Measuring Recreational Value of World Heritage Sites Based on Contingent Valuation Method:A Case Study of Jiuzhaigou

World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.

Estimation of conservation value of myrtle(Myrtus communis)using a contingent valuation method:a case study in a Dooreh forest area,Lorestan Province,Iran

Background： Around 2000 plant species occur naturally in Lorestan Province of which 250 species are medicinal and myrtle is one of them. Myrtle is a shrub whose leaves and fruits have medicinal value and thus, if managed and harvested properly, could produce sustained economic benefits. In recent years, however, over half of the myrtle site areas was destroyed, due to inappropriate management and excessive harvesting practices. Thus, coming up with a practical harvesting approach along with identifying those factors damaging the sites, seems to be very crucial. Methods： In our investigation, we calculated the conservation value per hectare of myrtle in the Dooreh forest area in Lorestan Province. Using the Contingent Valuation （CV） and Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice （DBDC） methods, we determined the willingness to pay （VVTP） for myrtle conservation. The VVTP was estimated with a Iogit model for which indices were obtained based on a maximum precision criterion. Results： The results showed that 86.67 per cent of people were willing to pay for the conservation of these myrtle sites. Average monthly WTP per family was calculated as $0.79. The annual conservation value in terms of WTP for the preservation of the myrtle sites in Dooreh was estimated as $102,525. Among the variables of the model presented, education had a positive impact, while the amount proposed for payment and family size had a negative impact on the WTP. Conclusions： Our estimate of the value of myrtle conservation should provide justification for policy makers and decision making bodies of natural resources to implement policies in order to conserve the natural sites of this species more effectively.

The Application of Contingent Value Method in Forest Recreational Value Evaluation of Nature Reserve

Through the survey of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain,based on relevant data of tourists of Tianmu Mountain over the years,the paper had analyzed some problems about the application of contingent value method(CVM) in forest recreational value evaluation.Then,it had evaluated the forest recreational value of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain in 2007 and obtained evaluation results.Through the statistics of tourists' payment targets,it had calculated the payment value of each function of Tianmu Nature Reserve.The functions were appreciating landscape,exercising,visiting historical sites,photographing,scientific research,picnic and camping,and religion ranking in order from higher to lower value.In terms of nonuse value,existence value was slightly higher than option value and heritage value.It could be known from above research that Tianmu Mountain had great tourism development potential.Finally,it had proposed some suggestions for publicity,project setting and artificial landscape construction.

Development of contingent valuation method in evaluating non-market values of resources and environment in China

The contingent valuation method （CVM） is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, application of CVM in China is highly controversial based on three primary aspects： （I） the appropriate guidelines for CVM; （2） the elicitation techniques for willingness to pay （WTP）; and （3） reliability and validity testing of CVM. The major objectives of this paper are to i^eview the recem devel- opments pertaining to guidelines, elicitation techniques, and reliability and validity testing for application of CVM, and to summa- rize the limitations of and measures for improving application of CVM in China. The applicability of CVM in China is discussed to enhance the future development of CVM in China.

Estimating the value of a statistical life in China: A contingent valuation study in six representative cities

The value of a statistical life(VSL)is a crucial tool for monetizing health impacts.To explore the VSL in China,this study examines people’s willingness to pay(WTP)to reduce death risk from air pollution in six representative cities in China based on face-to-face contingent valuation interviews(n=3936)from March 7,2019 to September 30,2019.The results reveal that the WTP varied from CNY 455 to 763 in 2019(USD 66-111),corresponding to a VSL range of CNY 3.79-6.36 million(USD 549395-921940).The VSL in China in 2019 is estimated to be CNY 4.76 million(USD 689659).The statistics indicate that monthly expenditure levels,environmental concerns,risk attitudes,and assumed market acceptance,which have seldom been dis‐cussed in previous studies,significantly impact WTP and VSL.These findings will serve as a reference for ana‐lyzing mortality risk reduction benefits in future research and for policymaking.

The Contingent Valuation Method for Thessaloniki＇s Aesthetic Pollution in Greece

The purpose of this study is to provide an evaluation of the possible criteria used by the people of Thessaloniki for the evaluation of public goods and the investigation of the benefits of the conservation and restoration of city structures affected by carbon monoxide. These benefits are expressed in monetary units by using the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method）. The maintenance of the urban environment often entails excessive costs paid by the people through taxation. A city free of aesthetic pollution results in an increase in tourism. A portion of taxation paid by the citizens is allocated to cleaning the city. An increase in tourism provides the government with additional revenue through VAT （Value Added Taxes）. The main findings show that in a large proportion, 28% of the interviewees are willing to pay, but those that are willing to pay significant amounts tend to prefer mild interventions to the buildings, while those （42%） that agree with minimal to null amount demand radical intervention. The latter group, also, considers any contribution of theirs to restoration as unfair, judging that this expenditure should be covered exclusively by the State. Last but not least, from a sociopsychological point of view, this attitude could be attributed to extreme personalities which tend to prefer more holistic and direct solutions （i.e., no mixed strategy involving people and the State is acceptable by interviewees who considered themselves as having no further obligations after regular tax-paying）; as a result, they think that the State is exclusively responsible to resolve the situation.

The Opportunity Cost as a Critical Determinant Factor of the Cultural Heritage Monuments＇ Valuation： A Modified Contingent Valuation Method

The subject of this study, which involves two surveys, is to estimate externalities created round a cultural heritage preservation site by means of a CVM （Contingent Valuation Method）. The first survey was conducted for the ruins of ancient ＂Diolkos＂ located in Isthmus of Corinth, Greece using a sample of 200 soldiers. The second survey was conducted for the ancient theater of Lefkada, using a sample of 100 tourists mad locals. The results have been analyzed with Logit model regression. The findings show that willingness to pay （or participate） is strongly affected by opportunity cost and awareness of the site＇s history. Further, income level and education level play a critical role in developing volunteering activity.

Evaluation on Non-use Value of Dianchi Lake Wetland Using CVM

[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to investigate people of different occupations at different ages, based on which the evaluation on non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland was carried out. And the relationship between WTP and social characteristics were analyzed by using non- parametric estimation. [Result] The average WTP on Dianchi lake wetland is 150.03- 217.66 yuan per person every year, and the total WTP is 626-909 million yuan ev- ery year. Age, education and residence of the respondents have remarkable influ- ence on the VVTP. The influence of education level and residence on option value is significant; bequest value is significantly correlated with age; while there is no significant relationship between existence value and social characteristics. [Conclusion] The evaluation on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland is important for the scientific development and utilization of wetland resources.

Evaluation of Wildlife Resource Value in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve by CVM

By using Contingent Value Method(CVM),WTP(Willingness to Pay) of wildlife in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve was studied,the overall existence value of wildlife resource(namely the sum of economic,social,ecological value added on its existence value) in this area was calculated,and the statistics of primary social and economic factors affecting payment value were analyzed.600 questionnaires had been issued altogether and the recovery rate was 100%,583 of which were valid and the effective rate was 94.2 % which demonstrated that feedback sample quantity had reached the analysis requirement.The study result showed that interviewees with different social characteristics widely dispersed,which complied with the survey principle of random sampling;that the distribution curve of WTP was neither smooth nor normal and as 50 Yuan was frequently-used amount in their daily consumption,people tended to choose this option subconsciously;that WTP had notable correlation with education degree,monthly income and cognition degree,and had relation with age but no obvious relation with gender;that annual payment value per capita was within the research scope of wildlife payment value,that is 40-575 Yuan/(person·year).The final conclusion was that wildlife resource value in this area was 17 845 000 Yuan/year,which was of great significance to the protection of biological diversity and the formulation of corresponding protective measures in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve and even in the whole society.

基于TCIA和CVM的皇家园林游憩价值评估研究——以北京市颐和园为例

运用科学方法评估皇家园林游憩价值对旅游资源的有效保护与合理利用具有重要意义。通过对北京市颐和园皇家园林运用旅行费用区间法(TCIA)和条件价值法(CVM)进行评估,得出以下结论:1)从使用价值来看,旅游者实际旅行费用>旅游消费者剩余,颐和园皇家园林在游憩资源利用方面已经基本满足了游客的体验需求,但仍有提升空间;2)从非使用价值的角度来看,存在价值最高,其次为遗产价值,最后为选择价值,游憩非使用价值量居于中上等水平。由于游客对皇家园林的保护意识存在显著差异,导致人均WTP也有所不同;3)从综合角度来看,颐和园皇家园林的游憩使用价值远大于非使用价值,说明颐和园皇家园林的游憩资源非使用价值并未得到充分利用,仍有很大的挖掘潜力;4)从两种方法的适用性来看,TCIA和CVM方法适用于与颐和园相似的皇家园林的游憩价值评估。

How do Beijing Residents Value Environmental Improvements in Remote Parts of China

The benefits of climate adaptation policy are sometimes underestimated because its nonuse values perceived by people indirectly afected are usually ignored.Using data from a representative sample of Beijing’s urban population,it is shown that people living at a distance perceive nonuse values of climate change adaptation measures aimed at improving the environmental conditions in the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China.Using the contingent valuation method the monetized benefit of a particular set of climate adaptation measures experienced by a Beijing household is approximated.It is concluded that not only the preferences of local people,but also of people living in other parts of China should be considered when deciding if a climate adaptation policy is worthwhile implementing from a social welfare point of view.

Evaluating Value of Natural Landscapes in China

Natural landscapes consist of the natural substances, environment, and phenomena, all of which provide many benefits to people, including a sense of place, sightseeing, relaxing, and recuperating. However, the economic value of natural landscapes has only been recognized in recent decades, and the resulting large-scale decline and degradation of ecosystems now severely threatens the sustainable provision of their services to society. There is an emerging consensus that natural capital should be incorporated into the current socioeconomic accounting system. Many studies valuated natural resources at local and regional scales, but there are very few empirical studies at a national level. To provide a benchmark for natural landscape management on a national scale, we use the travel cost method(TCM) and the contingent valuation method(CVM) to determine the economic value and the spatial distribution of natural landscapes across China. Our results show that the total economic value of China′s natural landscape was 9.75 × 10^(11) U.S. dollars(USD) in 2012. Of this value, the highest proportion was in the eastern and southwestern regions of China, which accounts for 23.7% and 18.3%, respectively. The provinces of Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang were the top five in terms of the largest number of natural landscapes and largest economic values. Together, these five provinces accounted for 32.9% of the total number of natural landscapes and 29.4% of the total economic value in 2012. We believe this study will increase awareness of the value of natural landscapes, and more importantly provide a scientific basis for resolving conflicts between development and resource conservation.

基于CVM的旅游资源非使用价值评估——以历史文化名城阆中为例

在实地调查的基础上,采用条件价值法(CVM)对古城阆中旅游资源的非使用价值进行评估,结果表明当地居民的支付意愿(WTP)较低,运用相关与logistic回归分析,得出WTP受到居住地、教育程度等诸多因素影响,建议地方政府和古城旅游公司依据不同主体地位采取相应的引导措施及方案,使居民有效参与古城旅游开发,促进旅游可持续发展.

基于CVM的景观游憩价值评估研究--以太白山国家森林公园为例

采用意愿调查法(CVM),在随机抽取500名游客进行调查的基础上,获取了游客对太白山森林公园景观游憩功能的支付意愿(WTP)、支付意愿值及其相关影响因素,计算出WTP中位值为50.00元,并采用列联表分析和χ2检验法对相关影响因素进行显著性检验,分析得出文化程度、技术职称和经济收入等因素对WTP值极显著相关,计算出了2004年太白山森林景观游憩功能的总支付意愿为5242万元,并为CVM今后的应用提出了合理的建议。

基于CVM方法分析牧民对禁牧政策的受偿意愿——以锡林郭勒草原为例

确定居民对生态措施实施的受偿意愿,对目前迫切需要的生态补偿政策制定以及生态恢复和保护的有效性具有重要的现实意义。选用锡林郭勒草原为案例区域,通过入户调查及在那达慕大会集中调查相结合的方式,调查锡林郭勒草原地区牧民对禁牧措施的态度和受偿意愿。分析结果显示:53%的牧民愿意参加禁牧,而不愿意参加禁牧主要是由于补偿标准不合理引起的。计量经济学模型分析表明,牧民对禁牧的支持态度与牧民的收入和草地面积呈正相关,与养羊数量呈负相关。牧民的受偿意愿由牧民养羊数量、受教育年限、草地现状以及对禁牧政策的支持程度决定。根据意愿调查法初步估算锡林郭勒草原地区禁牧措施实施后牧民的补偿意愿,牧民家庭对禁牧政策的平均受偿意愿为每年每户2.7717万元,人均受偿意愿为8399元,平均每1hm2草地受偿意愿为85.95元。

基于CVM的耕地保护经济补偿探析

我国耕地资源流失的深层次原因在于人们对耕地资源的总价值认识不足,我国又未能建立起合理的利益调节机制,从而导致耕地与非农用地之间的比较效益差别。因而,给予耕地保护者一定的经济补偿是促进耕地保护的一个必要选择。补偿标准的确定是耕地保护经济补偿的核心所在,耕地资源价值是确定补偿标准的基础。通过对耕地资源价值构成的综合分析,认为耕地资源总价值应包括市场价值与非市场价值。通过对耕地保护经济补偿内涵与实质的揭示,指出耕地保护经济补偿范围只应包括具有正外部性的非市场价值,即耕地资源的生态价值和社会价值。运用科学合理的方法测算出的耕地资源的非市场价值才能作为确定补偿标准的依据,提出耕地保护经济补偿标准的计算模式——条件价值评估法(CVM),并以河南省汝州市为研究案例,运用CVM对耕地保护经济补偿标准进行了测算。

CVM应用于图书馆社会价值评估的国外案例介绍

对国外公共图书馆和高校图书馆应用CVM评估其社会价值的案例进行分析,认为采用CVM可以更好地评估其社会价值,同时需要正视CVM所存在的不足,综合采用多种评估方法,并结合我国图书馆的自身特点开展评估。

基于CVM的山西省森林旅游资源生态补偿意愿研究——以五台山国家森林公园为例

以生态补偿理论为基础,通过对五台山国家森林公园367位游客问卷调查的数据实证分析了游客对于保护森林环境,提高森林生态系统服务水平的补偿意愿。研究结果表明:在对五台山国家森林公园的游客进行的调查中,有277人选择非零值的生态补偿,每个人愿意支付的平均补偿费用为每人每年62.95元,五台山国家森林公园森林旅游资源受到游客影响的总价值为2.02×108元/年。此外,全样本回归结果显示,游客的收入水平、旅游偏好、环境保护意识、进入景区是否携带垃圾袋以及是否了解生态补偿政策对游客的支付意愿产生显著的影响,而性别、年龄、从事何种职业、受教育程度的高低等因素对游客是否愿意选择支付补偿费用的影响并不显著。

CVM评估生态环境价值的关键技术综述

条件价值评估法(CVM)是生态环境价值评估领域应用最为广泛的方法之一,该方法可用于评估生态环境的使用价值和非使用价值,并被认为是唯一能够评估非使用价值的方法。然而,学术界对该方法一直存在争议,争议主要围绕CVM使用过程中的各种技术环节展开,其中引导技术以及同一生态环境物品的支付意愿(WTP)和受偿意愿(WTA)是当前CVM研究中争议较多的两类关键技术。论文从主要引导技术的特征、引导技术的改进、不同引导技术评估结果的比较、引导技术的选用四个方面,综述了CVM引导技术的研究动态;从WTP与WTA的比较与选择,讨论了同一生态环境物品WTP与WTA的研究进展。最后对已有研究进行了评述。

两种统计分析模型在CVM应用中的比较研究

学术界普遍认为条件价值法(CVM)是生物多样性非使用价值评估的唯一方法,但其中存在许多问题需进一步完善。针对条件价值法评估结果的准确性和有效性问题,以安徽省鹞落坪国家级自然保护区为例,通过将以往一贯采用的单纯随机抽样评估模型与分层随机抽样评估模型结果的分析比较,认为分层抽样评估模型可在一定程度上提高评估结果准确性和有效性。