China was one of the earliest countries to set up a system to continuously inventory natural forest resources. From the beginning of the 1970s until today, seven forest resource inventories have been carried out. This...China was one of the earliest countries to set up a system to continuously inventory natural forest resources. From the beginning of the 1970s until today, seven forest resource inventories have been carried out. This research summarizes the progress of forest continuous inventories and analyzes the existing deficiencies ofChina’s forest continuous inventory system and forest management plan inventory. As stated above, this research offers corresponding countermeasures and suggestions: establishing a sample plot system for comprehensive national forest inventory and monitoring with each province’s continuous forest inventory based on the foundation of the national sample plot system, able to develop the province as a subset of the overall province-level forest resource inventory according to the actual conditions in each province. Through annual multi-resource/multi-benefit surveying of the forests, the monitoring of forest amounts, quality, functions and benefits will be assisted in its entirety. The further integration of the forest continuous inventory and the forest management plan inventory is also discussed. This research also proposes the varied probability sampling method with sub-compartments as the basic sampling unit (or combinations of sub-compartments). This will also satisfy the requirements of ecological inventory by region.展开更多
Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important...Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important issue.While there are many experimental and local studies that aim at disentangling the relationships between different environmental and silvicultural factors and the success of oak regeneration, systematic supra-regional studies at the greater landscape level are missing so far.Against this background, the first objective(a) of this study was to present an efficient and sufficiently accurate sampling scheme for supra-regional forest regrowth inventories, which we applied to young oaks stands. The second, and major, objective(b) was to identify the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration in northwest Germany.Results: Objective(a): Factors that have been identified as potentially crucial for the success or failure of oak regeneration were either included in a field inventory procedure or extracted from forest inventory databases. We found that the collected data were suitable to be analyzed in a three-step success model, which was aimed at identifying the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration.Objective(b): Our modeling procedure, which included a Bayesian estimation approach with spike-and-slab priors,revealed that competitive pressure from the secondary tree species was the most decisive success factor;no competition, or low competition by secondary tree species appeared to be particularly beneficial for the success of high-quality oak regeneration. Also fencing and the absence of competitive vegetation(weeds, grass, bracken)seemed to be beneficial factors for the success of oak regeneration.Conclusions: Trusting in biological automation was found to be mostly useless regarding economically viable oak forest regeneration. To efficiently organize oak regeneration planning and silvicultural decision-making within a forest enterprise, it is strongly recommended to initially evaluate the annual financial and personnel capacities for carrying out young growth tending or pre-commercial thinning and only then to decide on the extent of regenerated oak stands. Careful and adaptive regeneration planning is also indispensable to secure the long-term ecological continuity in oak forests. Oak regeneration should therefore preferably take place within the close vicinity of old oak stands or directly in them. The retention of habitat trees is urgently advised.展开更多
文摘China was one of the earliest countries to set up a system to continuously inventory natural forest resources. From the beginning of the 1970s until today, seven forest resource inventories have been carried out. This research summarizes the progress of forest continuous inventories and analyzes the existing deficiencies ofChina’s forest continuous inventory system and forest management plan inventory. As stated above, this research offers corresponding countermeasures and suggestions: establishing a sample plot system for comprehensive national forest inventory and monitoring with each province’s continuous forest inventory based on the foundation of the national sample plot system, able to develop the province as a subset of the overall province-level forest resource inventory according to the actual conditions in each province. Through annual multi-resource/multi-benefit surveying of the forests, the monitoring of forest amounts, quality, functions and benefits will be assisted in its entirety. The further integration of the forest continuous inventory and the forest management plan inventory is also discussed. This research also proposes the varied probability sampling method with sub-compartments as the basic sampling unit (or combinations of sub-compartments). This will also satisfy the requirements of ecological inventory by region.
基金the funding of the project “Quer Con–Longterm conservation of ecological continuity in oak forests”(Grant number32694)by the German Federal Environmental Foundation(DBU)
文摘Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important issue.While there are many experimental and local studies that aim at disentangling the relationships between different environmental and silvicultural factors and the success of oak regeneration, systematic supra-regional studies at the greater landscape level are missing so far.Against this background, the first objective(a) of this study was to present an efficient and sufficiently accurate sampling scheme for supra-regional forest regrowth inventories, which we applied to young oaks stands. The second, and major, objective(b) was to identify the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration in northwest Germany.Results: Objective(a): Factors that have been identified as potentially crucial for the success or failure of oak regeneration were either included in a field inventory procedure or extracted from forest inventory databases. We found that the collected data were suitable to be analyzed in a three-step success model, which was aimed at identifying the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration.Objective(b): Our modeling procedure, which included a Bayesian estimation approach with spike-and-slab priors,revealed that competitive pressure from the secondary tree species was the most decisive success factor;no competition, or low competition by secondary tree species appeared to be particularly beneficial for the success of high-quality oak regeneration. Also fencing and the absence of competitive vegetation(weeds, grass, bracken)seemed to be beneficial factors for the success of oak regeneration.Conclusions: Trusting in biological automation was found to be mostly useless regarding economically viable oak forest regeneration. To efficiently organize oak regeneration planning and silvicultural decision-making within a forest enterprise, it is strongly recommended to initially evaluate the annual financial and personnel capacities for carrying out young growth tending or pre-commercial thinning and only then to decide on the extent of regenerated oak stands. Careful and adaptive regeneration planning is also indispensable to secure the long-term ecological continuity in oak forests. Oak regeneration should therefore preferably take place within the close vicinity of old oak stands or directly in them. The retention of habitat trees is urgently advised.
