The article introduces three of the paradigms used to analyze intemet regulation and applies them to the history of internet content control in Europe. It builds on Thomas Kuhn＇s notion of paradigms and previous work...The article introduces three of the paradigms used to analyze intemet regulation and applies them to the history of internet content control in Europe. It builds on Thomas Kuhn＇s notion of paradigms and previous works on regulatory theory, defining regulatory paradigms as a ＂shared understanding of the purpose of regulation, of the way of thinking about how regulation works, and of the set of institutional arrangements and instruments through which regulation is conducted.＂ Building on this definition, the prevalent concepts of the paradigms of intemet regulation refer to the intention, mechanisms, and the intensity of regulation. The article discusses these concepts with regard to the regulation of interact content control in Europe and analyzes three paradigm shifts that have taken place since the early days of the intemet. These paradigm shifts concern the responsiveness, differentiation, and intensity of regulation.展开更多
To our knowledge,no single study has systemically compared cryopreservation efficiencies of bovine blastocysts derived from in vitro fertilization （IVF）,intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） and somatic cell nuc...To our knowledge,no single study has systemically compared cryopreservation efficiencies of bovine blastocysts derived from in vitro fertilization （IVF）,intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） and somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT） by controlled freezing and vitrification.This experiment,therefore,was designed to compare the cryopreservation of these blastocysts with controlled freezing and OPS vitrification.Adenosine-5’-triphosphate （ATP） content and reactive oxygen species （ROS） level in blastocysts were also analyzed.Firstly,for each type of blastocyst （IVF,ICSI or SCNT）,significant differences were observed between the survival rates of the controlled freezing （（81.56±2.33）,（68.18±4.72） or （47.89±5.83）%） and OPS vitrification groups （（92.24±4.54）,（82.40±3.76） or （78.71±5.91）%;P〈0.05）.Secondly,for each type of blastocyst （IVF,ICSI or SCNT）,ATP content was significantly decreased after controlled freezing or vitrification,and the ATP content in the controlled freezing group （0.43±0.06）,（0.35±0.05） or （0.21±0.02） pmol） was significantly lower than that found in the OPS vitrification group （0.62±0.04）,（0.46±0.03） or （0.30±0.01） pmol;P〈0.05）.Thirdly,ROS level in fresh IVF （（47.33±3.56） c.p.s （counted photons per second）,ICSI （（36.51±2.58） c.p.s） or SCNT blastocysts （（26.44±1.49） c.p.s） was significantly lower than that found in the OPS vitrification group （（72.14±4.31）,（58.89±3.89） or （40.11±5.73） c.p.s;P〈0.05）,but higher than that of the controlled freezing group （34.41±3.32）,（23.13±1.26） or （15.46±2.45） c.p.s;P〈0.05）.The present study indicated that vitrification is more efficient in the cryopreservation of bovine blastocysts derived from IVF,ICSI or SCNT than controlled freezing.Furthermore,both vitrification and controlled freezing significantly altered the ATP content and ROS level in those blastocysts.展开更多
During the 1970’s and 1980’s studies on the rela-tion between LAI and yield had been carried out inGAAS.The main results were as follows:(1)Usingthe accumulated LAI value at three stages,i.e.panicle initiation(PI),h...During the 1970’s and 1980’s studies on the rela-tion between LAI and yield had been carried out inGAAS.The main results were as follows:(1)Usingthe accumulated LAI value at three stages,i.e.panicle initiation(PI),heading(H)and 20 d afterheading(H),to analyze the relation between LAIand yield was more accurrate than only using theLAI value at H stage(see table);(2)Reaching cer-展开更多
文摘The article introduces three of the paradigms used to analyze intemet regulation and applies them to the history of internet content control in Europe. It builds on Thomas Kuhn＇s notion of paradigms and previous works on regulatory theory, defining regulatory paradigms as a ＂shared understanding of the purpose of regulation, of the way of thinking about how regulation works, and of the set of institutional arrangements and instruments through which regulation is conducted.＂ Building on this definition, the prevalent concepts of the paradigms of intemet regulation refer to the intention, mechanisms, and the intensity of regulation. The article discusses these concepts with regard to the regulation of interact content control in Europe and analyzes three paradigm shifts that have taken place since the early days of the intemet. These paradigm shifts concern the responsiveness, differentiation, and intensity of regulation.
基金supported by the Fund of China Agriculture Research System(CARS-37)the Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects of China(2009ZX08011-031B)+1 种基金the Basic Research Fund of IAS,CAAS(2010jc-3-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31001011)
文摘To our knowledge,no single study has systemically compared cryopreservation efficiencies of bovine blastocysts derived from in vitro fertilization （IVF）,intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） and somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT） by controlled freezing and vitrification.This experiment,therefore,was designed to compare the cryopreservation of these blastocysts with controlled freezing and OPS vitrification.Adenosine-5’-triphosphate （ATP） content and reactive oxygen species （ROS） level in blastocysts were also analyzed.Firstly,for each type of blastocyst （IVF,ICSI or SCNT）,significant differences were observed between the survival rates of the controlled freezing （（81.56±2.33）,（68.18±4.72） or （47.89±5.83）%） and OPS vitrification groups （（92.24±4.54）,（82.40±3.76） or （78.71±5.91）%;P〈0.05）.Secondly,for each type of blastocyst （IVF,ICSI or SCNT）,ATP content was significantly decreased after controlled freezing or vitrification,and the ATP content in the controlled freezing group （0.43±0.06）,（0.35±0.05） or （0.21±0.02） pmol） was significantly lower than that found in the OPS vitrification group （0.62±0.04）,（0.46±0.03） or （0.30±0.01） pmol;P〈0.05）.Thirdly,ROS level in fresh IVF （（47.33±3.56） c.p.s （counted photons per second）,ICSI （（36.51±2.58） c.p.s） or SCNT blastocysts （（26.44±1.49） c.p.s） was significantly lower than that found in the OPS vitrification group （（72.14±4.31）,（58.89±3.89） or （40.11±5.73） c.p.s;P〈0.05）,but higher than that of the controlled freezing group （34.41±3.32）,（23.13±1.26） or （15.46±2.45） c.p.s;P〈0.05）.The present study indicated that vitrification is more efficient in the cryopreservation of bovine blastocysts derived from IVF,ICSI or SCNT than controlled freezing.Furthermore,both vitrification and controlled freezing significantly altered the ATP content and ROS level in those blastocysts.
文摘During the 1970’s and 1980’s studies on the rela-tion between LAI and yield had been carried out inGAAS.The main results were as follows:(1)Usingthe accumulated LAI value at three stages,i.e.panicle initiation(PI),heading(H)and 20 d afterheading(H),to analyze the relation between LAIand yield was more accurrate than only using theLAI value at H stage(see table);(2)Reaching cer-
