Influence of light intensity and water content of medium on total dendrobine of Dendrobium nobile Lindl

Objective: To ascertain the influence of light intensity and water content of medium on the total dendrobine of Dendrobium nobile(D. nobile).Method: The principal component analysis combined with total dendrobine accumulation was conducted to assess the yield and quality of D. nobile in all treatments. In the experiment, D. nobile plants were cultivated in greenhouse as tested materials, and complete test of 9 treatments was adopted with relative light intensities 75.02%, 39.74%,29.93% and relative water content of medium 50%, 65%, 80%. The plants were treated in June and harvested till December. Indexes including agronomic traits, fresh weight and dry weight of stem and leaf, ash content, extract, and dendrobine were measured.Results: Under the light intensity treatments of 75.02% with 50%, 65%, 80% water content of medium, the basal stems of plants were comparatively thicker with more leaves, and the fresh weight and dry weight of stems and leaves were significantly higher than other 6 treatments.Leaves in all treatments contained dendrobine. Under the light intensity treatments of 75.02%with 50%, 65%, 80% water content of medium, dendrobine content of leaves was lower while dendrobine contents of other treatments were more than 0.60%. After comprehensive assessment through the principal component analysis and total dendrobine accumulation, the results showed that 3 treatments with relative light intensity of 75.02% ranked the top three.Conclusions: In brief, the moderately strong light intensity and water content of medium from low to medium can facilitate the growth and yield of D. nobile plants, while light intensity from moderately weak to weak can enhance the dendrobine content.

Soil water content and nitrogen differentially correlate with multidimensional leaf traits of two temperate broadleaf species

The variation and correlation of leaf economics and vein traits are crucial for predicting plant ecological strategies under different environmental changes.However,correlations between these two suites of traits and abiotic factors such as soil water and nitrogen content remain ambiguous.We measured leaf economics and vein traits as well as soil water and nitrogen content for two different shade-tolerant species(Betula platyphylla and Acer mono)in four mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forests along a latitudinal gradient in Northeast China.We found that leaf economics traits and vein traits were decoupled in shade-intolerant species,Betula platphylla,but significantly coupled in a shadetolerant species,A.mono.We found stronger correlations among leaf traits in the shade tolerant species than in the shade intolerant species.Furthermore,leaf economic traits were positively correlated with the soil water gradient for both species,whereas vein traits were positively correlated with soil water gradient for the shade intolerant species but negatively correlated in the shade tolerant species.Although economic traits were positively correlated with soil nitrogen gradient in shade intolerant species but not correlated in shade tolerant species,vein traits were negatively correlated with soil nitrogen gradient in shade tolerant species but not correlated in shade intolerant species.Our study provides evidence for distinct correlations between leaf economics and vein traits and local abiotic factors of species differing in light demands.We recommend that the ecological significance of shade tolerance be considered for species when evaluating ecosystem functions and predicting plant responses to environmental changes.

Effects of Groundwater with Various Salinities on Evaporation and Redistribution of Water and Salt in Saline-sodic Soils in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

Groundwater mineralization is one of the main factors affecting the transport of soil water and salt in saline-sodic areas.To investigate the effects of groundwater with different levels of salinity on evaporation and distributions of soil water and salt in Songnen Plain,Northeast China,five levels of groundwater sodium adsorption ration of water(SARw)and total salt content(TSC mmol/L)were conducted in an oil column lysimeters.The five treated groundwater labeled as ST0:0,ST0:10,ST5:40,ST10:70 and ST20:100,were prepared with NaCl and CaCl2 in proportion,respectively.The results showed the groundwater evaporation(GWE)and soil evaporation(SE)increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of groundwater salinity.The values of GWE and SE in ST10:70 treatment were the highest,which were 2.09 and 1.84 times the values in the ST0:0 treatment with the lowest GWE and SE.There was a positive linear correlation between GWE and the Ca^(2+)content in groundwater,with R^(2)=0.998.The soil water content(SWC)of ST0:0 treatment was significantly(P<0.05)less than those of other treatments during the test.The SWC of the ST0:0 and ST0:10 treatments increased with the increase of soil depth,while the other treatments showed the opposite trend.Statistical analysis indicated the SWC in the 0–60 cm soil layer was positively correlated with the groundwater TSC and its ion contents during the test.Salt accumulation occurred in the topsoil and the salt accumulation in the 0–20 cm soil layer was significantly(P<0.05)greater than that in the subsoil.This study revealed the effects of the salinity level of groundwater,especially the Ca^(2+)content and TSC of groundwater,on the GWE and distributions of soil water and salt,which provided important support for the prevention and reclamation of soil salinization and sodificaton in shallow groundwater regions.

Fruit Yield and Quality, and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Summer Squash Drip-Irrigated with Different Irrigation Quantities in a Semi-Arid Agricultural Area

Fruit yield, yield components, fruit mineral content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and irrigation water use efifciency （IWUE） of summer squash responses to different irrigation quantities were evaluated with a ifeld study. Irrigations were done when the total evaporated water from a Class A pan was about 30 mm. Different irrigation quantities were adjusted using three different plant-pan coefifcients （Kcp, 100% （Kcp1）, 85% （Kcp2） and 70% （Kcp3））. Results indicated that lower irrigation quantities provided statistically lower yield and yield components. The highest seasonal fruit yield （80.0 t ha-1） was determined in the Kcp1 treatment, which applied the highest volume of irrigation water （452.9 mm）. The highest early fruit yield, average fruit weight and fruit diameter, length and number per plant were also determined in the Kcp1 treatment, with values of 7.25 t ha-1, 264.1 g, 5.49 cm, 19.95 cm and 10.92, respectively. Although the IWUE value was the highest in the Kcp1 treatment （176.6 kg ha-1 mm-1）, it was statistically similar to the value for Kcp3 treatment （157.1 kg ha-1 mm-1）. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruits was higher in the Kcp1 （44.27 μg gallic acid equivalents （GAE） mg-1 fresh sample） and in the Kcp2 （84.75%） treatments, respectively. Major （Na, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S） and trace （Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B） mineral contents of squash fruits were the highest in the Kcp2 treatment, with the exception of P, Ca and Cu. Mineral contents and total phenolic content were signiifcantly affected by irrigation quantities, but antioxidant activity was not affected. It can be concluded that the Kcp1 treatment was the most suitable for achieving higher yield and IWUE. However, the Kcp2 treatment will be the most suitable due to the high fruit quality and relatively high yield in water shortage conditions.

Effects of degradation succession of alpine wetland on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Yellow River source zone,west China

Wetland is an important carbon pool,and the degradation of wetlands causes the loss of organic carbon and total nitrogen.This study aims to explore how wetland degradation succession affects soil organic carbon(SOC)and total nitrogen(TN)contents in alpine wetland.A field survey of 180 soilsampling profiles was conducted in an alpine wetland that has been classified into three degradation succession stages.The SOC and TN contents of soil layers from 0 to 200 cm depth were studied,including their distribution characteristics and the relationship between microtopography.The results showed that SOC and TN of different degradation succession gradients followed the ranked order of Non Degradation(ND)>Light Degradation(LD)>Heavy Degradation(HD).SWC was positively correlated with SOC and TN(p<0.05).As the degree of degradation succession worsened,SOC and TN became more sensitive to the SWC.Microtopography was closely related to the degree of wetland degradation succession,SWC,SOC and TN,especially in the topsoil(0-30 cm).This result showed that SWC was an important indicator of SOC/TN in alpine wetland.It is highly recommended to strengthen water injection into the wetland as a means of effective restoration to reverse alpine meadow back to marsh alpine wetland.

Effects of Introduction of Two Kinds of Legume Species on Soil Quality in Semiarid Loess Plateau

[Objective] The study aimed to find an efficient and sustainable way to improve the degraded soil quality in the semiarid Loess Plateau. [Method] This study was done with three treatments： （1） the perennial legume species alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） （AF） planted at a density of 22.5 kg/hm 2 ; （2） the biennial legume species sweetclover （Melilotus officinalis L.） （SF） planted at a density of 11.3 kg/hm 2 ; and （3） natural regeneration （NR）. [Result] It is found that NR helped improve deep soil water but with the lowest aboveground biomass. In contrast, AF has the lowest soil water content but with the highest aboveground biomass. Furthermore, in contrast to SF, NR and AF have a higher soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, there were no significant differences on soil total and available phosphorus, and soil microbial biomass among all the treatments. As the experiment lasts, AP decreased significantly in all treatments in comparison with their initial values at the beginning of the experiment in 2003. [Conclusion] NR was the best way to restore the deep soil water among all the treatments, and phosphorus fertilizer was necessary for the sustainable development of agricultural production. This research provides a valuable example of soil quality restoration in semiarid regions.

滨海黏质盐渍土饱和泥浆与不同土水比土壤浸提液电导率的响应关系分析

为统一和精准判定耐盐作物种植地块的土壤盐渍化程度,并针对饱和泥浆制备时饱和点的不确定性及其电导率测定的不稳定性等问题,本试验采用室内化验与统计分析方法,系统研究饱和泥浆与饱和土壤溶液两者间含水量和电导率的响应关系,以及饱和泥浆电导率、全盐含量与土水比1∶0.5、1∶1、1∶2.5、1∶3.5、1∶5土壤浸提液电导率与全盐含量的响应和换算关系。结果表明:在滨海黏质盐渍土区,利用计算田间土壤孔隙度得到的饱和土壤溶液含水量、电导率不能直接代替饱和泥浆含水量、电导率,尽管二者的响应关系达到极显著水平;饱和泥浆电导率、全盐含量分别与土水比1∶1和1∶0.5土壤浸提液的数值差异最小,且与土水比1∶0.5~1∶5间各处理土壤浸提液的相应指标均呈极显著的响应关系;饱和泥浆电导率与土水比1∶5土壤浸提液的电导率、饱和泥浆全盐含量与土水比1∶1土壤浸提液全盐含量相关性最高,可分别用最佳拟合线性模型进行换算,模型分别为ECe(mS/cm)=5.406EC1∶5-0.284 4,TSe(g/kg)=0.836 4TS1∶1-0.135 9。

芡实对沿淮富营养化水体的净化效果研究

为了解乡土水生植物芡实对沿淮农村富营养化河流净化效果,在模拟沿淮农村地区富营养化河流的水池中种植芡实,定期监测水体中的总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、酸碱度(pH)、可溶性盐含量(EC)、溶解氧(DO)的数值变化,综合分析芡实对富营养化河流的净化效果。结果表明,芡实作为沿淮地区乡土水生植物,对富营养化的河流有着净化作用。芡实在生长过程中能吸收水体95.53%~98.45%的NH_(4)^(+)-N和99.50%~99.65%的TP,净化效果好。芡实对富营养河流中TN和COD_(Cr)的净化效果不明显,而且水体中的pH上升11.05%~11.61%,EC值增加21.12%~22%,DO增加3.82~21.77倍。芡实作为一种乡土水生植物,对沿淮地区富营养化河流具有显著的净化潜力。

钼酸铵分光光度法测定渔业水体中总磷含量的测量不确定度评定

总磷作为评价水体富营养化的主要指标之一,是水产养殖过程中水质监测的重要检测指标。为了测定渔业水体中总磷含量的不确定度,依据GB 11893—1989《水质总磷的测定钼酸铵分光光度法》测量渔业水体中总磷含量,依据JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》评定总磷含量的测量不确定度。通过建立测量模型,分析钼酸铵光度法在总磷测定过程中不确定度主要来源可分为3大类:样品重复测量引入的不确定度、试样在测定磷含量过程中引入的不确定度(包括磷标准贮备溶液引入的标准不确定度、磷标准使用溶液配制过程引入的不确定度、总磷标准曲线测试点移取过程引入的不确定度、总磷标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度和检测仪器测定总磷精密度引入的不确定度)以及样品在取样、消解、定容过程引入的不确定度。试样中总磷含量的测量结果可以报告为:C=(0.19±0.01)mg/L(k=2)。

稻蟹共作对土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性的影响

为探究稻蟹共作对土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性的影响,采用水泥池模拟稻田环境的方法,对比研究了稻蟹共作与水稻单作模式7个土壤理化指标和4个土壤酶活性的差异。结果表明:与稻田单作相比,稻蟹共作对土壤容重、土壤含水率和土壤还原性物质总量均有显著影响(P<0.05);稻蟹组的总有机碳略高于稻田组,但总氮略低于稻田组;稻蟹组与稻田组的Eh存在极显著差异,两组之间差异达20.95%;稻蟹组和稻田组土壤粒径机械组成均为粉粒>粘粒>粗细砂粒,粉粒占比均超过80%,且两组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05);随着土壤深度的增加,稻田组的四种酶活性均呈显著下降趋势;稻蟹组的脲酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性变化与稻田组一致,呈显著下降趋势,但其酸性磷酸酶没有变化。可见,稻蟹共作系统由于河蟹的引入,降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤含水率,改良了土壤,其水稻根系分布较多的10~15 cm底层土壤显示了较强的土壤酶活性,促进了水稻对稻蟹共作系统中碳、氮等元素的高效利用。因此,稻蟹共作系统既有利于水稻生长,又有利于河蟹养殖,可以作为一种生态种养模式在江苏地区推广应用。

连续流动分析法测定水中挥发酚和总氰化物的实验探究

挥发酚和总氰化物是水质监测和水环境保护的关键指标,其准确测定对评估水体质量和环境影响至关重要。随着检测技术的发展,采用在线前处理的流动注射分析法和连续流动分析法已成为其主流的检测手段。而我国尚未制定水中氰化物(除生活饮用水外)的连续流动—分光光度法国家或行业标准,为水质样品中氰化物的准确监测带来不便。本研究通过控制变量法,系统研究了试剂pH及浓度等因素对检测结果的影响,筛选出了合适的检测条件。该方法的测试结果呈现完全线性相关,挥发酚和总氰化物检出限低至0.279μg/L和0.118μg/L,样品加标回收率达到95.0%~105%。本研究不仅为水质挥发酚和氰化物的国家和行业标准制定提供了经验和依据,还为水质监测领域引入了一种更环保的方法。

接吻鱼(Helostoma temminckii)对不同水质的耐受性研究

为了研究接吻鱼对三种不同水质的耐受度,分析水质对接吻鱼活性的影响,在实验室内用纯净水、自来水和龙江河水饲养接吻鱼,分别记录三种不同水质的溶解性固体(TDS)含量、p H值和水温等数据。结果表明:在纯净水、自来水、龙江水中饲养接吻鱼,温度与TDS含量均存在相关性(P<0.05),水温会影响TDS含量;温度与p H值不存在相关性(P>0.05),水温不会影响p H值。随着时间的变化,在三种不同水质中p H值均降低,水质的酸度增加,TDS含量均增加,水质的浑浊度增大。TDS含量的最大值为600 mg/L,适宜的水温和保持水质清澈透明是保证接吻鱼正常生活的基础。

基于地基微波辐射计的羊卓雍错地区云水特征分析

基于2020年1—10月西藏浪卡子气象站地基微波辐射计观测的水汽总量和路径液水含量数据,该文分析西藏羊卓雍错地区大气云水特征并探讨其在人工影响天气中的应用。结果表明,羊卓雍错地区大气水汽总量和路径液水含量呈单峰分布,峰值出现在7月,年均值分别为7.88 mm和0.53 mm;5—9月羊卓雍错地区大气水汽总量平均值大于11 mm,降水日和非降水日的差值不大,表明雨季大气水汽总量充沛且稳定;干季,羊卓雍错地区大气水汽总量的日变化表现为白天高夜间低,而雨季则表现为中午低傍晚高;降水开始前1个小时大气水汽总量、路径液水含量存在突增现象,可作为降水预报的参考量之一。

水泥熟料水溶性铬(Ⅵ)浸出量与熟料总铬含量的定量研究

本文利用数据统计方法对熟料水溶性铬(Ⅵ)的浸出量与熟料总铬含量进行研究,发现少量添加污染土或危废时水泥熟料的总铬含量无明显变化,但熟料水溶性铬(Ⅵ)的浸出量出现明显变化。进一步研究发现,熟料水溶性铬(Ⅵ)的浸出率与熟料总铬含量呈现稳定的负相关性,该相关性除受入窑原料的影响外,还与窑工艺参数密切相关,且窑工艺参数为该相关性的主要影响因素。后续验证试验表明:当窑工艺参数不变时,通过降低入窑原料的总铬含量可以有效降低熟料水溶性铬(Ⅵ)的浸出量。

某海上油田注水悬浮物治理实践

某海上油田对注水水质分析发现注水固体悬浮物、悬浮物粒径中值及总铁含量较高,油田生产人员对总铁及悬浮物来源进行了分析,运用节点法分析找到设备处理瓶颈点,提出注水水质处理效率低下的原因,并针对性提出相应整改措施,有效降低注水悬浮物及总铁含量,保证油田注水水质达标。

小麦粉中水分灰分测定的不确定度评定研究

本文依据《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1-2012)和《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》(CNAS-GL006:2019)的相关规定,建立小麦粉中水分灰分测定不确定度数学模型,分析不确定度分量,对测量结果进行不确定度评定。结果表明,当试样水分为9.98 g/100 g时,其扩展不确定度为0.069 g/100 g(k=2);当试样总灰分为0.58 g/100 g时,其扩展不确定度为0.029 g/100 g(k=2)。

地表水总磷测定的方法研究与实验室质量控制

随着社会经济的发展和人口的增长,工业、农业和城市生活废水排放的磷含量逐渐增加,导致地表水中总磷的含量总体呈上升趋势。这种趋势在多个国家和地区的监测数据中都得到了体现。总磷作为评价地表水水质的关键参数之一,其准确测定对于评估水体富营养化风险、制定水环境保护措施具有重要意义。然而,由于总磷的存在形态多样、干扰因素众多,使其测定具有一定的挑战性。因此,开展地表水总磷测定的方法研究与实验室质量控制显得尤为迫切。有必要提高污水处理效率,维护水环境的健康和稳定。