Experimental study on performance of contra-rotating axial flow fan

Contra-rotating axial flow fan is a kind of the vital equipment in coal mines. Their work conditions directly affect the safety of staff and production. In the paper, the performance of the contra-rotating axial flow fan is experi- mentally investigated. The study is focused on the fan performance, the shaft power and the match between the motor and fan efficiency at different blade angles. The results show that the blade angle 43°/26° has the best aerodynamic perfor- mance. The first engine has a greater impact on the fan than the second one. The blade angle with the best aerodynamic performance does not necessarily correspond to the one with the best match between the motor and fan efficiency. The blade angle 43°/24° is the best choice for the operation of the fan in the present study.

Unsteady Flow Condition between Front and Rear Rotor of Contra-Rotating Small Sized Axial Fan

Contra-rotating small-sized axial fans are used as cooling fans for electric equipment. In the case of the contra-rotating rotors, the blade row distance between front and rear rotors is a key parameter for the performance and stable operation. The wake and potential interference occur between the front and rear rotors and leakage flow from the front rotor tip influences on the flow condition of the rear rotor near the shroud when the blade row distance is small. Therefore, it is important to clarify the flow condition between front and rear rotors. The fan static pressure curves were obtained by the experimental apparatus and the numerical analysis was also conducted to investigate the internal flow between front and rear rotors. The leakage flow from the front rotor tip reaches the leading edge of the rear rotor when the blade row distance is small as L = 10 mm and the pressure fluctuations at the leading edge of the rear rotor tip becomes larger than those at other radial positions. In the present paper, the vorticity contour between front and rear rotors is shown and pressure fluctuations related to the leakage flow from the front rotor is investigated using the numerical analysis result. Then, suitable blade row distance for the contra-rotating small sized axial fan is discussed based on the internal flow condition.

Study on Contra-Rotating Small-Sized Axial Flow Hydro Turbine

It is thought that small hydropower generation is alternative energy, and the energy potential of small hydropower is large. The efficiency of small hydro turbines is lower than that of large one, and these small hydro turbine’s common problems are out of operation by foreign materials. Then, there are demands for small hydro turbines to keep high per- formance and wide flow passage. Therefore, we adopted contra-rotating rotors which can be expected to achieve high performance and low-solidity rotors with wide flow passage in order to accomplish high performance and stable opera- tion. Final goal on this study is development of an electric appliance type small hydro turbine which has high portability and makes an effective use of the unused small hydro power energy source. In the present paper, the performance and the internal flow conditions in detail of contra-rotating small-sized axial flow hydro turbine are shown as a first step of the research with the numerical flow analysis. Then, a capability adopting contra-rotating rotors to an electric appliance type small hydro turbine was discussed. Furthermore, the high performance design for it was considered by the numeri- cal analysis results.

Performance and Internal Flow of Contra-Rotating Small-Sized Cooling Fan

High pressure and large flow rate small-sized cooling fans are used for servers in data centers and there is a strong demand to increase its performance because of increase of quantity of heat from servers. Contra-rotating rotors have been adopted for some of high pressure and large flow rate cooling fans to meet the demand. The performance curve of the contra-rotating small-sized cooling fan with 40 mm square casing was investigated by an experimental apparatus and its internal flow condition was clarified by the numerical analysis. The fan static pressure of the front rotor was extremely low and it increased significantly at the rear rotor. The uniform flow was achieved at the inlet of the rear rotor because of the special shape of the casing between the front and rear rotors. On the other hand, the tip leakage flow was large enough to influence on the main flow of the test cooling fan by the design specification of high pressure with compact rotor diameter.

主动脉穿刺型轴流血泵折边结构叶轮的数值模拟及溶血分析

为解决血泵因叶顶间隙泄漏而造成溶血和血栓等问题,引入了一种折边不等间距叶轮,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)进行内部流场的数值模拟,并与非折边不等间距叶轮及折边等间距叶轮进行对比分析,研究了它们的内流场动力学特性和血液相容性.结果表明:折边叶片结构血泵避免了叶顶间隙泄漏流的产生,同时折边不等间距叶轮减少了叶轮入口和出口处的回流和涡流,流道内整体切应力低于其他2种叶轮;3种叶轮的溶血指数HI均满足血泵的溶血设计指标,其中,折边不等间距叶轮血泵壁面切应力在0~150 Pa的占比达96.84%,曝光时间相对集中且满足人工血泵设计要求,溶血指数较非折边不等间距叶轮血泵下降了3.50%,较折边等间距叶轮血泵下降了12.50%,溶血性能最优.提出的折边不等间距叶轮血泵可有效降低红细胞破损概率,减少溶血和血栓的发生,可为轴流血泵的结构设计和优化提供一定参考.

对旋轴流通风机叶轮内不可逆能量损失机理

随着节能降耗成为当今世界的迫切需要,提高通风机能量转换效率越来越受到重视,已成为通风领域内关键问题。掌握叶轮内不可逆能量损失演化机制是实现能量高效转化的前提与基础,但目前尚缺乏针对叶轮内不可逆能量损失机理方面的研究。为此,以对旋轴流通风机为研究对象,采用数值模拟和实验方法获得了不同流量工况下通风机内部流场。基于熵产理论,建立了通风机叶轮内不可逆能量损失理论模型,明确了叶轮内不可逆能量损失与空间流场参数的内在关系,实现了叶轮内不同类型能量损失的定量分析,结合叶轮内流动特征,明确了能量损失空间演化规律和产生原因。研究结果表明,熵产方法计算叶轮内不可逆能量损失是可靠的,直接黏性耗散损失和壁面摩擦损失是能量损失的重要组成部分,而湍流耗散则是引起能量损失的主要原因,达到总能量损失的60%~80%;对于前级叶轮,湍流耗散引起的能量损失在1.0Q_(BEP)流量工况(Q_(BEP)为最优工况流量)达到最小,而后级叶轮能量损失随流量的降低而增大。能量损失主要集中在Span=0.6~1.0(Span为叶展方向轮毂至机壳的无量纲距离)区域,在1.0Q_(BEP)工况达到总能量损失的70%;叶顶间隙泄漏流和叶片前缘溢流引起的螺旋旋涡、叶轮内回流、叶片压力面和吸力面流动分离以及叶片后缘尾迹都将导致能量损失产生,其中流动分离和尾迹引起的高能量损失区域较小,能量损失相对有限,而旋涡和回流显著影响叶轮内流体流动,最终导致叶顶附近区域出现大量能量损失。

高温铅铋轴流泵叶轮冲磨蚀特性研究

为研究铅铋轴流泵叶轮冲磨蚀特性,基于液态铅铋的冲磨蚀破坏机理分析,利用边界层理论建立冲磨蚀数学模型,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对0.8Q_(d)、1.0Q_(d)和1.2Q_(d)三种方案下泵内流动进行数值计算,获得了叶片冲磨蚀分布及壁面流速、流态、壁面熵产率与冲磨蚀的影响关系。结果表明:高冲磨蚀区域主要分布在叶片进口边靠近泵壳一侧;随铅铋泵入口流量增加和壁面流态紊乱加剧,叶片受冲磨蚀影响增大;当液态铅铋的最大流速不高于10m/s时,叶片受冲磨蚀影响较小,而最大流速高于10m/s时,叶片表面冲磨蚀急剧加重;叶片表面高冲磨蚀区域是高壁面熵产率主要分布区域,且液态铅铋的冲磨蚀行为与壁面熵产率呈正相关关系。

Performance Test and Flow Measurement of Contra-Rotating Axial Flow Pump

An application of contra-rotating rotors has been proposed against a demand for developing higher specific speed axial flow pump. In the present paper, the advantage and disadvantage of using contra-rotating rotors are described in comparison with conventional type of rotor-stator, based on theoretical and experimental investigations. The advantages are as follows： （1） The pump is inherently designed as smaller sized and at lower rotational speed. （2） A stable head-characteristic curve for flow rate with negative slope appears. （3） As the rear rotor rotational speed is varied as independent control of front rotor, the wider range of high performance operation is obtained by rear rotor speed control in addition to front rotor speed control. The disadvantages are as follows： （1） The structure of double shaft system becomes complex. （2） The pump performance is inferior at over flow rate as the rear rotor loading is weakened. （3） The blade rows interaction from rear rotor to front rotor more strongly appears. Then the rear rotor design is a key to achieve higher pump performance. Some methods to overcome these disadvantages will be discussed in more details toward wider usage of contra-rotating axial flow pump in various industrial fields.

Performance and Flow Condition of Small-Sized Axial Fan and Adoption of Contra-Rotating Rotors

Small-sized axial fans are used as air coolers for electric equipments.But there is a strong demand for higher power of fans according to the increase of quantity of heat from electric devices.Therefore,higher rotational speed design is conducted,although it causes the deterioration of the efficiency and the increase of noise.Then the adoption of contra-rotating rotors for the small-sized axial fan is proposed for the improvement of the performance.In the present paper,the performance and the internal flow condition of the small-sized axial fan are shown as a first step of the research for the contra-rotating small-sized axial fan and the important points to apply contra-rotating rotors to the small-sized axial fan are discussed.Furthermore,the numerical flow analysis is conducted to investigate the performance of the contra-rotating small-sized axial fan and internal flow conditions and pressure distributions are clarified and the effect of contra-rotating rotors is considered.

Unsteady Flow Condition of Contra-Rotating Small-Sized Axial Fan

Small-sized axial fans are used as air cooler for electric equipments.But there is a strong demand for higher power of fans according to the increase of quantity of heat from electric devices.Therefore,higher rotational speed design is conducted,although,it causes the deterioration of efficiency and the increase of noise.Then,the adoption of contra-rotating rotors for the small-sized axial fan is proposed for the improvement of performance.In the case of contra-rotating rotors,it is necessary to design the rotor considering the unsteady flow condition of each front and rear rotor.In the present paper,the fan performance of the contra-rotating small-sized axial fan with 100mm diameter at a designed and a partial flow rates is shown,and the unsteady flow conditions at the inlet and the outlet of each front and rear rotor are clarified with unsteady numerical results.Furthermore,the relation between the performance and the unsteady flow condition of the contra-rotating small-sized axial fan is discussed and the methods to improve the performance are considered.

基于UG NX的轴流式整体叶轮加工工艺研究

整体叶轮是机械装备行业的典型产品,因叶片结构的特殊性使得加工十分困难。以轴流式整体叶轮的加工过程为例介绍该类零件的一般生产工艺流程,根据整体叶轮的结构特征及加工要求,分析加工过程中应注意的诸如叶片曲率变化不均匀、叶片间距较小、叶片弹性变形等问题,制定详细加工工艺方案,并以UG NX软件为平台创建加工刀路,通过后处理文件生成数控机床加工代码,在Mazak VARIAXIS i-600五轴加工中心上进行实例加工验证。经实际生产验证此工艺方案切实可行,可为同类型产品的生产提供参考。

叶栅稠密度对多叶片轴流泵叶轮内外特性的影响

为了研究叶栅稠密度对多叶片轴流泵叶轮性能的影响,揭示叶轮进出口基于质量流量加权的速度随叶栅稠密度变化规律的机理,获得叶轮进出口压力脉动随叶栅稠密度的变化规律。采用SST k-ω湍流模型,在特定弦长和特定栅距两种情况下对不同叶栅稠密度多叶片轴流泵叶轮进行了三维非定常数值分析。研究结果表明:在一定范围内,叶轮扬程系数、轴功率与叶栅稠密度均呈正相关分布,效率呈抛物线分布;叶轮进口压力脉动系数随叶栅稠密度的增加呈负相关分布,而叶轮出口反之;此外,叶栅稠密度的增加可有效提高叶片背面最低压强,能明显改善叶轮空化性能;特定栅距下,扬程系数在轮缘叶栅稠密度为1.53时达到最大值0.432,效率在轮缘叶栅稠密度为1.21时达到最大值93.47%;特定弦长下,扬程系数在轮缘叶栅稠密度为1.42时达到最大值0.415,效率在轮缘叶栅稠密度为0.89时达到最大值93.32%;在相同叶栅稠密度下,两种情况的叶轮内外特性呈现较为明显的差异。该研究可为多叶片轴流泵叶轮设计过程中叶栅稠密度的选取提供一定的参考。

对旋式轴流泵后置叶轮水力性能分析

为了研究对旋式轴流泵后置叶轮对其水力性能的影响,采用CFD软件对该对旋式轴流泵装置进行数值模拟计算,将前置叶轮与后置叶轮水力特性进行对比分析,研究后置叶轮的进口安放角对整个装置水力特性的影响,最后通过模型试验验证数据的可靠性.结果表明:在设计工况下,对旋式轴流泵扬程为11.32 m,效率为87.57%.在小流量工况下,流量为300 L/s左右泵提前进入马鞍区,此时泵扬程为14.06 m,效率为79.48%;在大流量工况下,流量为440 L/s时,泵装置扬程为2.24 m,效率为54.16%.对旋泵后置叶轮的水流进口冲角要大于前置叶轮的水流进口冲角,导致后置叶轮叶片做功能力增强,后置叶轮扬程增大.改变后置叶轮安放角,特别在小流量工况下,后置叶轮的马鞍区同样提前,后置叶轮的进口液流角几乎相同.研究结果对于对旋式轴流泵后置叶轮的设计和优化提供参考依据.

基于OpenCASCADE的三维轴流泵叶轮设计系统

目前泵设计系统普遍依赖商用CAD软件的二次开发,容易受到制约.为此,利用OpenCASCADE相关建模函数和Qt构建的人机交互界面开发了拥有自主知识产权的三维轴流泵叶轮设计系统,只需输入轴流泵的设计参数,便可得到合适的轴流泵叶轮几何造型.采用该系统设计比转速为869的轴流泵叶轮,并对其进行流场仿真验证,同时对比CFturbo软件的设计结果.结果表明,该系统无软件环境限制,设计步骤更贴合国内设计习惯,可以满足扬程和效率的设计要求,为其他类型的泵参数化设计提供了借鉴.

轴流式搅拌器湍流运动特性

Single-phase flow patterns generated by axial impeller are investigated by 3D Particle Dynamic Analyzer. Mean flow and turbulence intensities are measured for the impeller zone and the bulk regions. The effect of D/T and blade tip angle on flow pattern is studied as well. The measured results show that the flow in impeller zone oscillates periodically at the frequency of blade sweep. The flow patterns generated by different ratios of impeller diameter to tank diameter impeller are approximately the same below impellers,but a small second recirculation loop is formed in the upper part of vessel at the ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter D/T=0.35.

轴流式翼型桨的流动分析

采用激光多普勤测速仪，对水、甘油和羧甲基纤维素（ＣＭＣ）三种介质中带有轴流式翼型桨的搅拌釜内的流场进行测定。并就流型转变、剪切速率、表观粘度分布和泵送能力进行了详细的研究和分析。结果表明，搅拌釜内流型仅随雷诺数和桨叶结构变化；剪切速率及表观粘度在全釜分布相当不均匀，在研究范围内，剪切速率相差５０倍，表观粘度为４．５倍；对粘稠物系，翼型桨泵送能力有所下降，并随雷诺数的减小而减小。

轴流泵叶轮出口尾迹区非定常压力和速度场特性

为了分析轴流泵叶轮出口尾迹和势流交替干扰特性,基于RNGk-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对南水北调工程用轴流泵模型进行了数值计算。通过定常预测的外特性结果与试验值进行比较,验证了计算网格和湍流模型的适用性,并在此基础上计算了轴流泵叶轮出口尾迹区非定常流场特性。研究结果表明,通过轴流泵全流场数值计算结果与试验值对比,在最优工况下计算扬程相对误差为4.56%,效率相对误差为2.78%,较好反映了轴流泵内部流动特性;在小流量工况下,轴流泵叶轮出口圆周方向轴面速度存在与叶片数相同的3个主波峰和3个次波峰;随着流量增大,叶轮出口圆周方向速度分布图中的波峰与导叶叶片数相同。在小流量工况和设计工况下,叶轮出口尾迹区压力脉动时域图出现3个主波峰,随着流量增大,额外产生了3个次波峰。基于FFT变换发现不同流量工况下的压力脉动主频均以叶频为主,其他谐频以叶频为基频,呈倍数出现,且主频的幅值随着流量减小而迅速上升。

轴流泵叶轮内空化流动的数值计算

首先通过轴流式模型泵外特性试验,确定了汽蚀性能曲线。基于完整空化模型和混合流体两相流模型,对轴流式模型泵设计工况下叶轮内空化流动进行全流道数值计算。选择空化开始发生、临界汽蚀点以及空化严重时3个工况比较分析叶轮内空化流动的发展情况。计算获得了不同汽蚀余量时叶片背面静压、空泡体积组分分布和不同轴截面上的空泡体积组分分布。计算结果表明空化最初发生在叶片背面进口靠近轮缘的局部低压区;在临界汽蚀点处,空化发生的区域位于叶片背面进口至出口弦长的2/3处,面积约占叶片背面面积的50%,随着空化程度的进一步加剧,空化区域逐渐向后发展且空泡体积组分逐渐变大,当叶轮流道内发生局部空化时,不会影响到泵的能量性能;空化严重时,靠近进口截面的过流面积受到严重堵塞,泵的能量性能严重下降。计算结果与外特性试验相吻合,较好地揭示了轴流泵叶轮内的空化流动的静态特征。

进口管壁面轴向开槽消除轴流泵特性曲线驼峰

当轴流泵在小流量工况下运行时,由于叶轮进口的冲角增大,导致在叶轮内产生脱流等不稳定流动结构,降低泵的水力性能。该文采用计算流体动力学分析方法对轴流泵内部流场进行了研究,结果表明:该轴流泵的特性曲线存在明显的驼峰区域,在0.3到0.61倍最优流量工况区间,轴流泵的扬程和效率明显下降。在临界失速工况下(0.61倍最优流量工况),叶片吸力面前缘靠近轮缘处及叶片尾缘靠近轮毂处均出现了脱流;在深度失速工况下(0.45倍最优流量工况),脱流进一步发展,并与来流共同作用形成稳定的涡旋结构,阻塞整个流道。为了提高轴流泵在小流量工况下的水力性能,引入一种轴流泵进口管开槽技术,分析其对轴流泵内部流场的影响及驼峰的改善作用。结果表明:在小流量工况下,轴向开槽可以减小叶轮进口环量和冲角,可以减小叶片背部的脱流,轴流泵的驼峰得到明显的改善。开槽深度是改善轴流泵小流量工况下驼峰的重要因素之一,当槽深与叶轮直径比为0.02时,叶轮内的通道涡几乎完全消除,轴流泵深度失速工况点的扬程、效率分别提高了66%和32%,极大地改善了轴流泵的水力性能。沟槽数目越多,槽长越长,消除驼峰的能力越好,60个沟槽与2/3倍叶轮直径的槽长在其他参数相同的条件下消除驼峰的能力更强。该文可为避免轴流泵内部的失速流动以及消除水力性能曲线上的驼峰相关研究提供参考。

轴流泵叶轮出口轴面速度和环量的试验研究

为了研究系列高效轴流泵叶轮出口轴面速度和环量分布规律,设计了叶轮出口流场测量装置。基于流体绕流圆球理论,采用微型五孔探针对高效轴流泵叶轮出口轴面速度和环量进行了试验测量。试验结果表明,在最优工况下,系列高效轴流泵模型叶轮出口轴面速度呈二次抛物线流型,其最大值出现在叶片中部,且轮缘侧较小的轴面速度提高了汽蚀性能;系列高效轴流泵叶轮出口呈非线性环量分布规律,在轮毂侧环量稍小,在叶片中部较为平直,在轮毂侧环量降低至中部的0.8倍左右,而轮缘侧增大至1.2倍左右;同时叶轮出口轴面速度分布呈现抛物线流型,叶片中部速度最大。测量的轴面速度和环量分布数据拟合成多项式数学模型,可为轴流泵叶轮水力设计提供参考。