Females actively seek extra-pair paternity(EPP)to acquire a fitness advantage for their offspring.The“contextdependence hypothesis”posits that female extra-pair mate choice has plasticity in response to environmenta...Females actively seek extra-pair paternity(EPP)to acquire a fitness advantage for their offspring.The“contextdependence hypothesis”posits that female extra-pair mate choice has plasticity in response to environmental conditions,and therefore magnitude of female genetic benefits from EPP depends on the environmental variation.Furthermore,chronic heavy metal pollution can cause adverse effects on fitness-related traits of wild birds.However,few studies were available on the interactions between heavy metal pollution and EPP.We selected an area that was contaminated by heavy metals for more than 60 years(Baiyin,BY),a relatively unpolluted area(Liujiaxia,LJX),and Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus)as study species to explore the response of female extrapair mate choice and genetic benefits from EPP to heavy metal pollution in socially monogamous birds.The relatedness between social mates and extra-pair mates was investigated.Additionally,we compared the body size and heterozygosity of extra-pair offspring(EPO),within-pair offspring(WPO),social males and extra-pair males from the two Tree Sparrow populations.We found that at BY,female Tree Sparrows tended to choose extra-pair males with larger body size and lower genetic similarity,thereby producing higher heterozygosity and larger body size of EPO compared with those of WPO.However,no similar phenomenon was observed in the Tree Sparrow population from LJX.In addition,there was a significant interaction between population and paternity in the analyses of the fitness-related traits,suggesting that environmental variation could affect female genetic benefits from EPP.This study confirmed the existence of presumed interactions between environmental pollution and EPP within the natural population of socially monogamous Tree Sparrows.Our findings shed lights on the possible effects of long-term environmental stress on mating system in wild birds.展开更多
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method for evaluating the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) on the basis of multiple inputs and outputs. The context-dependent DEA is introduced to...Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method for evaluating the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) on the basis of multiple inputs and outputs. The context-dependent DEA is introduced to measure the relative attractiveness of a particular DMU when compared to others. In real-world situation, because of incomplete or non-obtainable information, the data (Input and Output) are often not so deterministic, therefore they usually are imprecise data such as interval data, hence the DEA models becomes a nonlinear programming problem and is called imprecise DEA (IDEA). In this paper the context-dependent DEA models for DMUs with interval data is extended. First, we consider each DMU (which has interval data) as two DMUs (which have exact data) and then, by solving some DEA models, we can find intervals for attractiveness degree of those DMUs. Finally, some numerical experiment is used to illustrate the proposed approach at the end of paper.展开更多
Background and Aim Drug-induced sensitization in the mesocorticolimbic systems has been thought to play an important role in certain aspects of drug addiction, including the important function of drug-associated cues ...Background and Aim Drug-induced sensitization in the mesocorticolimbic systems has been thought to play an important role in certain aspects of drug addiction, including the important function of drug-associated cues and environments in mediating drug-seeking behaviors. Our previous studies have identified a role of heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） in the development of a single exposure morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. Methods The present study investigated the effect of environment on the expression of behavioral sensitization in- duced by a single morphine exposure, and associated Hsp70 levels. Results Our results showed that expression of single exposure morphine-induced behavioral sensitization was accompanied by a significant increase of Hsp70 ex- mice administered morphine in an unpaired fashion failed pression in the nucleus accumbens （NAc）. In contrast, to exhibit behavioral sensitization or higher Hsp70 expression. Additionally, by using a habituation process before we found that there was a transition from conditioned hyperactivity to be- challenge to remove conditioned response, havioral sensitization, the former of which was not accompanied by an increased expression of Hsp70. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that behavioral sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure in mice exhib- its context- and time-dependent patterns with environmental context functioning probably via an inhibitory condition- ing mechanism. Alteration of Hsp70 expression in NAc may represent a neurobiological sensitization mechanism mediating context- and time-dependent behavioral sensitization.展开更多
Key information extraction can reduce the dimensional effects while evaluating the correct preferences of users during semantic data analysis.Currently,the classifiers are used to maximize the performance of web-page ...Key information extraction can reduce the dimensional effects while evaluating the correct preferences of users during semantic data analysis.Currently,the classifiers are used to maximize the performance of web-page recommendation in terms of precision and satisfaction.The recent method disambiguates contextual sentiment using conceptual prediction with robustness,however the conceptual prediction method is not able to yield the optimal solution.Context-dependent terms are primarily evaluated by constructing linear space of context features,presuming that if the terms come together in certain consumerrelated reviews,they are semantically reliant.Moreover,the more frequently they coexist,the greater the semantic dependency is.However,the influence of the terms that coexist with each other can be part of the frequency of the terms of their semantic dependence,as they are non-integrative and their individual meaning cannot be derived.In this work,we consider the strength of a term and the influence of a term as a combinatorial optimization,called Combinatorial Optimized Linear Space Knapsack for Information Retrieval(COLSK-IR).The COLSK-IR is considered as a knapsack problem with the total weight being the“term influence”or“influence of term”and the total value being the“term frequency”or“frequency of term”for semantic data analysis.The method,by which the term influence and the term frequency are considered to identify the optimal solutions,is called combinatorial optimizations.Thus,we choose the knapsack for performing an integer programming problem and perform multiple experiments using the linear space through combinatorial optimization to identify the possible optimum solutions.It is evident from our experimental results that the COLSK-IR provides better results than previous methods to detect strongly dependent snippets with minimum ambiguity that are related to inter-sentential context during semantic data analysis.展开更多
Although serious efforts are made internationally and nationally, it is a slow process to make our physical environment accessible. In the actual design process, architects play a major role. But what kinds of knowled...Although serious efforts are made internationally and nationally, it is a slow process to make our physical environment accessible. In the actual design process, architects play a major role. But what kinds of knowledge, including research-based knowledge, do practicing architects make use of when designing accessible environments？ The answer to the question is crucially important since it affects how knowledge is distributed and how accessibility can be ensured. In order to get first-hand knowledge about the design process and the sources from which they gain knowledge, 11 qualitative interviews were conducted with architects with experience of designing for accessibility. The analysis draws on two theoretical distinctions. The first is research-based knowledge versus knowledge used by architects. The second is context-independent knowledge versus context-dependent knowledge. The practitioners found their primary support in context-dependent knowledge, whereas context-independent knowledge was criticized as being too prescriptive. Further, they tended to ask for assistance from the researcher in person rather than reading research publications. The findings challenge research in two ways--first, to produce context-dependent knowledge to structure the first step of the design process, second, to develop new ways to ensure a knowledge flow between research and practice.展开更多
This paper realizes a sign language-to-speech conversion system to solve the communication problem between healthy people and speech disorders. 30 kinds of different static sign languages are firstly recognized by com...This paper realizes a sign language-to-speech conversion system to solve the communication problem between healthy people and speech disorders. 30 kinds of different static sign languages are firstly recognized by combining the support vector machine (SVM) with a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) based regulation and a feedback fine-tuning of the deep model. The text of sign language is then obtained from the recognition results. A context-dependent label is generated from the recognized text of sign language by a text analyzer. Meanwhile,a hiddenMarkov model (HMM) basedMandarin-Tibetan bilingual speech synthesis system is developed by using speaker adaptive training.The Mandarin speech or Tibetan speech is then naturally synthesized by using context-dependent label generated from the recognized sign language. Tests show that the static sign language recognition rate of the designed system achieves 93.6%. Subjective evaluation demonstrates that synthesized speech can get 4.0 of the mean opinion score (MOS).展开更多
In opinion mining of product reviews, an important task is to provide a summary of customers＇ opinions based on different opinion targets. Due to various knowledge backgrounds or linguistic habits, customers use a va...In opinion mining of product reviews, an important task is to provide a summary of customers＇ opinions based on different opinion targets. Due to various knowledge backgrounds or linguistic habits, customers use a variety of terms to describe the same opinion target. These terms are called as context-dependent synonyms. In order to provide a comprehensive summary, the first step is to classify these opinion target words into groups. In this article, we mainly focus on clustering context-dependent opinion target words in Chinese product reviews. We utilize three clustering methods based on distributional similarity and use four different co-occurrence matrices for experiments. According to the experimental results on a large number of reviews, we find that our proposed heuristic k-means clustering method using opinion target words co-occurrence matrix achieves the best clustering result with lower time complexity and less memory space. In addition, the accuracy is more stable when choosing different combinations of centroids. For some kinds of co-occurrence matrices, we also find that using small-size （low-dimensional） matrices achieves higher average clustering accuracy than using large-size （high-dimensional） matrices. Our findings provide a time-efficient and space-efficient way to cluster opinion targets with high accuracy.展开更多
An expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) is a chromosomal region where genetic variants are associated with the expression levels of specific genes that can be both nearby or distant. The identifications of eQTLs...An expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) is a chromosomal region where genetic variants are associated with the expression levels of specific genes that can be both nearby or distant. The identifications of eQTLs for different tissues, cell types, and contexts have led to a better understanding of the dynamic regulations of gene expressions and implications of functional genes and variants for complex traits and diseases. Although most eQTL studies have been performed on data collected from bulk tissues, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of cell-type-specific and context-dependent gene regulations in biological processes and disease mechanisms. In this review, we discuss statistical methods that have been developed to enable the detection of cell-type-specific and context-dependent eQTLs from bulk tissues, purified cell types, and single cells. We also discuss the limitations of the current methods and future research opportunities.展开更多
Dispersal and its evolution play a key role for population persistence in fragmented landscapes where habitat loss and fragmentation increase the cost of between-habitat movements.In such contexts,it is important to k...Dispersal and its evolution play a key role for population persistence in fragmented landscapes where habitat loss and fragmentation increase the cost of between-habitat movements.In such contexts,it is important to know how variation in dispersal and other traits is structured,and whether responses to landscape fragmentation are aligned with underlying dispersal-trait correlations,or dispersal syndromes.We,therefore,studied trait variation in Erigone longipalpis,a European spider species specialist of(often patchy)salt marshes.We collected spiders in two salt-marsh landscapes differing in habitat availability.We then reared lab-born spiders for two generations in controlled conditions,and measured dispersal and its association with various key traits.Erigone longipalpis population densities were lower in the more fragmented landscape.Despite this,we found no evidence of differences in dispersal,or any other trait we studied,between the two landscapes.While a dispersal syndrome was present at the among-individual level(dispersers were more fecund and faster growing,among others),there was no indication it was genetically driven:among-family differences in dispersal were not correlated with differences in other traits.Instead,we showed that the observed phenotypic covariations were mostly due to within-family correlations.We hypothesize that the dispersal syndrome is the result of asymmetric food access among siblings,leading to variation in development rates and carrying over to adult traits.Our results show we need to better understand the sources of dispersal variation and syndromes,especially when dispersal may evolve rapidly in response to environmental change.展开更多
Tone model （TM） integration is an important task for mandarin speech recognition. It has been proved to be effective to use discriminatively trained scaling factors when integrating TM scores into multi-pass speech ...Tone model （TM） integration is an important task for mandarin speech recognition. It has been proved to be effective to use discriminatively trained scaling factors when integrating TM scores into multi-pass speech recognition. Moreover, context-dependent （CD） scaling can be applied for better interpolation between the models. One limitation of this approach is a large number of parameters will be introduced, which makes the technique prone to overtraining. In this paper, we propose to induce context-dependent model weights by using automatically derived phonetic decision trees. Question at each tree node is chosen to minimize the expected recognition error on the training data. First order approximation of the minimum phone error （MPE） objective function is used for question pruning to make tree building efficient. Experimental results on continuous mandarin speech recognition show the method is capable of inducing the most crucial phonetic contexts and obtains significant error reduction with far fewer parameters, compared with that obtained by using manually designed context-dependent scaling parameters.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32370508)the Foundation for Excellent Doctoral Student of Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(No.23JRRA1125)。
文摘Females actively seek extra-pair paternity(EPP)to acquire a fitness advantage for their offspring.The“contextdependence hypothesis”posits that female extra-pair mate choice has plasticity in response to environmental conditions,and therefore magnitude of female genetic benefits from EPP depends on the environmental variation.Furthermore,chronic heavy metal pollution can cause adverse effects on fitness-related traits of wild birds.However,few studies were available on the interactions between heavy metal pollution and EPP.We selected an area that was contaminated by heavy metals for more than 60 years(Baiyin,BY),a relatively unpolluted area(Liujiaxia,LJX),and Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus)as study species to explore the response of female extrapair mate choice and genetic benefits from EPP to heavy metal pollution in socially monogamous birds.The relatedness between social mates and extra-pair mates was investigated.Additionally,we compared the body size and heterozygosity of extra-pair offspring(EPO),within-pair offspring(WPO),social males and extra-pair males from the two Tree Sparrow populations.We found that at BY,female Tree Sparrows tended to choose extra-pair males with larger body size and lower genetic similarity,thereby producing higher heterozygosity and larger body size of EPO compared with those of WPO.However,no similar phenomenon was observed in the Tree Sparrow population from LJX.In addition,there was a significant interaction between population and paternity in the analyses of the fitness-related traits,suggesting that environmental variation could affect female genetic benefits from EPP.This study confirmed the existence of presumed interactions between environmental pollution and EPP within the natural population of socially monogamous Tree Sparrows.Our findings shed lights on the possible effects of long-term environmental stress on mating system in wild birds.
文摘Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method for evaluating the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) on the basis of multiple inputs and outputs. The context-dependent DEA is introduced to measure the relative attractiveness of a particular DMU when compared to others. In real-world situation, because of incomplete or non-obtainable information, the data (Input and Output) are often not so deterministic, therefore they usually are imprecise data such as interval data, hence the DEA models becomes a nonlinear programming problem and is called imprecise DEA (IDEA). In this paper the context-dependent DEA models for DMUs with interval data is extended. First, we consider each DMU (which has interval data) as two DMUs (which have exact data) and then, by solving some DEA models, we can find intervals for attractiveness degree of those DMUs. Finally, some numerical experiment is used to illustrate the proposed approach at the end of paper.
文摘Background and Aim Drug-induced sensitization in the mesocorticolimbic systems has been thought to play an important role in certain aspects of drug addiction, including the important function of drug-associated cues and environments in mediating drug-seeking behaviors. Our previous studies have identified a role of heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） in the development of a single exposure morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. Methods The present study investigated the effect of environment on the expression of behavioral sensitization in- duced by a single morphine exposure, and associated Hsp70 levels. Results Our results showed that expression of single exposure morphine-induced behavioral sensitization was accompanied by a significant increase of Hsp70 ex- mice administered morphine in an unpaired fashion failed pression in the nucleus accumbens （NAc）. In contrast, to exhibit behavioral sensitization or higher Hsp70 expression. Additionally, by using a habituation process before we found that there was a transition from conditioned hyperactivity to be- challenge to remove conditioned response, havioral sensitization, the former of which was not accompanied by an increased expression of Hsp70. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that behavioral sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure in mice exhib- its context- and time-dependent patterns with environmental context functioning probably via an inhibitory condition- ing mechanism. Alteration of Hsp70 expression in NAc may represent a neurobiological sensitization mechanism mediating context- and time-dependent behavioral sensitization.
文摘Key information extraction can reduce the dimensional effects while evaluating the correct preferences of users during semantic data analysis.Currently,the classifiers are used to maximize the performance of web-page recommendation in terms of precision and satisfaction.The recent method disambiguates contextual sentiment using conceptual prediction with robustness,however the conceptual prediction method is not able to yield the optimal solution.Context-dependent terms are primarily evaluated by constructing linear space of context features,presuming that if the terms come together in certain consumerrelated reviews,they are semantically reliant.Moreover,the more frequently they coexist,the greater the semantic dependency is.However,the influence of the terms that coexist with each other can be part of the frequency of the terms of their semantic dependence,as they are non-integrative and their individual meaning cannot be derived.In this work,we consider the strength of a term and the influence of a term as a combinatorial optimization,called Combinatorial Optimized Linear Space Knapsack for Information Retrieval(COLSK-IR).The COLSK-IR is considered as a knapsack problem with the total weight being the“term influence”or“influence of term”and the total value being the“term frequency”or“frequency of term”for semantic data analysis.The method,by which the term influence and the term frequency are considered to identify the optimal solutions,is called combinatorial optimizations.Thus,we choose the knapsack for performing an integer programming problem and perform multiple experiments using the linear space through combinatorial optimization to identify the possible optimum solutions.It is evident from our experimental results that the COLSK-IR provides better results than previous methods to detect strongly dependent snippets with minimum ambiguity that are related to inter-sentential context during semantic data analysis.
文摘Although serious efforts are made internationally and nationally, it is a slow process to make our physical environment accessible. In the actual design process, architects play a major role. But what kinds of knowledge, including research-based knowledge, do practicing architects make use of when designing accessible environments？ The answer to the question is crucially important since it affects how knowledge is distributed and how accessibility can be ensured. In order to get first-hand knowledge about the design process and the sources from which they gain knowledge, 11 qualitative interviews were conducted with architects with experience of designing for accessibility. The analysis draws on two theoretical distinctions. The first is research-based knowledge versus knowledge used by architects. The second is context-independent knowledge versus context-dependent knowledge. The practitioners found their primary support in context-dependent knowledge, whereas context-independent knowledge was criticized as being too prescriptive. Further, they tended to ask for assistance from the researcher in person rather than reading research publications. The findings challenge research in two ways--first, to produce context-dependent knowledge to structure the first step of the design process, second, to develop new ways to ensure a knowledge flow between research and practice.
基金The research leading to these results was partly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61263036, 61262055), Gansu Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 1210RJDA007) and Natural Science Foundation of Gansu (Grant No. 1506RJYA126).
文摘This paper realizes a sign language-to-speech conversion system to solve the communication problem between healthy people and speech disorders. 30 kinds of different static sign languages are firstly recognized by combining the support vector machine (SVM) with a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) based regulation and a feedback fine-tuning of the deep model. The text of sign language is then obtained from the recognition results. A context-dependent label is generated from the recognized text of sign language by a text analyzer. Meanwhile,a hiddenMarkov model (HMM) basedMandarin-Tibetan bilingual speech synthesis system is developed by using speaker adaptive training.The Mandarin speech or Tibetan speech is then naturally synthesized by using context-dependent label generated from the recognized sign language. Tests show that the static sign language recognition rate of the designed system achieves 93.6%. Subjective evaluation demonstrates that synthesized speech can get 4.0 of the mean opinion score (MOS).
基金the Commonweal Technical Project of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant No. 2013C33063, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61100183, 61402417, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant No. LQ13F020014, and the 521 Talents Project of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University.
文摘In opinion mining of product reviews, an important task is to provide a summary of customers＇ opinions based on different opinion targets. Due to various knowledge backgrounds or linguistic habits, customers use a variety of terms to describe the same opinion target. These terms are called as context-dependent synonyms. In order to provide a comprehensive summary, the first step is to classify these opinion target words into groups. In this article, we mainly focus on clustering context-dependent opinion target words in Chinese product reviews. We utilize three clustering methods based on distributional similarity and use four different co-occurrence matrices for experiments. According to the experimental results on a large number of reviews, we find that our proposed heuristic k-means clustering method using opinion target words co-occurrence matrix achieves the best clustering result with lower time complexity and less memory space. In addition, the accuracy is more stable when choosing different combinations of centroids. For some kinds of co-occurrence matrices, we also find that using small-size （low-dimensional） matrices achieves higher average clustering accuracy than using large-size （high-dimensional） matrices. Our findings provide a time-efficient and space-efficient way to cluster opinion targets with high accuracy.
文摘An expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) is a chromosomal region where genetic variants are associated with the expression levels of specific genes that can be both nearby or distant. The identifications of eQTLs for different tissues, cell types, and contexts have led to a better understanding of the dynamic regulations of gene expressions and implications of functional genes and variants for complex traits and diseases. Although most eQTL studies have been performed on data collected from bulk tissues, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of cell-type-specific and context-dependent gene regulations in biological processes and disease mechanisms. In this review, we discuss statistical methods that have been developed to enable the detection of cell-type-specific and context-dependent eQTLs from bulk tissues, purified cell types, and single cells. We also discuss the limitations of the current methods and future research opportunities.
文摘Dispersal and its evolution play a key role for population persistence in fragmented landscapes where habitat loss and fragmentation increase the cost of between-habitat movements.In such contexts,it is important to know how variation in dispersal and other traits is structured,and whether responses to landscape fragmentation are aligned with underlying dispersal-trait correlations,or dispersal syndromes.We,therefore,studied trait variation in Erigone longipalpis,a European spider species specialist of(often patchy)salt marshes.We collected spiders in two salt-marsh landscapes differing in habitat availability.We then reared lab-born spiders for two generations in controlled conditions,and measured dispersal and its association with various key traits.Erigone longipalpis population densities were lower in the more fragmented landscape.Despite this,we found no evidence of differences in dispersal,or any other trait we studied,between the two landscapes.While a dispersal syndrome was present at the among-individual level(dispersers were more fecund and faster growing,among others),there was no indication it was genetically driven:among-family differences in dispersal were not correlated with differences in other traits.Instead,we showed that the observed phenotypic covariations were mostly due to within-family correlations.We hypothesize that the dispersal syndrome is the result of asymmetric food access among siblings,leading to variation in development rates and carrying over to adult traits.Our results show we need to better understand the sources of dispersal variation and syndromes,especially when dispersal may evolve rapidly in response to environmental change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60965002)the College Research Project of Xinjiang (XJEDU2008S15)the Start-up Fund Research for Ph.D.in Xinjiang University (BS090143)
文摘Tone model （TM） integration is an important task for mandarin speech recognition. It has been proved to be effective to use discriminatively trained scaling factors when integrating TM scores into multi-pass speech recognition. Moreover, context-dependent （CD） scaling can be applied for better interpolation between the models. One limitation of this approach is a large number of parameters will be introduced, which makes the technique prone to overtraining. In this paper, we propose to induce context-dependent model weights by using automatically derived phonetic decision trees. Question at each tree node is chosen to minimize the expected recognition error on the training data. First order approximation of the minimum phone error （MPE） objective function is used for question pruning to make tree building efficient. Experimental results on continuous mandarin speech recognition show the method is capable of inducing the most crucial phonetic contexts and obtains significant error reduction with far fewer parameters, compared with that obtained by using manually designed context-dependent scaling parameters.
