating the spread of infectious diseases within child care centers.

Factors influencing the performance of paintable carbon-based perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air

To date, many efforts have been made to improve the performance of paintable carbon-based （PC-based） perovskite solar cells （PSCs）. Though great progress has been achieved, their power conversion efficiencies are still relatively low compared with hole-transport-materials-based PSCs. General research on influencing factors of performance in PC-based PSCs is still insufficient. In this work, PC-based PSCs were fabricated in ambient air and four groups of controlled experi- ments were performed in which the PbI2 layers were prepared with or without antisolvent extraction treatment. These four groups of experiments were designed to find out the effect of different influencing factors on PC-based PSCs performance, for example, PbI2 residual, the surface morphology of the perovskite film, the surface roughness of the perovskite film, and the contact status of the perovskite/carbon electrode interface. With a systematic analysis, we demonstrated that the contact status of the perovskite/carbon electrode interface played a vital role in PC-based PSCs, and a fiat, smooth perovskite surface could help to improve this contact status significantly. Besides, on the precondition of a poor contact interface, no PbI2 residual and a good surface morphology only brought limited benefits to the performances of PC-based PSCs.

规范ICU多重耐药菌感染病人接触隔离的循证护理实践

目的:提高重症监护病房(ICU)医护人员接触隔离管理水平及最佳证据执行能力,降低ICU多重耐药菌医院感染发生率。方法:运用循证护理方法获取最佳证据,制定多重耐药菌感染病人接触隔离管理审查指标并用于临床进行持续质量改进,比较证据应用前后ICU多重耐药菌医院感染发生率、医护人员对多重耐药菌感染病人接触隔离相关知识知晓情况及执行情况。结果:本研究形成21条质量审查指标,应用最佳证据后,ICU医护人员多重耐药菌接触隔离理论知识评分由(73.49±6.50)分提高到(92.88±6.27)分;接触隔离措施依从性大幅提升,13条审查指标执行率提升至88%以上,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),ICU多重耐药菌医院感染率从3.2%降低至1.9%。结论:将基于循证的最佳证据应用于临床,有助于推进ICU多重耐药菌感染病人接触隔离管控措施落实,提升医护人员理论知识及实践水平,降低ICU多重耐药菌医院感染发生率。

The n-type Si-based materials applied on the front surface of IBC-SHJ solar cells

Interdigitated back contact silicon hetero-junction(IBC-SHJ) solar cells exhibit excellent performance owing to the IBC and SHJ structures.The front surface field(FSF) layer composed of electric field passivation and chemical passivation has been proved to play an important role in IBC-SHJ solar cells.The electric field passivated layer n^+-a-Si: H, an n-type Si alloy with carbon or oxygen in amorphous phase, is simulated in this study to investigate its effect on IBC-SHJ.It is indicated that the n^+-a-Si: H layer with wider band gap can reduce the light absorption on the front side efficaciously,which hinders the surface recombination of photo-generated carriers and thus contributes to the improvement of the short circuit current density Jsc.The highly doped n^+-a-Si: H can result in the remakable energy band bending, which makes it outstanding in the field passivation, while it makes little contribution to the chemical passivation.It is noteworthy that when the electric field intensity exceeds 1.3 × 10^5 V/cm, the efficiency decrease caused by the inferior chemical passivation is only 0.16%.In this study, the IBC-SHJ solar cell with a front n^+-a-Si: H field passivation layer is simulated, which shows the high efficiency of 26% in spite of the inferior chemical passivation on the front surface.

高压作用下水泥基粉末材料的接触硬化研究综述

在高压作用下,一些具有无定型相的水泥基粉末材料会发生接触硬化现象,粉末颗粒在压力作用下发生缩聚运动,并在粉末颗粒间形成结构键,进而快速形成具有一定强度及耐水性的人造石材。本文综述了压力作用下水泥基粉末材料接触硬化的成键机理以及粉末水分含量、干燥条件、钙硅比、压制过程对其接触硬化性能影响的研究进展。相关研究结果表明,压力作用下粉末颗粒间会形成氢键、范德华力、固体桥键等结构键;粉末水分含量是影响接触硬化性能的重要因素,在压力作用下,水分可以改变粉末颗粒的表面性质并影响颗粒之间的结合,进而改变压制成品的力学性能;钙硅比对接触硬化性能的影响显著,不同粉末材料在压制时的最佳钙硅比亦是不同;摩擦力的存在降低了压制效率,造成压制成品密度、强度分布不均匀,润滑剂的加入可以有效降低摩擦力的影响;此外,降低压制模具高径比并使用双面压制可有效提升压制成品的质量。

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水性食品油墨中铜与铅的溶出量

为探究水性油墨和印刷纸杯中可溶性铅和铜的溶出量,有效控制重金属迁移的安全风险,提出基于火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铜与铅元素的溶出量方法。先配制两种水性食品油墨即深红油墨和深绿油墨,并分析其性能,然后采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定两种油墨和印刷纸杯中铜和铅的溶出量。实验结果表明:两种油墨的物理状态较为稳定,铜与铅元素在检测中质量浓度与光谱强度线性关系良好,其相对标准偏差分别为1.64%与2.24%,回收率分别在94.0%~101.0%和91.0%~94.8%之间;时间和温度对重金属溶出有较大影响,100℃条件下2 h的铅与铜溶出量分别是25℃条件下24 h铅与铜的8.3与2.36倍;深红墨的安全性高于深绿墨,所配制油墨及纸杯中铅与铜元素的溶出量在高温或长时间使用下存在超标的风险,因而需要严格控制材料制品与食物接触的时间和温度。所建立的方法快速简单、经济环保,可满足企业日常检验的要求。

基于地基雷达数据构建红松人工林树高、枝下高及接触高模型

采用地面激光雷达(Terrestrial Laser Scanning,TLS)扫描10块人工红松林所得到的数据,与实地调查数据相结合,构建红松树高曲线模型、枝下高预估模型与接触高预估模型,并建立联立方程组。首先,从所选择的5种树高曲线模型中,选择出拟合效果较好的2个模型作为联立方程组的备选模型。然后再从5个枝下高基础模型中选出1个拟合效果好,并且适用程度高的模型作为基础模型,运用再参数化和最优子集回归的方法将林分因子(林分平均胸径、林分断面积、高径比、优势木平均胸径和优势木平均高)代入基础模型,选择拟合效果较好的模型作为枝下高备选模型。相同的方法选择拟合效果好的接触高备选模型。最后将树高曲线模型、枝下高备选模型与接触高备选模型分别两两联立,建立联立方程组。通过似不相关回归(Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation,SVR或SURE),根据拟合优度与检验结果选择最优秀的方程组,并对联立方程组进行评价。最终得到结果最优联立方程组预估树高时,决定系数R^(2)=0.896,均方根误差RMSE=0.612 m;当方程组预估枝下高时,R^(2)=0.575,RMSE=0.850 m;当方程预估接触高时,R^(2)=0.719,RMSE=0.791 m,而且各种检验指标都较好。综合来看,方程组对树高、枝下高与接触高拟合精度与检验效果较好,可以解决树高、枝下高与接触高的内在相关性问题,为进一步研究红松树冠结构与动态变化提供基础。

AgCu系电接触材料研究进展

银铜系电接触材料作为银基电接触材料的一大重要门类在电接触材料行业中因其卓越的电导率、耐磨性、抗熔焊性和广泛应用而占据重要地位。本文对Ag CuNi、AgCuV、AgCuO合金系列以及Ag Cu/LSCO等银铜系电接触材料的性能特点、制备工艺和研究现状进行了归纳和阐述。分析了银铜系电接触材料研究中存在的问题,并展望了发展趋势。

电磁轨道发射装置材料损伤抑制方法研究现状

电磁轨道发射是利用洛伦兹力在数毫秒内将电枢和负载加速到超高速的发射技术。电枢通过紧固式或填塞式装填在轨道内,在大电流强磁场环境下进行超高速滑动,不可避免伴随有轨道刨削、轨道沟槽、电枢融化和电枢转捩损伤发生。电磁轨道发射器的损伤问题是限制其工程化的关键,针对电枢轨道材料损伤抑制问题,总结国内外电磁轨道损伤机理研究现状,分析电枢轨道4类表面材料损伤成因。针对损伤机理介绍了改进电枢轨道结构、使用新型材料及整流驱动电流3种抑制损伤方案。最后介绍了一种具有高导电性、高导热性、高沸点和低熔点特性的镓基液态金属,讨论了用该金属制备电枢涂层抑制电枢轨道间机械磨损,减轻熔蚀损伤并推迟转捩发生的可行性,并对电磁轨道发射装置损伤抑制研究进行了展望。

广西越州故城遗址玻璃珠饰的科学研究

本研究利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱分析、共聚焦激光拉曼光谱分析、光学相干层析成像、超景深光学显微观测等多种方法对广西越州故城遗址出土的印度-太平洋玻璃珠饰进行科技分析,获取了玻璃珠的化学成分、物相结构、内部物理结构、表面显微形貌等综合物理化学信息,确定了玻璃珠的玻璃体系、制作工艺(着色工艺、成形工艺)和产地来源,探讨了以丝绸之路为主线的国内发现魏晋南北朝时期印度-太平洋玻璃珠可能的输入路线。广西越州故城遗址发现的印度-太平洋玻璃珠为中外文明交流提供了新实物证据,对深入研究我国南北朝时期中外文明交流具有十分重要的学术价值和研究意义。

锆基合金表面仿生织构设计及润湿性仿真研究

为探究锆基合金织构化表面微润滑机制,在锆基合金表面制备一种类似树蛙趾端表面多边形棱柱结构的仿生织构,利用ANSYS Fluent软件在模拟织构表面并建立液滴铺展模型,分析不同织构参数(织构边长、织构间距)下仿生织构表面的亲水性能。结果表明:六边形织构在相同面积率下可提供最长的凹槽长度及最长的织构边缘长度,在各多边形织构中具有较强的亲水效果;织构间距、织构边长与接触角之间均存在明显线性关系,接触角随织构间距的增大而减小,随织构边长的增大而增大,因此可通过调整织构边长与织构间距实现对亲水性能的改善。在研究的织构边长和织构间距范围内,锆基合金织构表面的接触角都低于光滑合金表面的接触角,表明建立的仿生织构表面改善了锆基合金的亲水性。

低压电器用银基触点材料研究与应用进展

银基电接触材料是低压电器的核心部件,其性能指标直接决定电气设备的安全可靠性。基于绿色环保要求,传统的银氧化镉电接触材料含有毒物质Cd元素,正逐渐淘汰。与此同时,电气设备的升级换代对银基电接触材料提出了更高的性能要求。针对银基电接触材料,从触点材料的失效机理、常见的银基电接触材料分类进行讨论,同时针对各种银基电接触材料存在的问题、成分设计与工艺优化以及仿真模拟的应用进行了全面的综述,并结合材料的研发需求,给了未来银基电接触材料的发展建议,为银基电接触材料的研究发展提供参考。