The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic prof...The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic profiling combined with soil one, the structure and dynamics of phytocenoses forming under the conditions of mutual development of light-coniferous taiga forest and of extra zonal steppes. Edaphic conditions and placement of phytocenoses are main trigger factors determining the ways of plant cover development in this part of Lake Baikal basin. We discuss the characteristics properties inherent in the linkage of the dynamics and spatial variability of the vegetation with the change of climate in the Baikal region. The regional conditions of the physiogeographic environment had given rise to structurally highly contrasting plant communities in this region. The increase in yearly mean summertime amounts of rainfall, combined with the rise of yearly mean winter temperatures over the last years were conducive to changes in the spatial structure of vegetation. The boundary between the types of vegetation undergoes smoothing. The upper boundary of forest is altered because of changes of the environment that are responsible for the zonality and properties of vertical zonality of the vegetation on the mountains surrounding Lake Baikal. Changes in the vegetation serve as indicators of climate change as well as providing diagnostic tools for the genesis of the Baikal region’s natural environment.展开更多
A batch experiment was performed to investigate nonequilibrium adsorption behavior of atrazine(2-chioro-4-ethylami- no-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine)on a fluvo-aquic soil.The amount of atrazine sorbed increased with...A batch experiment was performed to investigate nonequilibrium adsorption behavior of atrazine(2-chioro-4-ethylami- no-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine)on a fluvo-aquic soil.The amount of atrazine sorbed increased with increasing adsorp- tion contact periods.For a range of initial atrazine concentrations,the percentage of atrazine sorbed within 24 h ranged from 24% to 77% of the observed total amount sorbed for the longest contact period;when adsorption contact periods were more than 72h,the deviations in curves fitted using a nonlinear Freundlich equation gradually became less.The op- posite trend was observed for the atrazine concentrations in solution.The effect of adsorption contact periods on atrazine adsorption behavior was evaluated by interpreting the temporal variations in linear and nonlinear Freundlich equation parameters obtained from the phase-distribution relationships.As the adsorption contact period increased,the nonlinear Freundlich capacity coefficient k_f showed a significant linear increase(r^2=0.9063,P<0.001).However,a significant negative linear correlation was observed for the nonlinear coefficient n,a dimensionless parameter(r^2=0.5666,P<0.05). Furthermore,the linear distribution coefficient k_d ranged from 0.38 to 1.44 and exhibited a significant linear correlation to the adsorption contact period(r^2=0.72,P<0.01).The parameters k_f and n obtained from a time-dependent isotherm rather than the distribution coefficient k_d estimated using the linear Freundlich equation were more appropriate to predict the herbicide residue in the field and thus more meaningful for environmental assessment.展开更多
Soil water repellency （SWR） is one of the most important physical properties of soils found all over the world, and it may have significant effects on the eco-hydrological processes of land ecosystems. In this study...Soil water repellency （SWR） is one of the most important physical properties of soils found all over the world, and it may have significant effects on the eco-hydrological processes of land ecosystems. In this study, the Capillary Rise Method was used to measure the SWR in the artificial vegetation area in Shapotou, located in the southeast area of the Tengger Desert, Ningxia Prov- ince of western China. The variation of the soil water repellency among different minor topographies, different depths and differ- ent particle sizes was analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the SWR shows distinct changes with vegetation restoration, and it increases with an increase in the period of dune stabilization. In the same vegetation area, the SWR of soils in inter-dune depressions or windward slopes is slightly greater than that in crest or leeward slopes. The SWR of 0-3 cm topsoil is significantly greater than that in the 3-6 cm soil layer. The SWR decreases with an increase in grain size and the differences among the SWRs of different sieved soil fractions are found to be significant. There is also a significantly positive correlation between the SWR and the proportion of soils with grain sizes of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.01 and 0.01-0.15 mm, and a significantly negative correlation between the SWR and the propotion of soils with grain sizes exceeding 0.15 mm. The increase of SWR in revegetation areas may depend on the continuous depositing of atmospheric dust on the stabilized dune surface as well as the formation of biological soil crusts, especially on the formation of algal and lichen crusts. Enhanced SWR influences the effectiveness of water use of sand plants in- habiting the sand dunes.展开更多
Abstract： Soil water repellency （WR） is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the e...Abstract： Soil water repellency （WR） is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO32, HCO3-, CI, SO42-, Na~, K~, Ca2~ and Mg2＋ were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages： extremely degraded〉degraded〉stabilized〉well developed〉newly developed〉quick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils （crest and slope of dune） was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations （Ca2＋, Mg2＋, K＋ and Na＋） and two anions （CI and SO42） enhanced soil WR, while CO32-decreased it. HCO3- did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model （GLM） between soil-air-water contact angle （CA） and influencing factors （CA=5.606 sand＋6.496 （clay and silt）-2.353 pH＋470.089 CQ2＋11.346 Na＋-407.707 Cl--14.245 SO42-＋0.734 total N-519.521 ）. It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR （0°〈CA〈90°）. The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.展开更多
A 3-D soil-pipe nonlinear finite element model with contact element is suggested and the influences of the rupture mode, thickness and rigidity of overlying soil on the response of buried pipeline are analyzed. The nu...A 3-D soil-pipe nonlinear finite element model with contact element is suggested and the influences of the rupture mode, thickness and rigidity of overlying soil on the response of buried pipeline are analyzed. The numerical results show that the soil rupture mode determines the location of the large deformation or failure of the pipeline, and the plastic de- formation of the pipeline occurs at the zone where the plastic deformation or rupture of the overlying soil appears. When the fault dip angle on bedrock is near 90°, two plastic deformation sections of the pipeline appear with the development of overlying soil rupture. And the thicker the overlying soil is, the longer the plastic deformation length of the pipeline is and the less its strain is. The plastic deformation length of the pipeline decreases while its maximum strain increases with the rigidity of overlying soil increasing.展开更多
This study was performed to investigate the water repellent effectiveness of natural oil-applied soil when it is used as a building material. Natural oil types such as olive oil, bean oil, perilla oil and linseed oil,...This study was performed to investigate the water repellent effectiveness of natural oil-applied soil when it is used as a building material. Natural oil types such as olive oil, bean oil, perilla oil and linseed oil, which are being used for producing water repellent timber, are selected for the experiments. It is expected that perilla oil and in seed oil, which are drying oil types will have better water repellent effectiveness than the other types. For the evaluation of water repellence of natural oil-applied soil, a contact angle test was performed. A contact angle of water drop on various surface conditions were tested, and large differences were seen between the natural oil-applied soil and untreated soil. As a result, it is showed that all natural oil types have water repellent effectiveness. However, linseed oil, which is a drying oil type, shows an outstanding water repellent effectiveness value, while perila oil, which is also a drying oil type, shows the lowest value. Additionally, results show that there is no link between water repellent effectiveness and the number of applications of natural oil. Nevertheless, existing commercial water repellents show better performance than natural oil, and it is anticipated that the results of this study will provide essential information for further research to enhance the water repellent effectiveness of soil as a building material.展开更多
The traction capacity of the mining machine is greatly in?uenced by the traction rheological properties of the deep-sea sediments. The best simulative soil was prepared for substituting the deep-sea sediment based on ...The traction capacity of the mining machine is greatly in?uenced by the traction rheological properties of the deep-sea sediments. The best simulative soil was prepared for substituting the deep-sea sediment based on the deep-sea sediment collected from the Paci?c C-C mining area. Traction rheological properties of the simulative soil were studied by a home-made test apparatus. In order to accurately describe the traction rheological properties and determine traction rheological parameters, the Newtonian dashpot in Maxwell body of Burgers model was replaced by a self-similarity spring-dashpot fractance and a new rheological constitutive model was deduced by fractional derivative theory. The results show the simulative soil has obvious non-attenuate rheological properties. The transient creep and stable creep rate increase with the traction, but they decrease with ground pressure. The fractional derivative Burgers model are better in describing non-attenuate rheological properties of the simulative soil than the classical Burgers model. For the new traction rheological constitutive equation of the simulative soil, the traction rheological parameters can be obtained by ?tting the tested traction creep data with the traction creep constitutive equation. The ground contact length of track and walking velocity of the mining machine predicted by the traction rheological constitutive equation can be used to take full advantages of the maximum traction provided by the soil and safely improve mining effciency.展开更多
文摘The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic profiling combined with soil one, the structure and dynamics of phytocenoses forming under the conditions of mutual development of light-coniferous taiga forest and of extra zonal steppes. Edaphic conditions and placement of phytocenoses are main trigger factors determining the ways of plant cover development in this part of Lake Baikal basin. We discuss the characteristics properties inherent in the linkage of the dynamics and spatial variability of the vegetation with the change of climate in the Baikal region. The regional conditions of the physiogeographic environment had given rise to structurally highly contrasting plant communities in this region. The increase in yearly mean summertime amounts of rainfall, combined with the rise of yearly mean winter temperatures over the last years were conducive to changes in the spatial structure of vegetation. The boundary between the types of vegetation undergoes smoothing. The upper boundary of forest is altered because of changes of the environment that are responsible for the zonality and properties of vertical zonality of the vegetation on the mountains surrounding Lake Baikal. Changes in the vegetation serve as indicators of climate change as well as providing diagnostic tools for the genesis of the Baikal region’s natural environment.
基金Project supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,China(No.40325001)the National Basic Research and Development Program of China(No.2002CB410805)the Asia-Link Program(No.CN/AsiaLink/001(81468)).
文摘A batch experiment was performed to investigate nonequilibrium adsorption behavior of atrazine(2-chioro-4-ethylami- no-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine)on a fluvo-aquic soil.The amount of atrazine sorbed increased with increasing adsorp- tion contact periods.For a range of initial atrazine concentrations,the percentage of atrazine sorbed within 24 h ranged from 24% to 77% of the observed total amount sorbed for the longest contact period;when adsorption contact periods were more than 72h,the deviations in curves fitted using a nonlinear Freundlich equation gradually became less.The op- posite trend was observed for the atrazine concentrations in solution.The effect of adsorption contact periods on atrazine adsorption behavior was evaluated by interpreting the temporal variations in linear and nonlinear Freundlich equation parameters obtained from the phase-distribution relationships.As the adsorption contact period increased,the nonlinear Freundlich capacity coefficient k_f showed a significant linear increase(r^2=0.9063,P<0.001).However,a significant negative linear correlation was observed for the nonlinear coefficient n,a dimensionless parameter(r^2=0.5666,P<0.05). Furthermore,the linear distribution coefficient k_d ranged from 0.38 to 1.44 and exhibited a significant linear correlation to the adsorption contact period(r^2=0.72,P<0.01).The parameters k_f and n obtained from a time-dependent isotherm rather than the distribution coefficient k_d estimated using the linear Freundlich equation were more appropriate to predict the herbicide residue in the field and thus more meaningful for environmental assessment.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2009CB421303)the National Natural Sciences Foundation(Grant Nos.40971031,40701002)
文摘Soil water repellency （SWR） is one of the most important physical properties of soils found all over the world, and it may have significant effects on the eco-hydrological processes of land ecosystems. In this study, the Capillary Rise Method was used to measure the SWR in the artificial vegetation area in Shapotou, located in the southeast area of the Tengger Desert, Ningxia Prov- ince of western China. The variation of the soil water repellency among different minor topographies, different depths and differ- ent particle sizes was analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the SWR shows distinct changes with vegetation restoration, and it increases with an increase in the period of dune stabilization. In the same vegetation area, the SWR of soils in inter-dune depressions or windward slopes is slightly greater than that in crest or leeward slopes. The SWR of 0-3 cm topsoil is significantly greater than that in the 3-6 cm soil layer. The SWR decreases with an increase in grain size and the differences among the SWRs of different sieved soil fractions are found to be significant. There is also a significantly positive correlation between the SWR and the proportion of soils with grain sizes of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.01 and 0.01-0.15 mm, and a significantly negative correlation between the SWR and the propotion of soils with grain sizes exceeding 0.15 mm. The increase of SWR in revegetation areas may depend on the continuous depositing of atmospheric dust on the stabilized dune surface as well as the formation of biological soil crusts, especially on the formation of algal and lichen crusts. Enhanced SWR influences the effectiveness of water use of sand plants in- habiting the sand dunes.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421303)the Strategic Priority Re- search Program–Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA05050406-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40930636, 41240003, 41271061)
文摘Abstract： Soil water repellency （WR） is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO32, HCO3-, CI, SO42-, Na~, K~, Ca2~ and Mg2＋ were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages： extremely degraded〉degraded〉stabilized〉well developed〉newly developed〉quick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils （crest and slope of dune） was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations （Ca2＋, Mg2＋, K＋ and Na＋） and two anions （CI and SO42） enhanced soil WR, while CO32-decreased it. HCO3- did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model （GLM） between soil-air-water contact angle （CA） and influencing factors （CA=5.606 sand＋6.496 （clay and silt）-2.353 pH＋470.089 CQ2＋11.346 Na＋-407.707 Cl--14.245 SO42-＋0.734 total N-519.521 ）. It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR （0°〈CA〈90°）. The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50778166)the Basic Research Fund of State Level Research Institutes,Institute of Engineering Mechanics of China Earthquake Administration (2007B09)the National Scientific and Technological Support Project from Min-istry of Science and Technology (2006BAC13B02)
文摘A 3-D soil-pipe nonlinear finite element model with contact element is suggested and the influences of the rupture mode, thickness and rigidity of overlying soil on the response of buried pipeline are analyzed. The numerical results show that the soil rupture mode determines the location of the large deformation or failure of the pipeline, and the plastic de- formation of the pipeline occurs at the zone where the plastic deformation or rupture of the overlying soil appears. When the fault dip angle on bedrock is near 90°, two plastic deformation sections of the pipeline appear with the development of overlying soil rupture. And the thicker the overlying soil is, the longer the plastic deformation length of the pipeline is and the less its strain is. The plastic deformation length of the pipeline decreases while its maximum strain increases with the rigidity of overlying soil increasing.
文摘This study was performed to investigate the water repellent effectiveness of natural oil-applied soil when it is used as a building material. Natural oil types such as olive oil, bean oil, perilla oil and linseed oil, which are being used for producing water repellent timber, are selected for the experiments. It is expected that perilla oil and in seed oil, which are drying oil types will have better water repellent effectiveness than the other types. For the evaluation of water repellence of natural oil-applied soil, a contact angle test was performed. A contact angle of water drop on various surface conditions were tested, and large differences were seen between the natural oil-applied soil and untreated soil. As a result, it is showed that all natural oil types have water repellent effectiveness. However, linseed oil, which is a drying oil type, shows an outstanding water repellent effectiveness value, while perila oil, which is also a drying oil type, shows the lowest value. Additionally, results show that there is no link between water repellent effectiveness and the number of applications of natural oil. Nevertheless, existing commercial water repellents show better performance than natural oil, and it is anticipated that the results of this study will provide essential information for further research to enhance the water repellent effectiveness of soil as a building material.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11502226,51274251,51434002)the Key Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province(No.2017WK2032)+1 种基金the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province,China(Nos.15C1317,16C1542)the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate(No.CX2017B342)
文摘The traction capacity of the mining machine is greatly in?uenced by the traction rheological properties of the deep-sea sediments. The best simulative soil was prepared for substituting the deep-sea sediment based on the deep-sea sediment collected from the Paci?c C-C mining area. Traction rheological properties of the simulative soil were studied by a home-made test apparatus. In order to accurately describe the traction rheological properties and determine traction rheological parameters, the Newtonian dashpot in Maxwell body of Burgers model was replaced by a self-similarity spring-dashpot fractance and a new rheological constitutive model was deduced by fractional derivative theory. The results show the simulative soil has obvious non-attenuate rheological properties. The transient creep and stable creep rate increase with the traction, but they decrease with ground pressure. The fractional derivative Burgers model are better in describing non-attenuate rheological properties of the simulative soil than the classical Burgers model. For the new traction rheological constitutive equation of the simulative soil, the traction rheological parameters can be obtained by ?tting the tested traction creep data with the traction creep constitutive equation. The ground contact length of track and walking velocity of the mining machine predicted by the traction rheological constitutive equation can be used to take full advantages of the maximum traction provided by the soil and safely improve mining effciency.
