Content-centric Networking(CCN) is progressively flattering the substitutable approach to the Internet architecture through illuminating information(content) dissemination on the Internet with content forenames.The em...Content-centric Networking(CCN) is progressively flattering the substitutable approach to the Internet architecture through illuminating information(content) dissemination on the Internet with content forenames.The emergent proportion of Internet circulation has expectant adjusting Content-centric architecture to enhance serve the user prerequisites of accessing content.In recent years,one of the key aspects of CCN is ubiquitous in-network caching,which has been widely received great attention in research interest.One foremost shortcoming of in-network caching is that content producers have no awareness about where their content is put in storage.Because routers in CCN have caching capabilities,therefore,each and every content router can cache the content item in its storage capacity.This is problematic in the case in which a producer wishes to update or make the changes in its content item.In this paper,we present an approach regarding how to address this issue with a scheme called efficient content update(ECU).Our proposed ECU scheme achieves content update via trifling packets that resemble contemporary CCN communication messages with the use of additional table.We measure the performance of ECU scheme by means of simulations and make available a comprehensive exploration of its results.展开更多
As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholl...As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholly driven by the data consumer.Consumers must send Interest packets with the content name and not by the host’s network address.Its nature of in-network caching,Interest packets aggregation and hop-byhop communication poses unique challenges to provision of Internet applications,where traditional IP network no long works well.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art application research activities related to CCN architecture.Our main aims in this survey are(a)to identify the advantages and drawbacks of CCN architectures for application provisioning;(b)to discuss the challenges and opportunities regarding service provisioning in CCN architectures;and(c)to further encourage deeper thinking about design principles for future Internet architectures from the perspective of upper-layer applications.展开更多
Content-Centric Networking is a novel future network architecture that attracts increasing research interests in recent years. In-network caching has been regarded as a prominent feature of Content-Centric Networking ...Content-Centric Networking is a novel future network architecture that attracts increasing research interests in recent years. In-network caching has been regarded as a prominent feature of Content-Centric Networking since it is able to reduce the network traffic, alleviate the server bottleneck and decrease the user access latency. However, the CCN default caching scheme results in a high caching redundancy, causing an urgent need for an efficient caching scheme. To address this issue, we propose a novel implicit cooperative caching scheme to efficiently reduce the caching redundancy and improve the cache resources utilization. The simulation results show that our design achieves a higher hit ratio and a shorter cache hit distance in comparison with the other typical caching schemes.展开更多
There were two strategies for the data forwarding in the content-centric networking(CCN): forwarding strategy and routing strategy. Forwarding strategy only considered a separated node rather than the whole network pe...There were two strategies for the data forwarding in the content-centric networking(CCN): forwarding strategy and routing strategy. Forwarding strategy only considered a separated node rather than the whole network performance, and Interest flooding led to the network overhead and redundancy as well. As for routing strategy in CCN, each node was required to run the protocol. It was a waste of routing cost and unfit for large-scale deployment.This paper presents the super node routing strategy in CCN. Some super nodes selected from the peer nodes in CCN were used to receive the routing information from their slave nodes and compute the face-to-path to establish forwarding information base(FIB). Then FIB was sent to slave nodes to control and manage the slave nodes. The theoretical analysis showed that the super node routing strategy possessed robustness and scalability, achieved load balancing,reduced the redundancy and improved the network performance. In three topologies, three experiments were carried out to test the super node routing strategy. Network performance results showed that the proposed strategy had a shorter delay, lower CPU utilization and less redundancy compared with CCN.展开更多
On-path caching is the prominent module in Content-Centric Networking(CCN),equipped with the capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.The main focus...On-path caching is the prominent module in Content-Centric Networking(CCN),equipped with the capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.The main focus of the CCN caching module is data dissemination within the network.Most of the existing strategies of in-network caching in CCN store the content at the maximumnumber of routers along the downloading path.Consequently,content redundancy in the network increases significantly,whereas the cache hit ratio and network performance decrease due to the unnecessary utilization of limited cache storage.Moreover,content redundancy adversely affects the cache resources,hit ratio,latency,bandwidth utilization,and server load.We proposed an in-network caching placement strategy named Coupling Parameters to Optimize Content Placement(COCP)to address the content redundancy and associated problems.The novelty of the technique lies in its capability tominimize content redundancy by creating a balanced cache space along the routing path by considering request rate,distance,and available cache space.The proposed approach minimizes the content redundancy and content dissemination within the network by using appropriate locations while increasing the cache hit ratio and network performance.The COCP is implemented in the simulator(Icarus)to evaluate its performance in terms of the cache hit ratio,path stretch,latency,and link load.Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the proposed COCP strategy.The proposed COCP technique has been compared with the existing state-of-theart techniques,namely,Leave Copy Everywhere(LCE),Leave Copy Down(LCD),ProbCache,Cache Less forMore(CL4M),and opt-Cache.The results obtained with different cache sizes and popularities show that our proposed caching strategy can achieve up to 91.46%more cache hits,19.71%reduced latency,35.43%improved path stretch and 38.14%decreased link load.These results confirm that the proposed COCP strategy has the potential capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.展开更多
Accurately estimating of Retransmission TimeOut (RTO) in Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is crucial for efficient rate control in end nodes and effective interface ranking in intermediate routers. Toward this end, th...Accurately estimating of Retransmission TimeOut (RTO) in Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is crucial for efficient rate control in end nodes and effective interface ranking in intermediate routers. Toward this end, the Jacobson algorithm, which is an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) on the Round Trip Time (RTT) of previous packets, is a promising scheme. Assigning the lower bound to RTO, determining how an EWMA rapidly adapts to changes, and setting the multiplier of variance RTT have the most impact on the accuracy of this estimator for which several evaluations have been performed to set them in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. However, the performance of this estimator in CCN has not been explored yet, despite CCN having a significant architectural difference with TCP/IP networks. In this study, two new metrics for assessing the performance of RTO estimators in CCN are defined and the performance of the Jacobson algorithm in CCN is evaluated. This evaluation is performed by varying the minimum RTO, EWMA parameters, and multiplier of variance RTT against different content popularity distribution gains. The obtained results are used to reconsider the Jacobson algorithm for accurately estimating RTO in CCN. Comparing the performance of the reconsidered Jacobson estimator with the existing solutions shows that it can estimate RTO simply and more accurately without any additional information or computation overhead.展开更多
The basic function of the Internet is to delivery data(what) to serve the needs of all applications. IP names the attachment points(where) to facilitate ubiquitous interconnectivity as the current way to deliver data....The basic function of the Internet is to delivery data(what) to serve the needs of all applications. IP names the attachment points(where) to facilitate ubiquitous interconnectivity as the current way to deliver data. The fundamental mismatch between data delivery and naming attachment points leads to a lot of challenges, e.g., mapping from data name to IP address, handling dynamics of underlying topology, scaling up the data distribution, and securing communication, etc. Informationcentric networking(ICN) is proposed to shift the focus of communication paradigm from where to what, by making the named data the first-class citizen in the network, The basic consensus of ICN is to name the data independent from its container(space dimension) and session(time dimension), which breaks the limitation of point-to-point IP semantic. It scales up data distribution by utilizing available resources, and facilitates communication to fit diverse connectivity and heterogeneous networks. However, there are only a few consensuses on the detailed design of ICN, and quite a few different ICN architectures are proposed. This paper reveals the rationales of ICN from the perspective of the Internet evolution, surveys different design choices, and discusses on two debatable topics in ICN, i.e.,self-certifying versus hierarchical names, and edge versus pervasive caching. We hope this survey helps clarify some mis-understandings on ICN and achieve more consensuses.展开更多
In this paper, we explore network architecture anal key technologies for content-centric networking （CCN）, an emerging networking technology in the big-data era. We descrihe the structure anti operation mechanism of...In this paper, we explore network architecture anal key technologies for content-centric networking （CCN）, an emerging networking technology in the big-data era. We descrihe the structure anti operation mechanism of tl CCN node. Then we discuss mobility management, routing strategy, and caching policy in CCN. For better network performance, we propose a probability cache replacement policy that is based on cotent popularity. We also propose and evaluate a probability cache with evicted copy-up decision policy.展开更多
The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in ...The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in redundant content transmission and the end-point-based communication model.Information-centric networking(ICN)is a paradigm for the future Internet that can be utilized to resolve the data explosion problem.In this paper,we focus on content-centric networking(CCN),one of the key candidate ICN architectures.CCN has been studied in various network environments with the aim of relieving network and server burden,especially in name-based forwarding and in-network caching functionalities.This paper studies the effect of several caching strategies in the CCN domain from the perspective of network and server overhead.Thus,we comprehensively analyze the in-network caching performance of CCN under several popular cache replication methods(i.e.,cache placement).We evaluate the performance with respect to wellknown Internet traffic patterns that follow certain probabilistic distributions,such as the Zipf/Mandelbrot–Zipf distributions,and flashcrowds.For the experiments,we developed an OPNET-based CCN simulator with a realistic Internet-like topology.展开更多
为了应对网络数据的指数式增长以及满足未来网络对内容的需求,结合内容中心网络(sontent centric network,CCN)和软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)2种未来互联网结构的优势,提出一种软件定义的内容中心网络结构(software def...为了应对网络数据的指数式增长以及满足未来网络对内容的需求,结合内容中心网络(sontent centric network,CCN)和软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)2种未来互联网结构的优势,提出一种软件定义的内容中心网络结构(software defined content centric network,SD-CCN)。SD-CCN以SDN中分离控制平面与数据平面为核心原则,以CCN中基于内容的分发作为主要目标,其基本组成包括控制平面、控制通道、数据平面和数据通道4个部分。所有的控制决策都由控制平面发出,所有的数据操作都在数据平面完成。仿真实验结果表明,该结构相比传统的内容中心网络具有更小的网络开销。展开更多
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is an innovative paradigm for the future internet architecture, which addresses IP network limitations in supporting content distribution and information access by decoupling conte...Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is an innovative paradigm for the future internet architecture, which addresses IP network limitations in supporting content distribution and information access by decoupling content from hosts and providing the ability to retrieve a content object by its name (identifier), rather than its storage location (IP address). Name resolution and routing is critical for content retrieval in ICN networks. In this research, we perform a comparative study of two widely used classes of ICN name resolution and routing schemes, namely flooding and Distributed Hash Table (DHT). We consider the flooding-based routing in Content-Centric Networks due to its wide acceptance. For the DHT scheme, we design a multi-level DHT that takes into account the underlying network topology and uses name aggregation to further reduce control overhead and improve network efficiency. Then, we compare the characteristics and performance of these two classes of name resolution and routing through extensive simulations. The evaluation results show that the performances of these two approaches are reliant on several factors, including network size, content location dynamics, and content popularity. Our study reveals insights into the design tradeoffs and offers guidelines for design strategies.展开更多
文摘Content-centric Networking(CCN) is progressively flattering the substitutable approach to the Internet architecture through illuminating information(content) dissemination on the Internet with content forenames.The emergent proportion of Internet circulation has expectant adjusting Content-centric architecture to enhance serve the user prerequisites of accessing content.In recent years,one of the key aspects of CCN is ubiquitous in-network caching,which has been widely received great attention in research interest.One foremost shortcoming of in-network caching is that content producers have no awareness about where their content is put in storage.Because routers in CCN have caching capabilities,therefore,each and every content router can cache the content item in its storage capacity.This is problematic in the case in which a producer wishes to update or make the changes in its content item.In this paper,we present an approach regarding how to address this issue with a scheme called efficient content update(ECU).Our proposed ECU scheme achieves content update via trifling packets that resemble contemporary CCN communication messages with the use of additional table.We measure the performance of ECU scheme by means of simulations and make available a comprehensive exploration of its results.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61671081in part by the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of NSFC under Grant 61720106007+2 种基金in part by the 111 Project under Grant B18008in part by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant 4172042in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2018XKJC01
文摘As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholly driven by the data consumer.Consumers must send Interest packets with the content name and not by the host’s network address.Its nature of in-network caching,Interest packets aggregation and hop-byhop communication poses unique challenges to provision of Internet applications,where traditional IP network no long works well.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art application research activities related to CCN architecture.Our main aims in this survey are(a)to identify the advantages and drawbacks of CCN architectures for application provisioning;(b)to discuss the challenges and opportunities regarding service provisioning in CCN architectures;and(c)to further encourage deeper thinking about design principles for future Internet architectures from the perspective of upper-layer applications.
基金supported in part by the 973 Program under Grant No.2013CB329100in part by NSFC under Grant No.61422101,62171200,and 62132017+1 种基金in part by the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of MOE of China under Grant No.20130009110014in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.2016JBZ002
文摘Content-Centric Networking is a novel future network architecture that attracts increasing research interests in recent years. In-network caching has been regarded as a prominent feature of Content-Centric Networking since it is able to reduce the network traffic, alleviate the server bottleneck and decrease the user access latency. However, the CCN default caching scheme results in a high caching redundancy, causing an urgent need for an efficient caching scheme. To address this issue, we propose a novel implicit cooperative caching scheme to efficiently reduce the caching redundancy and improve the cache resources utilization. The simulation results show that our design achieves a higher hit ratio and a shorter cache hit distance in comparison with the other typical caching schemes.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Program,No.2013CB329100)Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project(No.YETP0534)
文摘There were two strategies for the data forwarding in the content-centric networking(CCN): forwarding strategy and routing strategy. Forwarding strategy only considered a separated node rather than the whole network performance, and Interest flooding led to the network overhead and redundancy as well. As for routing strategy in CCN, each node was required to run the protocol. It was a waste of routing cost and unfit for large-scale deployment.This paper presents the super node routing strategy in CCN. Some super nodes selected from the peer nodes in CCN were used to receive the routing information from their slave nodes and compute the face-to-path to establish forwarding information base(FIB). Then FIB was sent to slave nodes to control and manage the slave nodes. The theoretical analysis showed that the super node routing strategy possessed robustness and scalability, achieved load balancing,reduced the redundancy and improved the network performance. In three topologies, three experiments were carried out to test the super node routing strategy. Network performance results showed that the proposed strategy had a shorter delay, lower CPU utilization and less redundancy compared with CCN.
基金This work was supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number(TURSP-2020/292),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia。
文摘On-path caching is the prominent module in Content-Centric Networking(CCN),equipped with the capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.The main focus of the CCN caching module is data dissemination within the network.Most of the existing strategies of in-network caching in CCN store the content at the maximumnumber of routers along the downloading path.Consequently,content redundancy in the network increases significantly,whereas the cache hit ratio and network performance decrease due to the unnecessary utilization of limited cache storage.Moreover,content redundancy adversely affects the cache resources,hit ratio,latency,bandwidth utilization,and server load.We proposed an in-network caching placement strategy named Coupling Parameters to Optimize Content Placement(COCP)to address the content redundancy and associated problems.The novelty of the technique lies in its capability tominimize content redundancy by creating a balanced cache space along the routing path by considering request rate,distance,and available cache space.The proposed approach minimizes the content redundancy and content dissemination within the network by using appropriate locations while increasing the cache hit ratio and network performance.The COCP is implemented in the simulator(Icarus)to evaluate its performance in terms of the cache hit ratio,path stretch,latency,and link load.Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the proposed COCP strategy.The proposed COCP technique has been compared with the existing state-of-theart techniques,namely,Leave Copy Everywhere(LCE),Leave Copy Down(LCD),ProbCache,Cache Less forMore(CL4M),and opt-Cache.The results obtained with different cache sizes and popularities show that our proposed caching strategy can achieve up to 91.46%more cache hits,19.71%reduced latency,35.43%improved path stretch and 38.14%decreased link load.These results confirm that the proposed COCP strategy has the potential capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.
文摘Accurately estimating of Retransmission TimeOut (RTO) in Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is crucial for efficient rate control in end nodes and effective interface ranking in intermediate routers. Toward this end, the Jacobson algorithm, which is an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) on the Round Trip Time (RTT) of previous packets, is a promising scheme. Assigning the lower bound to RTO, determining how an EWMA rapidly adapts to changes, and setting the multiplier of variance RTT have the most impact on the accuracy of this estimator for which several evaluations have been performed to set them in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. However, the performance of this estimator in CCN has not been explored yet, despite CCN having a significant architectural difference with TCP/IP networks. In this study, two new metrics for assessing the performance of RTO estimators in CCN are defined and the performance of the Jacobson algorithm in CCN is evaluated. This evaluation is performed by varying the minimum RTO, EWMA parameters, and multiplier of variance RTT against different content popularity distribution gains. The obtained results are used to reconsider the Jacobson algorithm for accurately estimating RTO in CCN. Comparing the performance of the reconsidered Jacobson estimator with the existing solutions shows that it can estimate RTO simply and more accurately without any additional information or computation overhead.
基金supported by the National High-tech R&D Program("863"Program)of China(No.2013AA013505)the National Science Foundation of China(No.61472213)State Scholarship Fund from China Scholarship Council(No.201406210270)
文摘The basic function of the Internet is to delivery data(what) to serve the needs of all applications. IP names the attachment points(where) to facilitate ubiquitous interconnectivity as the current way to deliver data. The fundamental mismatch between data delivery and naming attachment points leads to a lot of challenges, e.g., mapping from data name to IP address, handling dynamics of underlying topology, scaling up the data distribution, and securing communication, etc. Informationcentric networking(ICN) is proposed to shift the focus of communication paradigm from where to what, by making the named data the first-class citizen in the network, The basic consensus of ICN is to name the data independent from its container(space dimension) and session(time dimension), which breaks the limitation of point-to-point IP semantic. It scales up data distribution by utilizing available resources, and facilitates communication to fit diverse connectivity and heterogeneous networks. However, there are only a few consensuses on the detailed design of ICN, and quite a few different ICN architectures are proposed. This paper reveals the rationales of ICN from the perspective of the Internet evolution, surveys different design choices, and discusses on two debatable topics in ICN, i.e.,self-certifying versus hierarchical names, and edge versus pervasive caching. We hope this survey helps clarify some mis-understandings on ICN and achieve more consensuses.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60872018 and No. 60902015Major National Science and Technology Project No. 2011ZX03005-004-03
文摘In this paper, we explore network architecture anal key technologies for content-centric networking （CCN）, an emerging networking technology in the big-data era. We descrihe the structure anti operation mechanism of tl CCN node. Then we discuss mobility management, routing strategy, and caching policy in CCN. For better network performance, we propose a probability cache replacement policy that is based on cotent popularity. We also propose and evaluate a probability cache with evicted copy-up decision policy.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2014R1A1A2057796)and(2015R1D1A1A01059049)
文摘The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in redundant content transmission and the end-point-based communication model.Information-centric networking(ICN)is a paradigm for the future Internet that can be utilized to resolve the data explosion problem.In this paper,we focus on content-centric networking(CCN),one of the key candidate ICN architectures.CCN has been studied in various network environments with the aim of relieving network and server burden,especially in name-based forwarding and in-network caching functionalities.This paper studies the effect of several caching strategies in the CCN domain from the perspective of network and server overhead.Thus,we comprehensively analyze the in-network caching performance of CCN under several popular cache replication methods(i.e.,cache placement).We evaluate the performance with respect to wellknown Internet traffic patterns that follow certain probabilistic distributions,such as the Zipf/Mandelbrot–Zipf distributions,and flashcrowds.For the experiments,we developed an OPNET-based CCN simulator with a realistic Internet-like topology.
文摘为了应对网络数据的指数式增长以及满足未来网络对内容的需求,结合内容中心网络(sontent centric network,CCN)和软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)2种未来互联网结构的优势,提出一种软件定义的内容中心网络结构(software defined content centric network,SD-CCN)。SD-CCN以SDN中分离控制平面与数据平面为核心原则,以CCN中基于内容的分发作为主要目标,其基本组成包括控制平面、控制通道、数据平面和数据通道4个部分。所有的控制决策都由控制平面发出,所有的数据操作都在数据平面完成。仿真实验结果表明,该结构相比传统的内容中心网络具有更小的网络开销。
文摘Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is an innovative paradigm for the future internet architecture, which addresses IP network limitations in supporting content distribution and information access by decoupling content from hosts and providing the ability to retrieve a content object by its name (identifier), rather than its storage location (IP address). Name resolution and routing is critical for content retrieval in ICN networks. In this research, we perform a comparative study of two widely used classes of ICN name resolution and routing schemes, namely flooding and Distributed Hash Table (DHT). We consider the flooding-based routing in Content-Centric Networks due to its wide acceptance. For the DHT scheme, we design a multi-level DHT that takes into account the underlying network topology and uses name aggregation to further reduce control overhead and improve network efficiency. Then, we compare the characteristics and performance of these two classes of name resolution and routing through extensive simulations. The evaluation results show that the performances of these two approaches are reliant on several factors, including network size, content location dynamics, and content popularity. Our study reveals insights into the design tradeoffs and offers guidelines for design strategies.
