Management of regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy:guideline recommendations from Chinese emergency medical doctor consensus

Continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)is widely used for treating critically-ill patients in the emergency department in China.Anticoagulant therapy is needed to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circulation during CRRT.Regional citrate anticoagulation(RCA)has been shown to potentially be safer and more effective,and is now recommended as the preferred anticoagulant method for CRRT.However,there is still a lack of unified standards for RCA management in the world,and there are many problems in using this method in clinical practice.The Emergency Medical Doctor Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA)organized a panel of domestic emergency medicine experts and international experts of CRRT to discuss RCA-related issues,including the advantages and disadvantages of RCA in CRRT anticoagulation,the principle of RCA,parameter settings for RCA,monitoring of RCA(mainly metabolic acid-base disorders),and special issues during RCA.Based on the latest available research evidence as well as the paneled experts'clinical experience,considering the generalizability,suitability,and potential resource utilization,while also balancing clinical advantages and disadvantages,a total of 16 guideline recommendations were formed from the experts'consensus.

Eff ects of continuous renal replacement therapy on infl ammation-related anemia, iron metabolism and prognosis in sepsis patients with acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND:This study aims to evaluate the eff ect of continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)on inflammation-related anemia,iron metabolism,and the prognosis in sepsis patients with acute kidney injury(AKI).METHODS:Sepsis patients with AKI were prospectively enrolled and randomized into the CRRT and control groups.The clinical and laboratory data on days 1,3 and 7 after intensive care unit(ICU)admission were collected.The serum interleukin(IL)-6,hepcidin,erythropoietin,ferritin,and soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score and 28-day mortality were recorded.Data were analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test(categorical variables),and Mann-Whitney U-test or t-test(continuous variables).RESULTS:The hemoglobin and serum erythropoietin levels did not signifi cantly diff er between the CRRT and control groups though gradually decreased within the first week of ICU admission.On days 3 and 7,the serum IL-6,hepcidin,ferritin,and red blood cell distribution width significantly decreased in the CRRT group compared to the control group(all P<0.05).On day 7,the serum iron was significantly elevated in the CRRT group compared to the control group(P<0.05).However,the serum sTfR did not signifi cantly diff er between the groups over time.In addition,the SOFA scores were signifi cantly lower in the CRRT group compared to the control group on day 7.The 28-day mortality did not signifi cantly diff er between the control and CRRT groups(38.0%vs.28.2%,P=0.332).CONCLUSION:CRRT might have beneficial effects on the improvement in inflammationrelated iron metabolism and disease severity during the fi rst week of ICU admission but not anemia and 28-day mortality in sepsis patients with AKI.

Effects of plasma exchange combined with continuous renal replacement therapy on acute fatty liver of pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) in the third trimester or early postpartum period can lead to fatal liver damage. Its traditional therapy is not very effective in facilitating hepatic recovery. The safety and effect of plasma exchange (PE)in combination with continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) (PE+CRRT) for AFLP still needs evaluation.METHODS: Five AFLP patients with hepatic encephalopathy and renal failure were subjected to PE+CRRT in our department from 2007 to 2012. Their symptoms, physical signs and results were observed, and all relevant laboratory tests were compared before and after PE+CRRT.RESULTS: All the 5 patients were well tolerated to the therapy. Four of them responded to the treatment and showed improvement in clinical symptoms/signs and laboratory results and they were cured and discharged home after the treatment One patient succeeded in bridging to transplantation for slowing down hepatic failure and its complications process after2 treatment sessions. Intensive care unit stay and hospital stay were 9.4 (range 5-18) and 25.0 days (range 11-42), respectively.CONCLUSION: PE+CRRT is safe and effective and should be used immediately at the onset of hepatic encephalopathy and/or renal failure in patients with AFLP.

Optimal indicator for changing the filter during the continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit patients with acute kidney injury:A crossover randomized trial

BACKGROUND:The study aims to investigate an optimal indicator for changing the filter during the continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)in intensive care unit(ICU)patients with acute kidney injury(AKI).METHODS:Patients with AKI requiring CRRT in an ICU were randomly divided into two groups for crossover trial,i.e.,groups A and B.Patients in the group A were firstly treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration(CVVH),followed by continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration(CVVHDF).Patients in the group B were firstly treated with CVVHDF followed by CVVH.Delivered doses of solutes with different molecular weights at the indicated time points between groups were compared.A correlation analysis between the delivered dose and pre-filter pressure(P_(PRE))and transmembrane pressure(P_(TM))was performed.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were constructed to evaluate the accuracy of P_(TM) as an indicator for filter replacement.RESULTS:A total of 50 cases were analyzed,27 in the group A and 23 in the group B.Delivered doses of different molecular-weight solutes significantly decreased before changing the filter in both modalities,compared with those at the initiation of treatment(all P<0.05).In the late stage of CRRT,the possible rebound of serum medium-molecular-weight solute concentration was observed.P_(TM) was negatively correlated with the delivered dose of medium-molecular-weight solute in both modalities.The threshold for predicting the rebound of serum concentration of medium-molecularweight solute by P_(TM) was 146.5 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa).CONCLUSIONS:The filter can be used as long as possible within the manufacturer’s safe use time limits to remove small-molecular-weight solutes.P_(TM) of 146.5 mm Hg may be an optimal indicator for changing the filter in CRRT therapies to remove medium-molecular-weight solutes.

A Retrospective Study of Continuous Renal Therapy and Anticoagulation in Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Objective To observe the application of continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) and heparin anticoagulation in patients with HFRS, and to explore a more suitable anticoagulant strategy. Methods Eighty-five severe-type patients(severe group) and 71 critical-type patients(critical group) were enrolled in this study. The frequency of CRRT was compared between the two groups; the frequency of CRRT treated with and without heparin anticoagulation and the frequency of hemorrhage and channel blood clotting induced by the two anticoagulant strategies were observed. Results The frequency of CRRT in the critical group was higher than that in the severe group(P < 0.001). The frequency of CRRT initiated during the overlapping phases in the critical group was significantly higher than that of the severe group(P = 0.032). The total times of CRRT was 103, and 70 of them were treated with heparin anticoagulation. The frequencies of hemorrhage induced by heparin anticoagulation and no heparinization were 16 and 0, respectively, and the frequencies of channel blood clotting were 2 and 4, respectively. Conclusions CRRT has been used extensively in the critical-type patients with HFRS. The heparin anticoagulation and no anticoagulant strategies should be used more rationally in patients treated with CRRT, according to the clinical characteristics of the disease.

Effects of prostaglandin E combined with continuous renal replacement therapy on septic acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND The effects of prostaglandin E(PGE)combined with continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)on renal function and inflammatory responses in patients with septic acute kidney injury(SAKI)remain unclear.AIM To investigate the effects of PGE combined with CRRT on urinary augmenter of liver regeneration(ALR),urinary Na+/H+exchanger 3(NHE3),and serum inflammatory cytokines in patients with SAKI.METHODS The clinical data of 114 patients with SAKI admitted to Yichang Second People's Hospital from May 2017 to January 2019 were collected.Fifty-three cases treated by CRRT alone were included in a control group,while the other 61 cases treated with PGE combined with CRRT were included in an experimental group.Their urinary ALR,urinary NHE3,serum inflammatory cytokines,renal function indices,and immune function indices were detected.Changes in disease recovery and the incidence of adverse reactions were observed.The 28-d survival curve was plotted.RESULTS Before treatment,urinary ALR,urinary NHE3,blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(SCr),CD3+T lymphocytes,CD4+T lymphocytes,and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio in the control and experimental groups were approximately the same.After treatment,urinary ALR and NHE3 decreased,while BUN,SCr,CD3+T lymphocytes,CD4+T lymphocytes,and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio increased in all subjects.Urinary ALR,urinary NHE3,BUN,and SCr in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group,while CD3+T lymphocytes,CD4+T lymphocytes,and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-18,and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The time for urine volume recovery and intensive care unit treatment in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05),although there was no statistically significant difference in hospital stays between the two groups.The total incidence of adverse reactions did not differ statistically between the two groups.The 28-d survival rate in the experimental group(80.33%)was significantly higher than that in the control group(66.04%).CONCLUSION PGE combined with CRRT is clinically effective for treating SAKI,and the combination therapy can significantly improve renal function and reduce inflammatory responses.

Comparison of continuous versus pulsatile dopaminergic therapy in the erderly with Parkinson’s Disease

Objective: Levodopa is the gold-standard of therapy in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but it is associated with motor complications that affect 50% of patients after five years of treatment. Development of delirium and psychosis is the main limitation of dopaminergic treatment in older persons. These adverse effects may result from pulsatile stimulation of the dopamine receptors. Dopamine agonists with transdermal delivery that continuously stimulate the dopamine receptors may reduce these complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequencies of acute delirium and psychosis in elderly patients treated with rotigotine vs. levodopa in a newly diagnosed drugnaive Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Patients admitted to the Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of the University-Hospital of Parma were screened for the presence of Parkinsonism. All subjects admitted with diagnosis of PD according to the UK Brain Bank Criteria were randomly treated with Rotigotine or levodopa. All subjects were assessed by Movement Disorder Society (MDS)-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part III. Acute delirium was asessed by CAM Diagnostic Algorithm during the first week after admission. After six months, diagnosis of psychosis was performed according to pro posed diagnostic criteria by NINDS and NIMH. Patients with cognitive impairment (MMSE dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), were excluded. Results: 60 consecutive newly diagnosed drugnaive PD patients were evaluated. No statistical significant difference between the two groups were observed in term of age, gender, MMSE score, severity of disease expressed by H&Y staging. 30 patients were treated with rotigotine (6 mg/daily) and 30 patients were treated with L-Dopa (250 mg/daily). All participants completed the study. UPDRS Part III was statistical significant lower in both groups after treatment from 26.4 to 18.3 (rotigotine group) and from 26.3 to 17.3 (levodopa group), but comparable within groups (p = 0.83). After 6-month follow-up, acute delirium and/ or psychosis were observed in two cases (6.6%) of patients treated with rotigotine and in three cases (10%) of those treated with levodopa (p = 0.54). Conclusions: Transdermal rotigotine seems comparable to levodopa in regard to motor skill efficacy and neuropsychiatric safety, because provides a more continuous delivery of drug. Dopamine agonists may represent a valid therapeutic option in newly diagnosed older PD patients.

Therapeutic plasma exchange and continuous renal replacement therapy for severe hyperthyroidism and multi-organ failure:A case report

BACKGROUND Severe hyperthyroidism is a life-threatening exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis,characterized by high fever and multiorgan failure. The most common medical treatments are administration of antithyroid drugs and radioactive iodine, and thyroidectomy. In some patients, antithyroid therapy is limited due to serious adverse effects or failure to control disease progression. In some extreme cases,such as thyroid storm, conventional therapy alone does not yield effective and rapid improvement before the development of multiorgan failure.CASE SUMMARY This report describes a Chinese patient with severe hyperthyroidism accompanied by multiorgan failure, who was transferred to the medical intensive care unit of our hospital. The patient presented with palpitations, vomiting,diarrhea, and shortness of breath for a week. Laboratory tests showed elevation of thyroid hormones. Hepatic failure occurred with high aminotransferase levels and jaundice. Given her abnormal liver function and medication history, we could not exclude diagnosis of propylthiouracil-induced hepatic failure.Moreover, she also suffered from heart failure. Therapeutic plasma exchange(commonly known as TPE) and continuous renal replacement therapy(commonly known as CRRT) were used as life-saving therapy, which resulted in notable improvement of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests.CONCLUSION Combined TPE and CRRT are safe and effective for patients with hyperthyroidism and multiorgan failure.

Efficacy of Ulinastatin Combined with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Sepsis Acute Kidney Injury and Its Effects on Systemic Inflammation, Immune Function and miRAN Expression

Objective: To research the effectiveness of ulinastatin in combination with continuous renal replacement therapy in treating sepsis acute kidney injury and its effect on systemic inflammation, immune function and miRAN expression. Methods: The 84 patients who were diagnosed with sepsis complicated by acute kidney injury in our hospital between May 2020 and June 2022 were chosen and randomly assigned to the study group (n = 42) and the control group (n = 42). Ulinastatin in combination with continuous renal replacement therapy was administered to the study group, whereas the control group was administered with continuous renal replacement therapy alone. Both groups’ clinical effects were observed. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high sensitivity Creactive protein (hs-CRP), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), IgG, IgA, IgM, expression levels of miR-233 and miR-10a were compared among both the groups, pre-, and post-treatment. Results: The study group’s overall effectiveness rate was higher that is 95.24%, in comparison to the control group’s 78.57%, and this difference was statistically significant (P α, hs-CRP, VCAM-1, and miR-233 and miR-10a expression levels in both the study and control groups were decreased, however, the study group had reduced levels in comparison to the control group, with statistically significant differences (P P Conclusion: Ulinastatin in combination with continuous renal replacement therapy for treating sepsis acute kidney injury exhibits a positive effect and can significantly improve the systemic inflammation and immune function in patients.

Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Nafamostat Mesylate during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred dialysis modality in critical care settings for patients with hemodynamic instability. Nafamostat mesylate (NM) is an anticoagulant commonly used (mainly in Japan) during CRRT in patients with high bleeding risk. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of NM during CRRT. Patients undergoing CRRT therapy and using NM as the anticoagulant in the intensive care unit were enrolled in the study. Blood was collected from the CRRT circuit just after blood removal, just before and after the membrane for CRRT, and from the filtrates after the membrane. NM concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. NM was detected in the intracorporeal circulation during CRRT in some cases, and liver enzymes were severely elevated in almost all of the cases. Coagulation time was prolonged even before the initiation of NM administration in these cases and may be associated with liver damage. This study suggests that NM dosage should take into account liver damage assessed by elevated liver enzymes.

Study and observation of ultrasound on hemorheology of continuous renal replacement therapy in ICU

Objective: To observe the influence of bedside ultrasound on Hemodynamics of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy,and explore the clinical value of bedside ultrasound technique in acute kidney injury (AKI) Patients with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and capacity management. Methods 311 cases of AKI patients with CRRT were divided randomly into Observe group and Control group. the observe group was used bedside ultrasound technique, by monitoring tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), internal diameter of inferior vena cava (IVC), respiratory variation index of the inferior vena cava internal diameter (RVI) and left vertical Tei index changes. Meanwhile, each parameter change was mediated by ultrasound detection from before, to 30min, 6h, 12h, 36h, 48h after of CRRT to sustain liquid balance in observe group, however, central venous pressure (CVP) change was modulated in control group. The difference of kidney length in pre-CRRT were examined to exclude, and of renal aortic diameter, renal resistance index (RRI)and renal blood flow in post-48h of CRRT were compared in two groups. Results Renal length, Renal parenchyma thickness and Echo strength of renal parenchyma weren't different statistically in pre-CRRT of two groups(P>0.05). In observe group, the RVI level was started to increase significantly and IVC internal diameter to decrease at 6h, which would tend to stable at 36h(F=27.746 and 15.446 respectively);the TAPSE level was gradual ascending and Tei index was descending at 12h with a stable tendency at 24h of CRRT(F=36.213 and 17.127 respectively), and there was difference statistical among time of obvious change in TAPSE, IVC internal diameter, RVI and Tei index(P<0.05);In control group, there was no difference statistical among each time in CVP(F=2.189, P>0.05). Compared with control group, renal aortic diameter and renal blood flow were increased significantly(t=2.356 and 2.075), RRI was decreased obviously in observe group(t=2.244), which was different in statistics (P<0.05). Conclusion the application of bedside ultrasound technique in AKI patient's capacity management with CRRT was more effective and evaluated the kidney perfusion.

Effect of Xuebijing combined with early continuous renal replacement therapy on systemic inflammatory response and renal impairment in patients with heat stroke

Objective: To study the effect of Xuebijing combined with early continuous renal replacement therapy on systemic inflammatory response and renal impairment in patients with heat stroke. Methods: A total of 24 patients with heat shock who were treated in Qidong People's Hospital between June 2015 and August 2017 were selected an9d randomly divided into two groups, Xuebijing group received Xuebijing combined with early continuous renal replacement therapy, and control group received early continuous renal replacement therapy. Serum levels of inflammatory response cytokines, coagulation-related cytokines and renal function indicators of two groups of patients were detected before treatment as well as 3 d and 6 d after treatment. Results: Serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, hs-CRP, TF, sTM, sE-selectin, BUN, Scr, β2-MG and Cys-C levels of both groups 3 d and 6 d after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment, and serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, hs-CRP, TF, sTM, sE-selectin, BUN, Scr, β2-MG and Cys-C levels of Xuebijing group 3 d and 6 d after treatment were significantly lower than those of control group. Conclusion: Xuebijing combined with early continuous renal replacement therapy can reduce the degree of systemic inflammatory response and renal impairment in patients with heat stroke.

A Liquid Chromatography Assay for the Simultaneous Quantification of Piperacillin and Ciprofloxacin in Human Plasma and Dialysate in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Piperacillin/tazobactam and ciprofloxacin are often used in combination as initial empiric anti-biotic therapy in critical ill patients. Especially in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents can be highly variable. In order to avoid under- or overdosage of antibiotics therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is highly re-commendable. Based on two known HPLC assays for piperacillin a new method in combination with solid phase extraction (SPE) for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin and ciprofloxacin was developed. Method validation was performed according to the EMA guideline on validation of bioanalytical methods. The HPLC column used was a Perfect Bond ODS-HD C18 analytical column (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., particle size 5 μm), equipped with a guard column (10 mm × 4.6 mm, particle size 5 μm) containing the same packing material. Detection wavelength was set at 228 nm for piperacillin and benzylpenicillin was used as internal standard (IS). Ciprofloxacin was determined at two wavelengths (280 nm, 315 nm). This newly developed HPLC method in combination with SPE-extraction allows an accurate, precise, specific and efficient determination of piperacillin and ciprofloxacin in biological matrices. Results allow the calculation of all relevant pharmacokinetic data for critically ill patients undergoing CRRT and the optimization of dosing and TDM.

GENE THERAPY (continued) Ⅱ. TECHNIQUES FOR GENE THERAPY

An essential prerequisite of any genetherapy technique is the efficient and stable de-livery of transferred DNA into the target cell.Avariety of techniques are available for directly in-troducing DNA into eukaryotic cells,includingcoprecipitation with calcium phosphate,electroporation and microinjection. The efficien-cy of most of these physical transfection tech-niques is less than one in ten thousand, and

Reasons for failure to continue home therapy in patients with hemophilia: A qualitative study

Background: Home therapy for hemophilia reduces pain, deformity and incidence of complicationinduced hospitalizations. Therefore, it is an important component of comprehensive hemophilia care.Unfortunately, most hemophilic families in Shanxi province, China do not continue home therapy.Objective: To analyze the reasons that hemophilic families do not continue home therapy and to provide a foundation for formulating targeted interventions by the Hemophilia Treatment Center(HTC) in Shanxi Province.Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach using purposeful sampling of 17 hemophilic families, two physicians, and one nurse from 11 branches across 11 cities in Shanxi Province. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results: Four themes were identified:(1) home therapy was generally positively evaluated;(2) concerns about the safety of home therapy;(3) an imperfect social medical security system; and(4) inadequate continuous nursing of hemophilia.Conclusions: Home therapy for hemophilia remains in a preliminary stage in Shanxi Province, and inadequate family and social support systems have obstructed the implementation of home therapy. It is necessary to develop a home therapy model suitable for hemophilic families in Shanxi Province as soon as possible. Such a model would improve the community and home care medical systems for hemophilia and guarantee home therapy throughout the entire medical care system, thus enabling more hemophilic families to carry out home therapy. Achieving these goals requires urgent research and attention from medical staff.

Towards wearable and implantable continuous drug monitoring:A review

Continuous drug monitoring is a promising alternative to current therapeutic drug monitoring strategies and has a strong potential to reshape our understanding of pharmacokinetic variability and to improve individualised therapy.This review highlights recent advances in biosensing technologies that support continuous drug monitoring in real time.We focus primarily on aptamer-based biosensors,wearable and implantable devices.Emphasis is given to the approaches employed in constructing biosensors.We pay attention to sensors’biocompatibility,calibration performance,long-term characteristics stability and measurement quality.Last,we discuss the current challenges and issues to be addressed in continuous drug monitoring to make it a promising,future tool for individualised therapy.The ongoing efforts are expected to result in fully integrated implantable drug biosensing technology.Thus,we may anticipate an era of advanced healthcare in which wearable and implantable biochips will automatically adjust drug dosing in response to patient health conditions,thus enabling the management of diseases and enhancing individualised therapy.

CHINESE HUAI TANG NINE ACUPUNCTURE NEEDLES: RESEARCH ON THE NEW NINE ACUPUNCTURE NEEDLES THERAPY AND THE NEEDLING INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)

PART TWOThe Research on Chinese Huai TangNine Acupuncture Needles TherapyI The theoretical basis of ChineseHuai Tang Nine Needles Therapy.1) The kernel of the theoretical basis ofChinese Huai Tang Nine Needles Therapy.Chinese Huai Tang Nine Needles Therapyis to give full play to the treatment action of thespecifity and entirety of each needle. The speci-fity means that each needle has its own

连续性肾脏替代治疗患者中心静脉导管相关血栓预防的最佳证据总结

目的检索、评估和整合关于连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)患者中心静脉导管相关血栓(catheter-related thrombosis,CRT)预防的最佳证据。方法计算机检索BMJ Best Practice、UpToDate、Cochrane Library、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、国际指南协作网、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所、苏格兰校际指南网、美国肾脏病基金会等专业相关网站,以及PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、医脉通中与CRRT患者中心静脉CRT预防有关的临床决策、指南、最佳实践、证据总结、系统评价、专家共识。检索时限为建库至2023年3月。由2名循证团队成员进行文献筛选、质量评价及证据提取与汇总。结果共纳入12篇文献,分别为3篇临床决策、4篇指南、2篇系统评价和3篇专家共识。从8个方面汇总形成27条最佳证据,包括评估、穿刺及拔管、导管类型、血管通路监测方法、封管、抗凝剂、溶栓治疗、培训和管理。结论医护人员在实施CRRT患者中心静脉CRT预防时,应结合临床具体情境与患者意愿,审慎地选择最佳证据,增强治疗效果和安全性,以促进患者获益最大化。

嵌入式体外膜肺氧合联合连续性肾脏代替疗法规范化护理指标的构建

目的构建嵌入式体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)联合连续性肾脏代替疗法(CRRT)的规范化护理指标,为医护人员进行嵌入式ECMO联合CRRT护理提供临床实践依据。方法系统检索国内外数据库获取关于嵌入式ECMO联合CRRT运行中规范化护理的相关文献,包括指南、专家共识、证据总结、系统评价、临床决策等,并对纳入文献进行质量评价,对符合质量标准的文献进行证据提取和汇总,初拟嵌入式ECMO联合CRRT规范化护理操作流程,采用德尔菲法通过2轮专家函询形成最终方案。结果共纳入相关文献10篇,其中指南2篇,专家共识2篇,证据总结2篇,系统评价2篇,临床决策2篇。2轮专家咨询问卷的有效回收率均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.910和0.915,变异系数分别0.12~0.29和0.05~0.21,协调系数分别为0.674、0.721。最终构建的护理指标涵盖了凝血功能护理、血气护理、通气设置、血流动力学护理、CRRT相关护理、撤机后护理6个方面共15条指标。结论基于循证和德尔菲法构建的嵌入式ECMO联合CRRT循证护理指标具有科学性和实用性,可为临床医护人员进行嵌入式ECMO联合CRRT护理提供一定的参考依据,给予患者更好的治疗体验。

脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者行持续性肾脏替代治疗时机的探讨

目的探讨脓毒症合并急性肾损伤(AKI)患者行持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的最佳治疗时机。方法我院收治的86例脓毒症合并AKI患者,其中44例行早期CRRT治疗(早期组),42例行标准CRRT治疗(标准组),记录两组预后转归情况及入院时、入院24、48及72 h肾损伤标志物[肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)、中性粒细胞明胶酶脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)]变化情况;根据标准组入院28 d生存情况分为生存组及死亡组,比较两组CRRT治疗时机、入院24 h肾损伤标志物差异,分析入院24 h肾损伤标志物对标准CRRT治疗预后死亡的预测价值。结果早期组与标准组入院28 d死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);早期组入院至行CRRT时间、CRRT持续时间、ICU住院时间及依赖透析率均低于标准组,脱离透析率高于标准组(P<0.05)。从入院时至入院72 h,早期组血清KIM-1、NGAL、L-FABP水平先升高后下降,标准组则升高后稳定(P<0.05);入院48、72 h时早期组血清KIM-1、NGAL、L-FABP水平均低于标准组(P<0.05)。行标准CRRT治疗患者中,死亡组入院至行CRRT时间及入院24 h血清KIM-1、NGAL、L-FABP水平均显著高于生存组(P<0.05);经ROC曲线分析发现入院24 h血清KIM-1、NGAL、L-FABP水平均对标准CRRT治疗预后死亡有较高预测价值(P<0.05),其截断值分别为2.98 ng/L、23.53 ng/L、20.02μg/ml,且3项联合预测价值最高。结论早期CRRT治疗能使脓毒症合并AKI患者尽早脱离透析,入院24 h血清KIM-1、NGAL、L-FABP水平对预测标准CRRT治疗预后不良有利,有望成为指导CRRT治疗的新指标。