Current optimization-based control of dual three-phase PMSM for low-frequency temperature swing reduction

In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.

Suppression of transmembrane sodium currents on the freshly isolated hippocampal neuron cell with continuous infrared light

Physiotherapeutic effects of infrared lasers have been proved in clinic.These infrared-based regulations of the bioelectrical activities can roughly be classied into enhancement and suppression of action potential(AP),which are described by sodium(Na)and potassium(K)transmembrane current equations,named as Hodgkin and Huxley(HH)-model.The enhancement effect is able to evoke or strengthen the AP when infrared light is applied.Its corresponding mechanism is commonly ascribed to the changes of the cell membrane capacitance,which is transiently increased in response to the infrared radiation.The distinctive feature of the suppression effect is to inhibit or reduce the AP by the designed protocols of infrared radiation.However,its mechanism presents more complexity than that in enhancement cases.HH-model describes how the Na current determines the initial phase of AP.So,the enhancement and suppression of AP can be also ascribed to the regulations of the corresponding Na currents.Here,a continuous infrared light at the wavelength of 980 nm(CIS-980)was employed to stimulate a freshly isolated hippocampal neuron in vitro and a suppression effect on the Na currents of the neuron cell was observed.Both Na and K currents,which are named as whole cell currents,were simultaneously recorded with the cell membrane capacitance current by using a patch clamp combined with infrared irradiation.The results demonstrated that the CIS-980 was able to reversibly increase the capacitance currents,completely suppressed Na currents,but little changed K currents,which forms the steady outward whole cell currents and plays a major role on the AP repolarization.A conrmation experiment was designed and carried out by synchronizing tens of milliseconds of infrared stimulation on the same kinds of hippocampal neuron cells.After the blocked K channel,a reduction of Na current amplitude was still recorded.This proved that infrared suppression of Na current was irrelevant to K channel.A membrane capacitance mediation process was preliminarily proposed to explain the Na channel suppression process.

COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT REFERENCE GENERATION STRATEGIES FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTERS IN THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE SYSTEMS

For three phase four-wire active power filters （APFs）, several typical power theories and corresponding current reference generation strategies are induced, p-q, d-q, unify power factor （UPF） and instantaneous active current （IAC） methods are analyzed and compared with each other. The interpretation of active and reactive currents in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase four-wire systems is given based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. The performance and the characteristic are evaluated, and the application conditions of current reference generation strategies are concluded. Simulation results under different source voltages and loads verify the evaluation result.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Zero-sequence Current Suppressing Strategy for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Connected with Single Neutral Point

Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)strategy to suppress the ZSC.Five vectors are selected as basic voltage vectors in one switching period.The fundamental and harmonic planes and the zero-sequence plane are taken into consideration to synthesis the reference voltage vector.To suppress the ZSC,a non-zero zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)is generated to compensate the third harmonic back-EMF.Rather than triangular carrier modulation,the sawtooth carrier modulation strategy is used to generate asymmetric PWM signals.The modulation range is investigated to explore the variation of modulation range caused by considering the zero-sequence plane.With the proposed method,the ZSC can be considerably reduced.The simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy.

Rapid and Continuous Extraction of Methyl Red from Wastewater Using Counter Current Chromatography

A new prototype and simple low speed counter current chromatography (LSCCC) has been fabricated and a laboratory work has been carried out for rapid and continuous removal of methyl red from wastewater using xylene as an extractant. The distribution ratio (D) and percentage of recoveries were calculated. The optimum concentration for extraction of methyl red was in the range of 2 × 10-4 to 8 × 10-4 mol·L-1. Maximum extraction achieved at pH range of 2 to 4.5. Various dye concentrations and solvent effects were studied to optimized conditions. It was shown that when the ratio of the organic phase to aqueous phase increased to more than 3:1, the striping efficiency decreased sharply. The experiments were carried out for 5 times and the highest extraction achieved was 99.8 per cent by two-solvent system LSCCC in just 5 minutes. Real wastewater samples were analyzed and the efficiency of the technique was compared with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). In practice it was shown that although both techniques are rapid, the efficiency of the LSCCC is much better than LLE.

Three-Phase Heterojunction NiMo-Based Nano-Needle for Water Splitting at Industrial Alkaline Condition

Constructing heterojunction is an effective strategy to develop high-performance non-preciousmetal-based catalysts for electrochemical water splitting(WS).Herein,we design and prepare an N-doped-carbon-encapsulated Ni/MoO_(2) nano-needle with three-phase heterojunction(Ni/MoO_(2)@CN)for accelerating the WS under industrial alkaline condition.Density functional theory calculations reveal that the electrons are redistributed at the three-phase heterojunction interface,which optimizes the adsorption energy of H-and O-containing intermediates to obtain the best ΔG_(H*) for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and decrease the ΔG value of ratedetermining step for oxygen evolution reaction(OER),thus enhancing the HER/OER catalytic activity.Electrochemical results confirm that Ni/MoO_(2)@CN exhibits good activity for HER(ƞ_(-10)=33 mV,ƞ_(-1000)=267 mV)and OER(ƞ_(10)=250 mV,ƞ_(1000)=420 mV).It shows a low potential of 1.86 V at 1000 mA cm^(−2) for WS in 6.0 M KOH solution at 60℃ and can steadily operate for 330 h.This good HER/OER performance can be attributed to the three-phase heterojunction with high intrinsic activity and the self-supporting nano-needle with more active sites,faster mass diffusion,and bubbles release.This work provides a unique idea for designing high efficiency catalytic materials for WS.

The Continuation Power Flow Considering Both Generator Excitation Current Limits and Armature Current Limits

在传统连续潮流算法中,发电机无功限制采用定上、下限值来处理,随着有功负荷增加,无功限值通常不变,得到的电压稳定裕度偏大。根据同步发电机的无功出力特性,提出同时计及发电机励磁电流约束和电枢电流约束的连续潮流模型和方法。当相应参数越限时,将发电机节点转换为励磁恒定模型或者电枢电流恒定模型进行计算。所提PV、PEq、PIa节点类型双向转换逻辑可在潮流迭代内进行发电机限制模式的转换,模拟实际系统无功能力的变化。分岔点类型识别模块可以识别崩溃点类型及关键约束。通过新英格兰39节点算例的仿真,证明所提算法是有效的。

The improved PAC method for a three-phase PWM grid-connected inverter

In this paper, a vector regulating principle of the phase and amplitude control PAC method for three-phase grid-connected inverters is presented.To solve the problem of heavy inrush current and slow dynamic response when system starts up, the starting voltage prediction control and the current feed-forward control are proposed and used, which improve the dynamic performance of the system in the PAC.The experimental results carried out on a three-phase grid-connected inverter proved the validity of the proposed method.

FCS-MPC for four-switch three-phase AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing

Due to the decrease in the number of switches for the four-switch three-phase alternating current-direct current(FSTP AC-DC)converter,it can easily lead to DC-link capacitor voltage imbalance and the system stability reduction.In order to solve these problems,a finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)for FSTP AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing is proposed.In this strategy,in order to facilitate calculation,theαβcoordinate system model is established and all voltage vectors are evaluated by establishing a cost function.During the whole process,phase locked loop(PLL)and complex modulation strategy are not required.In the new established cost function,the additional objective term of suppressing capacitor voltage fluctuation is to eliminate effectively the capacitor voltages oscillations and deviations and improve the system reliability.The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can keep the capacitor voltage balancing and has good dynamic and static performance.

Vector Control of Three-Phase Solar Farm Converters Based on Fictive-Axis Emulation

In this paper,a new method for adjusting the current of three-phase voltage source DC-AC converter in orthogonal(DQ)reference frame is presented.In the DQ reference system,AC variable appears in the constant form of DC,making the controller design the same as the DC-DC converter[1].It provides controllable gain benefits at the steady-state operating point,and finally realizes zero steady-state error[2].In addition,the creative analytical model is dedicated to building up a series of virtual quantities orthogonal to the actual single-phase system.In general,orthogonal imaginary numbers get the reference signal by delaying the real quantity by a quarter period.However,the introduction of such time delay makes the dynamic response of the system worse.In this paper,orthogonal quantities are generated from a virtual axis system parallel to the real axis,which can effectively improve the dynamic performance of traditional methods without increasing the complexity of controller structure.Through PSCAD simulation,the ideal experimental results are obtained.

实验室模拟连续电流与通道光强度关系研究

雷电连续电流是云载荷源向大地转移电荷的一种重要形式,这一过程产生的热效应可能对自然以及人居环境造成严重损害,这种热效应与连续电流波形和转移电荷量有关。在高压实验室电弧放电通道间隙产生了峰值范围为233.8~633.3A的模拟雷电连续电流,利用红光敏感型(探测波长范围200~1000nm,峰值响应600nm)和近红外敏感型(探测波长范围400~1000nm,峰值响应800nm)两种光电探测器同步测量了通道光强度。结果发现,正常通道下测量得到的光强度波形能较好地跟随电流波形的变化,而电弧通道扭曲会导致测量得到的通道光强度波形产生畸变,这种畸变具体表现为光强度波形在持续阶段的凹陷,在所有光强度波形中发生畸变的概率为19.8%。进一步探究了正常通道情况下模拟连续电流与通道光强度的关系,发现在不同光谱响应下,光强度峰值与电流峰值以及光强度-时间积分与电流电荷转移量之间均存在强烈的线性相关性。结果为使用电流与相关光强度关系进行连续电流波形与转移电荷量的准确反演提供了新思路。

基于反激变换器的电池充电系统设计

以具有结构简单、电气隔离等优点的反激变换器为电池充电电源,分析反激变换器电路的连续和断续模式工作原理,通过设计电压电流双闭环控制方法,实现电池的恒流充电模式和恒电压充电模式,也可实现两种充电模式的切换。实验结果证明了反激变换器的连续工作模式和断续工作模式的正确性,验证了应用于电池充电电源的可行性和有效性,切换时间小于1 ms,电压波动小于1 V。

基于R-L分数阶定义的PCCM Boost变换器建模与分析

研究了基于R-L分数阶定义的电感电流伪连续PCCM(pseudo-continuous conduction mode)Boost变换器模型,并由此导出了变换器的状态平均模型,然后推导出升压比,直流静态工作点,电感电流波纹以及输出电压波纹的表达式。结果表明,与基于Caputo分数阶定义下的变换器模型相应表达式比较,R-L分数阶定义下的直流静态工作点和升压比不仅与占空比相关,而且还与电感和电容的阶数有关,输出电压波纹的表达式不仅与分数阶电感的阶数α有关,与分数阶电容的阶数β也相关。电感和电容的阶数对状态变量的直流分量和分数阶PCCM Boost的稳态特性有很大影响。最后,在MATLAB/SIMULINK中搭建了R-L分数阶PCCM Boost变换器数学模型和电路模型,仿真结果显示R-L分数阶PCCM Boost变换器模型的分析结果比其他PCCM Boost模型的分析结果更加稳定,误差更小。

重庆市一、二级医疗机构延续护理服务现状及影响因素分析

目的:调查和分析重庆市一、二级医疗机构延续护理服务的现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法:以便利抽样法选取重庆市一、二级医疗机构为调查对象,对延续护理服务开展形式、项目及障碍因素进行调查和分析。结果:共计70家(37.8%)二级医院,115家(62.2%)一级医院参与调查。所有参与机构均已开展延续护理服务,其中科室随访和出院前准备是最常见的形式,管道护理和外科护理是最常见的上门护理服务内容。二元logistic回归分析发现,政策支持力度不够(OR=3.912)、患者对收费项目接受度低(OR=2.733)是开展延续护理服务所面临的障碍因素。结论:重庆市一、二级医疗机构延续护理服务仍处于初级阶段,服务形式单一、服务内容呈现碎片化,服务模式还需进一步丰富;政府、医疗机构需双方合力,完善卫生管理政策和医疗保障制度,打破不同机构信息壁垒,提升服务主体能力,实现延续护理服务关系、信息、管理连续性,促进延续护理需求-供给平衡,构建一个多方共赢互利的良性延续护理服务生态圈。

触发闪电环境下地网冲击接地电阻特征分析

基于触发闪电技术,研究了2019年夏季8次触发闪电44次回击、5次初始连续电流脉冲(ICCP)和24次M分量对冲击接地电阻的影响,探索了冲击接地电阻随雷电流注入的动态变化规律。结果发现:闪电放电ICCP、M分量和回击过程冲击接地电阻均小于工频接地电阻,ICCP和叠加在回击回落之后连续电流上的M分量冲击接地电阻略大于回击过程,平均值分别为11.2Ω和10.8Ω。叠加在回击下降沿上的M分量冲击接地电阻平均值7.8Ω,明显小于回击过程,最小值可达2.4Ω。ICCP和M分量冲击接地电阻随电流增加而减小,回击过程与电流峰值没有明显的相关性。叠加在回击下降沿上的M分量冲击接地电阻随雷电流峰值、背景电流值的增加呈指数衰减关系,还与之前回击电流峰值成一定的反比例关系。随着闪电回击电流的注入,冲击接地电阻呈现动态变化过程,小电流在回击峰值下降后出现一个缓慢增长的过程,大电流在回击峰值下降后出现一个快速下降的过程。闪电不同物理过程火花和电感效应的作用是不同的,两者共同作用决定了土壤的电离程度,从而决定了冲击接地电阻的大小和变化。

贯通同相供电系统建模及运行特性分析

贯通同相供电系统可以取消全线电分相,实现牵引网不间断供电,对贯通同相供电系统进行建模和运行特性分析能够为系统的设计和优化提供理论依据。构建同相牵引变电所模型;建立能够灵活模拟不同拓扑结构和不同运行状态的贯通同相供电系统的链式电路模型;针对模型高效求解和导线载流量校验需求,提出一种改进的导体电流间接求解方法;基于构建的模型对贯通同相供电系统在空载和负载工况下的运行特性进行分析。研究结果表明,三相电压不平衡度的计算值与理论值相等,验证了模型的正确性;与既有导体电流计算方法相比,改进的导体电流间接求解方法的计算精度无差异,计算时间缩短为原来的1/3;潮流计算能够充分反映贯通同相供电系统的穿越功率以及牵引网电压、电流等特性。

结合全局特征与局部互通的河流断流接续优化

高分辨率遥感影像的水体提取常因地物类型复杂、部分河流狭窄等因素导致水体提取结果不完整、不连续。因此,结合水体自身光谱和纹理特征,提出了一种结合全局特征与局部互通的遥感影像水体提取优化方法。首先,在水体提取初始结果的基础上,通过多尺度Frangi滤波和大津法(OTSU)分割算法提取线性支流,对河流进行补充得到初步优化结果。然后,结合局部互通的断流接续算法,对初步优化结果中的断流部分进行连接。最后,通过K-means聚类提取水体部分,并与精确优化结果进行拓扑检查及光谱检查,实现块状水体的验证筛选。实验结果表明,本文方法能够提取到细小支流,提高优化的准确度;断流接续算法的加入,有助于提高河流提取的完整性。与其他方法相比,本文方法的总体精度分别提高1.04%、1.50%,F1分别提高5.84%、8.28%,可以作为有效提升水体优化后处理的手段,提高了水体提取的完整度和精度。

儿科护士参与继续教育的现状和动机调查

目的:通过调查儿科护士参与继续教育的现状和动机情况,为做好儿科护士的继续教育培训提供参考。方法:采用目的抽样法,选取2022年12月至2023年3月于某三级甲等儿童专科医院进修的儿科护士为调查对象填写问卷。结果:347名儿科护士中,42.9%愿意参加继续教育;希望学习专业知识、护理科研、护理新进展及理论和护理新技术的护士占比均超过80.0%;时间限制是最大障碍;参加继续教育的目的主要是提高自身专业水平和提高工作能力。结论:儿科护士参与继续教育的意愿不高,对继续教育培训的内容需求专业化,形式需求多样化,参与继续教育的障碍因素主要为时间限制,目的主要为提高专业水平和工作能力。

基于开关电感电池均衡器的CCM软开关实现算法

针对开关电感的锂离子电池均衡器在小功率便携式用电设备中仍有很强的实用价值,但传统控制策略控制的均衡器中开关管为硬开关的问题,提出1种基于开关电感锂电池均衡器电流连续运行模式下的软开关实现算法。分析均衡器电感电流电池单体充、放电电流大小的决定因素,由此提出均衡器中开关管的软开关实现算法并分析了该算法的控制精度。通过检测电池单体的电压与充电电流的变化率可实时得到电池单体的等效阻抗与开路电压,进一步保证了算法的精度。实验结果表明,所提软开关控制算法性能良好。