Effect of wheelset flexibility on wheel–rail contact behavior and a specific coupling of wheel–rail contact to flexible wheelset

The fexibility of a train＇s wheelset can have a large effect on vehicle–track dynamic responses in the medium to high frequency range.To investigate the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web,a specifi coupling of wheel–rail contact with a fexible wheelset is presented and integrated into a conventional vehicle–track dynamic system model.Both conventional and the proposed dynamic system models are used to carry out numerical analyses on the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web on wheel–rail rolling contact behaviors.Excitations with various irregularities and speeds were considered.The irregularities included measured track irregularity and harmonic irregularities with two different wavelengths.The speeds ranged from 200 to400km/h.The results show that the proposed model can characterize the effects of fexible wheelset deformation on the wheel–rail rolling contact behavior very well.

Effects of Lateral Motion on the Creep Forces in Wheel/Rail Rolling Contact

The influences of the lateral motion of a single wheelset running on a tangent railway on the creepages and creep forces between wheel and rail are investigated with numerical methods. The effect of the yaw motion of wheelset is neglected in the analysis, and Kalker’s theory of three dimensional elastic bodies in rolling contact is employed to analyze the creep forces in the wheel/rail rolling contact with Non Hertzian form.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO-POINT CONTACT BETWEEN WHEEL AND RAIL

The elastic-plastic contact problem with rolling friction of wheel-rail is solved using the FE parametric quadratic programming method. Thus, the complex elastic-plastic contact problem can be calculated with high accuracy and efficiency, while the Hertz＇s hypothesis and the elastic semi-space assumption are avoided. Based on the ‘one-point＇ contact calculation of wheel-rail, the computational model of ‘two-point＇ contact are established and calculated when the wheel flange is close to the rail. In the case of ‘two-point＇ contact, the changing laws of wheelrail contact are introduced and contact forces in various load cases are carefully analyzed. The main reason of wheel flange wear and rail side wear is found. Lubrication computational model of the wheel flange is constructed. Comparing with the result without lubrication, the contact force between wheel flange and rail decreases, which is beneficial for reducing the wear of wheel-rail.

An integrated approach for the optimization of wheel-rail contact force measurement systems

A comprehension of railway dynamic behavior implies the measure of wheel-rail contact forces which are affected by disturbances and errors that are often difficult to be quantified. In this study, a benchmark test case is proposed, and a bogie with a layout used on some European locomotives such as SIEMENS El90 is studied. In this layout, an additional shaft on which brake disks are installed is used to transmit the braking torque to the wheelset through a single-stage gearbox. Using a mixed approach based on finite element techniques and statistical considerations, it is possible to evaluate an optimal layout for strain gauge positioning and to optimize the measurement system to diminish the effects of noise and disturbance. We also conducted preliminary evaluations on the precision and frequency response of the proposed system.

Investigation of the Relation between Rolling Contact Fatigue Property and Microstructure on the Surface Layer of D2 Wheel Steel

Through the rolling contact fatigue experiment under the condition of the lubricating oil, this article investigated the relation between contact fatigue property and microstructure on the surface layer of D2 wheel steel. The results showed that although the roughness of the original specimen induced by mechanical processing would diminish to some extent in the experiment, the 0.5 - 1.5 μm thick layer of ultrafine microstructure on the original mechanically-processed specimen surface would still become micro-cracks and small spalling pits due to spalling, and would further evolve into fatigue crack source. Additionally, even under the impact of the load that was not adequate to make the material reach fatigue limit, the ferrite in the microstructure underwent plastic deformation, which led the refinement of proeutectoid ferrite grains. During the experiment, the hardening and the refinement caused by plastic deformation consisted with the theory that dislocation gave rise to plastic deformation and grain refinement. The distribution laws of hardness and ferrite grain sizes measured could be explained by the distribution law of the shearing stress in the subsurface.

Simulation on derailment base on a new wheel-rail contact method

The simulation package for special research on derailment of high speed vehicle is established.The process of derailment is different from other behaviors of vehicle dynamics because of large lateral displacement of wheelsets.To get correct results,a new fast algorithm to computing contact force is adopted and the exact geometry analysis is necessary to judge derailment happened.Variation of contact condition and coefficient of friction with speeds are also considered into vehicle-track coupled model.The structure of the package is presented in detail.The results are particular emphasis on investigation influence of maximum track defect,critical vehicle speed and various contact condition on derailment.The simulation can also be used to define the most risk factor leading to derailment.

Modeling of Energy Processes in Wheel-Rail Contacts Operating under Influence of Periodic Discontinuous Forces

In this paper we present new numerical simulation approaches for determining the energy processes under periodic conditions caused by time-discontinuous forces in the wheel-rail contacts. The main advantage of the presented method is the total elimination of frequency analysis, which in effect introduces important simplifications in the identification of the effects in the contact. The second important feature is the fact that the method is based on the analysis of appropriate loops on the energy phase plane leading to an easy estimation of the rail strength through the evaluation of the loop’s area. That model based simulation in the applied dynamics relies on advanced methods for model setup, robust and efficient numerical solution techniques and powerful simulation tools for practical applications. Fundamental properties of contact displacements of the rail surface have been considered on the basis of the newly established method. The contact zone between railway wheels and the rail surfaces made of bulk materials is perceived as strong enough to resist the normal (vertical) forces introduced by heavy loads and the dynamic response induced by track and wheel irregularities. The analysis is carried out for a wheel running on an elastic rail rested on sleepers arranged on completely rigid foundation. The equations of displacement motion are established through the application of the Lagrange equations approach. The established model of the wheel-rail contact dynamics has been applied to that same roll plane but with taking into account a nonlinear characteristic of the sleeper with respect to the ground. Attention then is focused completely on the modeling of the energy absorbed by the rail. The applied method employs the energy state variables as time functions leading to determine the susceptibility of a given contact on the strength induced by the rail roll.

State-of-Arts of Mechanics of Rolling Contact and Its Application to Analysis of the Interactions between Wheel and Rail

A few typical models of theory on rolling contact of bodies are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages in the applications to the dynamics of railway vehicles and the wheel/rail rolling contact are discussed in detail in the present paper.

The Influence of the Supporting Wheel Deflection of Large-scale Rotary Kiln on Maximum Contact Stress

The relation between the maximum contact stress ratio and deflection angle is derived from Hertz contact theory when the deflection of rotary kiln supporting wheel happens. According to the analysis of practical example, the maximum contact stress ratio within the deflection range of rotary kiln supporting wheel is listed. The contact stress will increase largely when rotary kiln supporting wheel deflects with little angle, which probably will result in accidents correlating to safety. This will provide theory conference for the design, the operating condition analysis and adjusting of the rotary kiln.

考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨接触热分析

为研究材料温变特性对轮轨接触行为和摩擦温升的影响,提出了一种考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨热力耦合模型,能够考虑纵、横向蠕滑率和自旋的影响,更为真实地模拟轮轨系统的服役状态.首先,研究了热力耦合建模方式对轮轨界面摩擦温升及接触应力的影响;随后,将该模型应用于地铁小半径曲线处车辆-轨道相互作用模拟.结果表明:当轮轨界面温度达到450℃时,轮轨接触应力显著降低,降幅可达20%;考虑热力耦合建模后,轮轨界面的预测温升明显低于不考虑热力耦合建模时的结果,在蠕滑率为0.16时,两者的差异可达51%;地铁车辆在小半径曲线线路上运行时轮轨摩擦温升因过大的蠕滑率与自旋会急剧增大到750℃,应考虑轮轨热力耦合建模以避免过高估计轮轨摩擦温升以及轮轨接触应力.

轨底坡耦合车轮动态型面下地铁轮轨接触特性

为探究地铁车轮型面动态变化与轨底坡设置的关系,跟踪测试了运行里程5万、8万、14万公里车轮磨耗型面,研究轨底坡耦合车轮动态型面时的轮轨接触特性;以车辆动力学理论为依据,根据实测地铁车辆参数,建立了车辆系统动力学模型;基于轮轨接触几何关系和非赫兹滚动接触理论,建立了轮轨滚动接触计算模型;以轮轨接触点和接触位置、滚动圆半径差、接触角、等效锥度、蠕滑率、接触斑面积和最大接触压力作为轮轨接触几何和力学性能指标,分析轨底坡耦合车轮动态型面对轮轨接触特性的影响规律。结果表明:LM标准型面和5万公里车轮磨耗型面与1/20轨底坡匹配时轮轨接触点分布均匀;随着运行里程增加,车轮磨耗型面变化,轮轨接触恶化,轮对横移量4 mm下,8万和14万公里车轮磨耗型面与1/20轨底坡匹配时各指标出现断点。

考虑摇头角的非赫兹滚动接触算法对比研究

为研究轮对摇头角对轮轨接触行为的影响以及评估简化非赫兹轮轨接触算法的精度,选取EKP、MKP与MSHM共3种考虑摇头角的轮轨非赫兹简化算法分析轮轨法向与切向接触行为。以S1002CN车轮踏面和CHN60钢轨为研究对象,以精确理论CONTACT算法的结果为参考,对比各简化接触算法得到的接触斑形状、接触应力、切应力等微观接触结果的准确性。利用UM软件建立车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型进行仿真分析得到轮轨运动参数,然后输入到接触算法计算轮轨接触解,基于统计学累积误差方法评估不同接触算法在实际车辆运行工况下的计算精度与稳定性。计算结果表明:摇头角使轮轨接触斑与接触应力呈三维非对称分布;对于法向接触,在大部分工况下,MKP算法相比EKP、MSHM算法精度较高,但接触斑内轮轨曲率变化较大时,如横移量为6 mm,MKP算法所得到的最大接触应力误差为47.2%,此时更适合采用MSHM算法,其误差为27%;对于切向问题,采用EKP+FaStrip、MKP+FaStrip算法比MSHM+FASTSIM算法得到的结果更准确;对于动力学结果,MKP+FaStrip算法比EKP+FaStrip、MSHM+FASTSIM算法得到的接触结果更加精确和稳定。

基于交叉迭代法的车辆-轨道非线性空间耦合振动模型及算法改进

针对车辆-轨道非线性空间耦合系统动力学分析计算量大、计算耗时长及计算精度难以保证的问题,对车辆-轨道非线性空间耦合振动模型和交叉迭代法进行改进。运用有限元法分别建立车辆和轨道空间子系统动力学模型,在基于“迹线法”构建轮轨接触几何关系的基础上,提出“投影对点作差法”搜索轮轨空间接触点位置,并引入轮轨准弹性接触对其进行修正,精细化轮轨接触关系;结合车辆-轨道非线性空间耦合系统特点,改进基于Newmark数值积分的交叉迭代求解系统动力学方程的算法,并给出完整的数值计算步骤。通过与相关文献进行对比,验证改进模型和算法的有效性。结果表明:改进模型的分析精度更高,搜索轮轨空间接触点位置的速度更快;改进算法的计算过程更完善,步骤更清晰;改进的模型和算法在提高计算精度的同时,仍然具有较快的计算效率,且使数值编程更易实现,方便工程应用。

轨底坡耦合轮径差对地铁车辆动力学性能及轮轨接触特性的影响

为了研究轨底坡耦合轮径差对于地铁车辆动力学性能及轮轨接触特性的影响规律,设置了3种轨底坡工况(1/20、1/30和1/40)和5种轮径差工况,通过建立地铁车辆动力学仿真模型和轮轨接触三维弹性有限元模型,分析轨底坡耦合轮径差对地铁车辆直线平稳性和曲线通过性能的影响。结果表明:直线路段车辆平稳性指标受到轮径差变化的影响大于轨底坡变化的影响,轮轨等效应力和接触应力会随着轮径差的增加而增大;曲线路段的各个动力学指标会随着轮径差的增加而增大;综合考虑动力学指标和轮轨接触特性,直线路段下尽量减少使用1/20轨底坡;曲线路段下,可以选择1/30轨底坡,减少轮径差对车辆的影响。

半无限区域雪壤与车轮交互作用接触动力学特性分析

车轮与雪壤交互作用是车辆在高原、极地等环境下安全行驶的基础。为构建准确表征车轮与雪壤接触过程的车轮-雪壤交互动态模型,建立圆盘加载仿真模型,获取典型雪壤的压力-沉陷关系;基于硬质雪壤建立车轮-雪壤交互数值仿真模型,对车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力进行数值仿真。利用圆盘加载试验结果和实车试验结果,对建立的数值模型进行有效性验证。基于车轮-雪壤交互平均接触应力关系建立车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力解析模型,利用仿真结果对解析模型进行验证。研究结果表明:半无限区域下的圆盘加载数值仿真模型能够有效反映雪壤的压力-沉陷特性,车轮-雪壤交互数值仿真结果与实际车轮行驶的下陷量、运动阻力系数有较好的一致性;车轮行驶滑移率为正时,车轮载荷-沉陷关系和车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力趋于稳定,车轮行驶滑移率为负时,车轮下陷量变大,由此导致垂向支持力正应力部分和运动阻力增加;车轮行驶滑移率为正时,车轮-雪壤交互解析模型可以准确预测车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力的变化趋势。

齿轨铁路齿条啮合与轮轨滚动接触间耦合作用机理分析

针对适于山地轨道交通的齿轨铁路,建立基于显式时间积分的三维齿轨轮对-轨道瞬态接触有限元模型,模型可分析齿轮齿条啮合和轮轨滚动接触间中、高频耦合动力作用。轮对和轨道真实几何,齿轮与车轮轮径差导致“车轮悖论”现象及结构振动等均有考虑,齿轮齿条啮合和轮轨接触采用集成库仑摩擦的“面-面”接触算法求解。对比零和非零轮轨摩擦系数工况,解构“车轮悖论”现象对动态接触的影响。以初步设计的Strub型齿轨铁路为例,分析速度为10 km/h和0‰、240‰、480‰坡度下动态接触现象。结果表明,受齿轮啮合影响,齿条、轮轨接触力均呈现周期性波动,但垂向接触总力和总牵引扭矩分别在重力载荷与牵引扭矩附近波动。“车轮悖论”使齿条垂向力和法向接触应力减小,而轮轨垂向力和法向接触应力增加,齿面切向接触应力与接触斑内滑移区面积相应增加,在坡度240‰下,轮轨摩擦系数由0增至0.2,齿条、轮轨最大法向接触应力由248.69、752.66 MPa增至195.17、757.44 MPa,最大切向接触应力相应由24.48、152.84 MPa变成21.31、2.14 MPa。轮轨接触斑因发生显著蠕滑呈现全滑移。相同速度及摩擦条件下,坡度增加使齿条垂向力和牵引力增加,轮轨垂向力和牵引力减小,接触应力呈同相变化。

金刚石砂轮与金刚石滚轮磨削接触的声发射监测

为了实现金刚石砂轮磨削加工金刚石滚轮过程的自动化,需要对磨削接触状态进行准确识别。由于磨削过程中材料去除率较小导致声发射信号幅值变化不显著,仅用有效值对磨削接触状态识别的准确性受噪声影响很大。针对此问题,通过模态分解和相关性分析相结合的方法对采集的声发射信号进行处理,再计算各分量的有效值和方差值完成特征提取,最后利用支持向量机对磨削接触状态进行识别。实际应用发现:该方法对滚轮的磨削接触状识别准确率达到了98.3%,准确实现了对磨削接触状态的识别。

面向钢轨修复的不同槽型接触轮砂带打磨接触行为及材料去除特性

为掌握不同槽型接触轮砂带对钢轨打磨接触行为及材料去除特性的影响规律,基于橡胶接触特性,建立X齿型、锯齿型和人字型3种典型接触轮砂带打磨仿真模型,模拟分析不同槽型特征对接触轮-钢轨静态接触行为和动态冲击应力的影响机制;通过钢轨砂带打磨试验,对比研究3种槽型接触轮的材料去除特性。结果表明:3种槽型接触轮与钢轨的接触区域整体均呈椭圆形态,符合赫兹接触理论,内部接触形态则随槽型特征呈现为块状分布;接触区域应力分布总体符合弹性半空间接触理论,但在接触块边缘会出现应力集中;X齿型接触轮和人字型接触轮因齿尖和齿槽结构的存在而具有较高的材料去除能力,同等打磨条件下X齿型接触轮较平型接触轮的材料去除能力提高了79%;顺磨条件下的材料去除能力高于逆磨,以X齿型接触轮为例,顺磨比逆磨的材料去除能力提高了22.7%;X齿型和人字型接触轮砂带打磨的噪声、振动、粗糙度、平均电流均较高,锯齿型接触轮具有较低的振动、粗糙度及平均电流,平型轮则具有较低的噪声和电流。

等效锥度非线性研究及其在踏面设计中的应用

为研究等效锥度非线性特性对车辆系统动力学和磨耗性能的影响,提出可以用于踏面优化设计的非线性特性建议指标。通过对轮轨关系进行细致推导,应用踏面逆向设计快速递推算法,得到具有不同等效锥度非线性特性的踏面,对不同踏面的轮轨关系进行分析。建立车辆系统动力学模型和基于Archard理论的磨耗预测模型,对不同非线性特性踏面的临界速度、横向平稳性、磨耗性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:非线性因子值过高或过低都会导致临界速度下降,但该指标过高对临界速度影响更大,最大降幅可达20%;等效锥度非线性特性还会影响到踏面的磨耗发展,踏面的初始非线性因子越高,名义等效锥度在磨耗过程中的增长越慢,对延长车轮服役周期是有利的。综合动力学性能及磨耗性能,建议高速列车踏面的非线性因子应取尽可能接近于0的负值。在这一结论的指导下,对S1002CN踏面进行优化设计,得到名义等效锥度为0.1,等效锥度非线性因子为0.013(与S1002CN持平)、-0.002的优化踏面S1002CN_opt1、S1002CN_opt2,优化踏面S1002CN_opt2与S1002CN相比临界速度和横向平稳性有所优化,同时磨耗性能也有所提升。S1002CN_opt2与S1002CN_opt1之间的等效锥度非线性关系在动力学性能及磨耗性能中的表现证明以等效锥度非线性因子限值指导踏面进行优化设计的可行性,研究结果可为踏面设计及轮轨关系研究提供参考。

变摩擦条件下高速钢轨焊缝处轮轨滚动接触-冲击行为研究

采用变摩擦系数能够较为准确地刻画轮轨滚动接触行为。为研究变摩擦系数对钢轨焊缝处轮轨滚动接触行为的影响,建立三种不同钢轨焊缝工况的三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,通过对比库伦型摩擦系数的结果,计算分析变摩擦系数对轮轨力、接触斑内的微滑以及黏滑分布等接触行为的影响。结果表明:变摩擦系数接触斑内的滑动区域占比会更大且在滑动区域会引起黏滑振荡现象,当轮轨界面滑动现象越明显时,黏滑振荡越剧烈;变摩擦系数对法向接触解的影响不大,切向接触解会因接触状态的改变显著受到影响,造成凸形1焊缝的不均匀磨耗;变摩擦系数会影响von Mises应力分布,其最大von Mises应力发生的位置会向轨底移动,对伤损出现的位置产生影响。