Development and Commercial Application of Ultra-Low Pressure Naphtha Reforming Technology with Continuous Catalyst Regeneration

The development history and major technological innovations of the ultra-low pressure naphtha reforming technology with continuous catalyst regeneration in China were introduced.This technology had been adopted by the 1.0 Mt/a CCR unit at the Guangzhou Company.The appropriate catalyst was selected to meet the demand of the unit capacity,the feedstock,and the product slate.The design parameters,including the reaction pressure,the octane number of C5+liquid product,the reaction temperature,the space velocity,the hydrogen/oil molar ratio,and the catalyst circulating rate,were chosen based on the study of process conditions and parameters.The commercial test results showed that the research octane number of C5+product reached 104 when the capacity of the CCR unit was 100%and 115%of the design value.The other technical targets attained or exceeded the expected value.

Targeted regeneration and upcycling of spent graphite by defect‐driven tin nucleation

The recycling of spent batteries has become increasingly important owing to their wide applications,abundant raw material supply,and sustainable development.Compared with the degraded cathode,spent anode graphite often has a relatively intact structure with few defects after long cycling.Yet,most spent graphite is simply burned or discarded due to its limited value and inferior performance on using conventional recycling methods that are complex,have low efficiency,and fail in performance restoration.Herein,we propose a fast,efficient,and“intelligent”strategy to regenerate and upcycle spent graphite based on defect‐driven targeted remediation.Using Sn as a nanoscale healant,we used rapid heating(~50 ms)to enable dynamic Sn droplets to automatically nucleate around the surface defects on the graphite upon cooling owing to strong binding to the defects(~5.84 eV/atom),thus simultaneously achieving Sn dispersion and graphite remediation.As a result,the regenerated graphite showed enhanced capacity and cycle stability(458.9 mAh g^(−1) at 0.2 A g^(−1) after 100 cycles),superior to those of commercial graphite.Benefiting from the self‐adaption of Sn dispersion,spent graphite with different degrees of defects can be regenerated to similar structures and performance.EverBatt analysis indicates that targeted regeneration and upcycling have significantly lower energy consumption(~99%reduction)and near‐zero CO_(2) emission,and yield much higher profit than hydrometallurgy,which opens a new avenue for direct upcycling of spend graphite in an efficient,green,and profitable manner for sustainable battery manufacture.

Analysis on the Interaction of Parameters of Single-contaminant Regeneration Recycling Water Systems

Method for constructing the optimal water supply line and formulas for calculating the targets for single-contaminant regeneration recycling water systems are improved to apply to the situation of variational pararneters in this article. Based on these extending methods, the effect of varying freshwater consumption and regenerated water flow rate on the optimizing results are investigated. The interactions of parameters of regeneration recycling systems are summarized. Finally, all the conclusions are illustrated from the results of mathematical programming through an example.

Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes:From Theoretical Study to Production Practice

Direct regeneration method has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of battery recycling because of its advantages of in situ regeneration,short process and less pollutant emission.In this review,we firstly analyze the primary causes for the failure of three representative battery cathodes(lithium iron phosphate,layered lithium transition metal oxide and lithium cobalt oxide),targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mecha-nism and applicability.Efficient stripping of material from the collector to obtain pure cathode material has become a first challenge in recycling,for which we report several pretreatment methods currently available for subsequent regeneration processes.We review and discuss emphatically the research progress of five direct regeneration methods,including solid-state sintering,hydrothermal,eutectic molten salt,electrochemical and chemical lithiation methods.Finally,the application of direct regeneration technology in production practice is introduced,the problems exposed at the early stage of the industrialization of direct regeneration technol-ogy are revealed,and the prospect of future large-scale commercial production is proposed.It is hoped that this review will give readers a comprehensive and basic understanding of direct regeneration methods for used lithium-ion batteries and promote the industrial application of direct regeneration technology.

Effect of the Design Parameters on the Performance of Inner-Recycling Continuous Sand Filter

A novel integrated water treatment facility, inner-recycling continuous sand filter, is discussed. The theory of micro-flocculation is applied in the sand-washing circulation system with continuous filtration and backwashing. The design and operation parameters, which affect the performance of the filter, are discussed. The key design parameters are provided as follows: diameter of filter material is 0.7 to 1.0 mm, depth of filter bed is 0.6 m, filtration velocity is less than 12 m/h, ratio of gas to water is 9:11 and sand recycling rate is 2 to 4 mm/min.

Diffusion and Regeneration Mechanism of Waste Composite Oils Rejuvenator in Aged Asphalt

The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,the diffusion degree of the rejuvenator under different temperatures and time process was analyzed,and the diffusion efficiency of the rejuvenator was evaluated from the macro and micro perspective.The regeneration mechanism of the rejuvenator in the aged asphalt was also analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and chemical composition tests.The research results showed that the optimum rejuvenator content was about 3%.Higher temperature and longer time were beneficial to improving the permeability and diffusion of the rejuvenator.During the aging process,the light components were reduced,and more macromolecular asphaltenes were generated as well as a large number of carbonyl and sulfoxide.After diffusion and regeneration,the light components in the asphalt were supplemented,the wrinkles and gullies of the aged asphalt were almost improved to the surface state of the matrix asphalt.

An improved fiber tracking algorithm based on fiber assignment using the continuous tracking algorithm and two-tensor model

This study tested an improved fiber tracking algorithm, which was based on fiber assignment using a continuous tracking algorithm and a two-tensor model. Different models and tracking decisions were used by judging the type of estimation of each voxel. Thismethod should solve the cross-track problem. This study included eight healthy subjects, two axonal injury patients and seven demyelinating disease patients. This new algorithm clearly exhibited a difference in nerve fiber direction between axonal injury and demyelinating disease patients and healthy control subjects. Compared with fiber assignment with a continuous tracking algorithm, our novel method can track more and longer nerve fibers, and also can solve the fiber crossing problem.

Effects of prostaglandin E combined with continuous renal replacement therapy on septic acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND The effects of prostaglandin E(PGE)combined with continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)on renal function and inflammatory responses in patients with septic acute kidney injury(SAKI)remain unclear.AIM To investigate the effects of PGE combined with CRRT on urinary augmenter of liver regeneration(ALR),urinary Na+/H+exchanger 3(NHE3),and serum inflammatory cytokines in patients with SAKI.METHODS The clinical data of 114 patients with SAKI admitted to Yichang Second People's Hospital from May 2017 to January 2019 were collected.Fifty-three cases treated by CRRT alone were included in a control group,while the other 61 cases treated with PGE combined with CRRT were included in an experimental group.Their urinary ALR,urinary NHE3,serum inflammatory cytokines,renal function indices,and immune function indices were detected.Changes in disease recovery and the incidence of adverse reactions were observed.The 28-d survival curve was plotted.RESULTS Before treatment,urinary ALR,urinary NHE3,blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(SCr),CD3+T lymphocytes,CD4+T lymphocytes,and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio in the control and experimental groups were approximately the same.After treatment,urinary ALR and NHE3 decreased,while BUN,SCr,CD3+T lymphocytes,CD4+T lymphocytes,and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio increased in all subjects.Urinary ALR,urinary NHE3,BUN,and SCr in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group,while CD3+T lymphocytes,CD4+T lymphocytes,and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-18,and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The time for urine volume recovery and intensive care unit treatment in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05),although there was no statistically significant difference in hospital stays between the two groups.The total incidence of adverse reactions did not differ statistically between the two groups.The 28-d survival rate in the experimental group(80.33%)was significantly higher than that in the control group(66.04%).CONCLUSION PGE combined with CRRT is clinically effective for treating SAKI,and the combination therapy can significantly improve renal function and reduce inflammatory responses.

Progress,challenges,and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling:A review

The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.

Basic Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Recycled Concrete

The regeneration aggregate, natural aggregate, POO42.5 R Portland cement, coal fly ash, and slag powders S95 graining blast furnace, homemade P（AA-co-MA）/PEG carboxylic acid water reducing agent, were used together with recycled concrete aggregate in different regeneration rates to prepare recycled concrete （RC）. The influences of different renewable aggregate ratios on the basic RC replacement mechanical properties, uniaxial compression stress and strain curve, and the elastic modulus and rebound value were investigated.The results show that RC mechanical properties decreases with renewable aggregate replacement rate increasing. The prolongation can reduce the reduced span.

Success factors for high-quality oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration

Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important issue.While there are many experimental and local studies that aim at disentangling the relationships between different environmental and silvicultural factors and the success of oak regeneration, systematic supra-regional studies at the greater landscape level are missing so far.Against this background, the first objective(a) of this study was to present an efficient and sufficiently accurate sampling scheme for supra-regional forest regrowth inventories, which we applied to young oaks stands. The second, and major, objective(b) was to identify the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration in northwest Germany.Results: Objective(a): Factors that have been identified as potentially crucial for the success or failure of oak regeneration were either included in a field inventory procedure or extracted from forest inventory databases. We found that the collected data were suitable to be analyzed in a three-step success model, which was aimed at identifying the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration.Objective(b): Our modeling procedure, which included a Bayesian estimation approach with spike-and-slab priors,revealed that competitive pressure from the secondary tree species was the most decisive success factor;no competition, or low competition by secondary tree species appeared to be particularly beneficial for the success of high-quality oak regeneration. Also fencing and the absence of competitive vegetation(weeds, grass, bracken)seemed to be beneficial factors for the success of oak regeneration.Conclusions: Trusting in biological automation was found to be mostly useless regarding economically viable oak forest regeneration. To efficiently organize oak regeneration planning and silvicultural decision-making within a forest enterprise, it is strongly recommended to initially evaluate the annual financial and personnel capacities for carrying out young growth tending or pre-commercial thinning and only then to decide on the extent of regenerated oak stands. Careful and adaptive regeneration planning is also indispensable to secure the long-term ecological continuity in oak forests. Oak regeneration should therefore preferably take place within the close vicinity of old oak stands or directly in them. The retention of habitat trees is urgently advised.

Reaction Crystallization of Struvite in a Continuous FB MSZ Type Crystallizer with Jet Pump Driven by Compressed Air

The results of struvite reaction crystallization from diluted water solutions of phosphates （V） （0.20 mass% of PO43-） by means of magnesium and ammonium ions are presented. Continuous FB MSZ crystallizer with jet pump driven by compressed air was used. Influence of pH and mean residence time of suspension on the crystal product quality was determined. Increase in pH from 9 to 11 resulted that mean crystal size decreased nearly two-time： from 27.1 to 15.1μm for mean residence time of suspension 900 s. Elongation of this time from 900 to 3,600 s influenced struvite crystal size advantageously-it increased from 27.1 to 41.2 μm at pH 9. From the population density distributions nucleation and growth rates of struvite were calculated based on the simplest SIG model of mass crystallization kinetics in MSMPR crystallizer. Linear growth rate ofstruvite crystals decreased nearly two-time with the increase in environment pH from 9 to 11, and more than 2.5-time with the elongation of mean residence time of crystal suspension in a crystallizer from 900 to 3,600 s from 1.34× 10-8 m/s （pH 9, τ= 900 s） to 2.60×10-9 m/s （pH 11, τ= 3,600 s）.

Direct recycling of Li-ion batteries from cell to pack level:Challenges and prospects on technology,scalability,sustainability,and economics

Direct recycling is a novel approach to overcoming the drawbacks of conventional lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling processes and has gained considerable attention from the academic and industrial sectors in recent years.The primary objective of directly recycling LIBs is to efficiently recover and restore the active electrode materials and other components in the solid phase while retaining electrochemical performance.This technology's advantages over traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are costeffectiveness,energy efficiency,and sustainability,and it preserves the material structure and morphology and can shorten the overall recycling path.This review extensively discusses the advancements in the direct recycling of LIBs,including battery sorting,pretreatment processes,separation of cathode and anode materials,and regeneration and quality enhancement of electrode materials.It encompasses various approaches to successfully regenerate high-value electrode materials and streamlining the recovery process without compromising their electrochemical properties.Furthermore,we highlight key challenges in direct recycling when scaled from lab to industries in four perspectives:(1)battery design,(2)disassembling,(3)electrode delamination,and(4)commercialization and sustainability.Based on these challenges and changing market trends,a few strategies are discussed to aid direct recycling efforts,such as binders,electrolyte selection,and alternative battery designs;and recent transitions and technological advancements in the battery industry are presented.

A new approach for recycling arsenic and tin from low-grade tin middlings using a self-sulfurization roasting

Massive amounts of low-grade tin middlings have been produced from tin tailings,in which arsenic and tin are worthy to be recycled.Owing to high sulfur content in these tin middlings,a novel self-sulfurization roasting was proposed to transform,separate and recover arsenic and tin in this research.There was no extra curing agent to be added,which decreased the formation of pollutant S-containing gas.The self-sulfurization process involved a two-stage roasting of reduction followed by sulfurization.First in reduction roasting,FeAsS decomposed to FeS and As and the As then transformed to As_(4)(g)and As_(4)S_(4)(g),via which the arsenic was separated and recovered.The arsenic content in the first residue could be decreased to 0.72 wt.%.Accompanied with it,the FeS was firstly oxidized to Fe_(1−x)S and then to SO_(2)(g)by the coexisted Fe_(2)O_(3),and finally reduced and combined with the independent Fe_(2)O_(3)to form Fe_(1−x)S.In the followed sulfurization roasting,the Fe_(1−x)S sulfurized SnO_(2)to SnS(g),due to which tin could be recovered and its content in the second residue decreased to 0.01 wt.%.This study provided an efficient method to separate and recover arsenic and tin from low-grade tin middlings.

Reduction Discoloration of Reactive Dyed Cotton Waste and Chemical Recycling via Ionic Liquid

The textile industry generates large volumes of waste throughout its production process.Most of this waste is colored,therefore,discoloration is an important step toward recycling and reusing this waste.This study focused on the chemical reductive discoloration of textile waste composed of cotton dyed with reactive dye.The experimental design demonstrated the significant influence of the concentration of reducing agent and time of reaction on the degree of whiteness of the cotton fibers.The concentration of the alkaline agent was not significant in the process.The optimization of the reaction conditions lead to Berger degree of 50.5±3.5.The discolored cotton was chemically recycled through dissolution in ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and regeneration in film form in water.The microstructure of the regenerated cellulose films was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)indicating complete dissolution and uniform regeneration.The discoloration process reduced the polymerization degree and crystallinity index of the cotton fibers but retained the cellulose I structure.The dissolution and cellulose regeneration process results in transparent films with an amorphous structure.The thermal behavior,evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis,indicated that residues and regenerated film presented a main decomposition step.The maximum decomposition rate temperature of the regenerated films was approximately 40℃lower than the cotton fibers,which correlates well with the reduction in polymerization degree and amorphous structure.In general,the study demonstrated that textile cotton waste dyed with reactive dyes can be chemically discolored to form transparent and amorphous films,contributing to the development of sustainable strategies for the textile industry.

聚氨酯涂料废弃物的化学降解及其资源化利用化

以一缩二乙二醇作为醇解剂对聚氨酯涂料废弃物进行醇解,回收低分子量的多元醇,并将再生多元醇与商用多元醇混合作为原料制备再生聚氨酯泡沫。采用FTIR、GPC、TG及SEM等对再生多元醇及再生聚氨酯泡沫进行了分析测试表征,对再生多元醇及再生聚氨酯泡沫进行表征分析。通过正交试验获得了最优工艺参数,并进一步将再生多元醇与商用多元醇混合,验证其性能。结果表明,再生多元醇与聚醚多元醇在分子结构上具有一致性,且符合制备聚氨酯泡沫的性能要求;正交试验获得的最优工艺参数为:反应试剂比1∶2,反应温度180℃,反应时间2 h,催化剂添加量1.3%,在此条件下,醇解产物的提取率为36.8%,羟值为384.6 mgKOH/g,黏度为476 mPa·s;当再生多元醇在总多元醇中的比例为33%时,所制备聚氨酯具有良好的孔隙结构及热稳定性。

壳聚糖复合凝胶球对染料吸附与回收

为实现染料废水的高效处理与回收,促进可持续性发展,该文以孔雀石绿(MG)和碱性品红(BF)作为待处理染料废水的有效成分,采用包埋凝胶法制备用于去除染料的壳聚糖复合凝胶球(CS/PAAS),并对吸附前后的材料进行SEM、FTIR、XPS、BET表征,确定其去除及回收MG、BF条件,建立动力学和等温线模型探究其吸附机理。结果表明:凝胶球含有-NH2、-OH、-COO等基团,表面粗糙且存在大量楔形介孔,比表面积高达75.44 m^(2)/g。当pH为8时,凝胶球对MG和BF吸附量分别为92.92 mg/g和90.93 mg/g。当乙酸∶甲醇(体积比)为1∶9时,MG、BF回收率分别为87.13%、90.24%,经过5次再生循环后,CS/PAAS对染料废水仍有较好的吸附性能,成功实现染料回收与凝胶球再生双循环。CS/PAAS吸附染料遵从准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附,吸附机理包括孔隙填充、氢键作用、络合作用、静电作用、π-π相互作用。

玉米秸秆油对老化沥青流变性能的影响及其再生效果研究

玉米秸秆油作为生物油的一种,具有低碳可再生的优势,同时还有能恢复老化沥青性能潜力。为进一步促进玉米秸秆油在道路工程中的应用,该文通过室内试验探究玉米秸秆油作为一种再生剂对老化沥青流变性能的影响,并对其再生效果进行分析。在此基础上,利用红外光谱试验与凝胶渗透色谱试验,揭示玉米秸秆油再生剂的再生机理。结果表明:玉米秸秆油的加入,改变了老化沥青的组分比例,并在一定程度上恢复了沥青胶体结构的稳定性,对老化沥青起到稀释及调和作用,从而恢复老化沥青的物理及流变性能,但恢复效果受玉米秸秆油掺量的影响;当玉米秸秆油掺量为20%时,其对老化沥青性能的再生效果最为显著。

科研大数据再生研究:影响因素与优化策略

科研大数据再生是使科研大数据不断焕发新生命的关键过程,同时也是大数据环境下科研创新过程的数据化呈现过程,再生的新数据又成为科学新发现的重要源泉。基于MOA理论框架构建科研大数据影响因素模型,通过数据调查,利用结构方程模型方法剖析验证科研大数据再生的影响因素及其作用路径并对模型进行了修正。研究表明,科研人员本身的数据需求可通过其与数据质量及数据素养间的相互影响间接影响科研大数据再生;数据质量正向影响科研大数据再生;数据素养能力对科研大数据再生也有显著的正向影响。延续性再生直接正向影响科研绩效,重构性再生可通过延续性再生间接影响科研绩效。针对科研大数据再生的优化,提出虚实共生式需求感知策略、矩阵网链式平台管控策略、迭进式数据素养能力提升策略。

汽车用废弃塑料的再生利用

基于促进报废汽车再生利用,构建绿色产业体系的目的,本文综述了近年来汽车用废弃塑料的再生利用实例和技术演变。从回收分拣系统、提升汽车塑料的再生成分比例和再生塑料的技术研发三个方面提出优化对策,积极推动汽车塑料生产和使用源头减量、加快推进塑料废弃物规范回收、清运、利用和处置,加大塑料废弃物再生利用。在“双碳”目标决策部署下,再生资源具备显著减碳价值,成为市场空间广阔且尚未完全挖掘的蓝海赛道,把握住废弃塑料再生利用的经济机遇,对帮助我国汽车工业突破发展瓶颈同样关系重大。